Midterm
Which of the signs below is NOT listed as one of the signs of threat by Gavin De Becker?
Asking questions
Why theories?
Base + see patterns
Signals [signs of threat by Gavin De Becker]
Forced teaming, charm and niceness, too many details, typecasting, unsolicited promises, loan sharking, discounting the word: "no"
What is not among the consequences of EC parenting style-communication?
Lowered aggression
Relational Dialectics (Baxley, Montgomery_
A perspective that views interpersonal relationships as constantly changing rather than stable and that revolves around how relational partners manage tensions. a dynamic knot of contradictions in personal relationships; an unceasing interplay between contrary or opposing tendencies the study of contradictions in relationships, how they are played out and how they are managed [interpretive] [opposes staircase theory]ga
What is the metaphor of the communication in social penetration theory?
Onion
Criteria of theories
Ontological - WHAT is the thing? The very EXISTANCE. Epistemological - go to field or just theory. HOW you get knowledge Axiological - value based x value neutral ; want to CHANGE or just STATE it
Which is mathematical model of communication?
Shannon-Weaver's
Aristotle's Model
Speaker, speech, audience - Triangle - Ethos (speaker/writer) character - Logos (world/reality) reason - Pathos (listener/reader) emotions * has everything with different terms "For every speech is composed of three parts: the speaker, the subject of which he treats, and the person to whom it is addressed, I mean the hearer, to whom the end or object of the speech refers. „ (Aristotle, Rhetoric, 1358b)
What is the title of Mary Ainsworth well-known examination of attachment styles?
Strange situation experiment
Lasswell's Model (1948)
Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect? * still widely used * linear model (very fixed/rigid) *aboutpropaganda
Models
Why? Visual, categorization, general rule, easy to understand/study/learn - Aristotle's model - Lasswell model - Linear model - The Shannon-Weaver Mathematical Model - Roman Jakobson - David Berlo - Charlers E. Osgood-Willbur Schramm - Theodore Newcomb - George Gergrer - Dean C. Barnlund - F.E.X. Dance - James W. Carey - John Grinfer-Richard Bandler, NLP
Family secrets (Vangelisti, 1994)
[Protective] * Taboo secrets (overeating) *Rule violations (cheating,dating) * Conventional secrets (sexuality, $, politics) events or information that family members hide from one another or from outsiders family relationships are shaped, in part, by what is shared and what is held secret by family members families keep secrets and families keep them from each other
Too many details
may point to a lie
The cognitive-behaviorist approach focuses on the...
mental processing of the communicative stimulus
Roman Jakobson, 1940's
proposed the following six functions of verbal communication:Referential Function, Emotive Function, Conative Function, Phatic Function, Metalingual Function, Poetic Function *tried to find the FUNCTION of elements *still linear * used for grammar message [poetic function] - ex.: "looks nice!!" contact [phatic function] -ex.: "can you hear me?"
Loan sharking
"I give you X, so you give me Y" ; debt
Typecasting
"oh, you're such a ____" ; stereotyping ; makes you vulnerable
Family stories
* Of upmost importance! Referential Sensemaking/evaluative *Learning you were a nice child Socializing Identifying families have stories about remarkable figures or events in their history that help define the nature of that particular family; telling such stories is a way of bonding and uniting the family as well as identifying some of its key characteristics involves stories that families tell and retell to keep family history alive and reinforce family identity stories that families tell and retell to keep family history alive and reinforce family identity verbal accounts of personal experiences that are important to the family, and typically involve the creation and maintenance of relationship, depict rules of interaction, and reflect beliefs about family and other social institutions. Significant role of giving group identity. Verbal accounts of the family's significant experiences that reveal members' perception, attitudes and beliefs about the family unit through creating, shaping, reflecting and maintaining family relationships. - Way to teach family members how to think about the family and the world. Several functions: referential, evaluative, and socializing. Remember events (referential function) Interpret and judge events (evaluative function) Socialize members Affirm belonging Connect generations
George Gerbner, 1956 (Gerbner's General Model)
* cultivation theory * communication starts with action/event/perception
Emotion regulation theory (John Gottman, 1997 - 1998)
* emotional intelligence - Meta-emotions [philosophy of others' and our emotions] Parent-child interaction - EC [emotional coaching]: can read emotion --> 1) awareness of emotion --> 2) use negative emotion state as opportunity to talk and teach --> 3) see importance of assisting the child in translating the feeling --> 4) empathize --> 5) help children in problem-solving - ED [emotional dismissive]: no interpretation --> gets away from it, "you're so slow", dismissive, take activity away, belittles and mocks child * children of EC tend to: 1) have better communication skills 2) math + reading results are better 3) better at focusing attention (because they are allowed to BE IN THE SITUATION) 4) have fewer infectious diseases
Theodore Newcomb, 1953
* similar to aristotle *topic changes relationships
John Grinder-Richard Bandler, 1970-1990 [NLP]
*starts with event *good for therapy *about cognition, how human mind works PSYCHOLOGY A theory about the way the mind processes experience and language. Concerned with the brain, language and learning. Shares with the theory of multiple intelligences the view that the mind is predisposed to process experience in different ways/modalities. Learners have preferred thinking styles, or metaprograms. Many of its ways of establishing rapport are already well-established in literature on affect and in humanistic approaches. teaches how unhelpful thoughts create obstacles *neuro*--how the mind and body interact *linguistic*--the insights into a person's thinking as expressed through language *programming*--the study of patterns of thinking and behaving "Richard Bandler & John Grinder Attends to how language reflects a person's ability to change or not to change Structure of language reveals belief systems and life choices - therapist assesses the structures found in a person's language of experience Uses therapeutic conversations (like hypnotic inductions) in order to restructure beliefs, increase poss for change" A coaching technique anchored in cognitive-behavioral psychology; employs techniques such as visualization and hypnosis to augment its effects. an approach to communication, personal development, and psychotherapy created in the U.S. in the 1970s that claims there is a connection between neurological processes, language and behavioral patterns learned through experience, and that these can be changed to achieve specific goals in life -says we use several primary representational systems to experience the world, which can be explained by the acronym VAKOG: visual, auditory, kinesthetic, olfactory and gustatory. -has since been overwhelmingly discredited scientifically A quasi-scientific set of suppositions and procedures with aims that include understanding and relating to people accurately.
Strange situation experiment
- 1yr old; when start to differentiate between stranger and trusty person - The KEY MOMENT is how child behaves when mom [secure] returns - children behave differently after distress - relationship between baby and primary caregiver a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom. a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment Gradually subjecting a child to a stressful situation and observing his or her behavior toward the parent or caregiver. This test is used to classify children according to type of attachment—secure, resistant, avoidant, or disorganized/disoriented. caregivers left infants alone with stranger and return a while later infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their attachment A laboratory procedure designed by Mary Ainsworth to capture individual differences in attachment; it involves separating infants and toddlers from their caregivers for brief periods and observing their responses when the caregivers return. in which infants are exposed to a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to assess the quality of their attachment
David Berlo, 1960 (SMCR Model)
A communication model that identifies the Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver. *HOW channel should be interpreted *still linear *emotion model (added importance of emotions *first to say that channels aren't instruments but dependant
Communication and attachment style
- Communication as a cause of attachment style -> double-bind, too much/little communication - Communication as a consequence of attachment style -> communicate openly, prefer not to talk - Communication as a mediator of attachment and relationship quality - Communication as reinforcing of attachment style
Becoming a communicator: family as context
1st phase [0~1 yr] -> baby [crying] 2nd phase [1~3 yrs] -> toddler * now they start talking later because of the use of media as a distraction 3rd phase [3~6 yrs] -> preschool 4th phase [6~12 yrs] -> grade school [allowed to have smartphone ; 12 = more mature] 5th phase [12~18 yrs] -> teen 6th phase [18~22 yrs] -> young adult prenatal, baby, toddler, period (?), schooling, teen, young adult
How many waves does feminism have?
3+1
Family meals (Hammas-Fiese, 2011)
3/week The child later: 24% more likely to eat healthier foods 12% less likely to be overweight 35% less likely to engage in disordered eating - 50% never eat together. Kids who dine with the folks are healthier, happier, and get better grades Although on the decline, family meals are associated with improved dietary quality and beneficial developmental assests.
How many functions does communication have in forming/maintaining attachment styles?
4
How many dialectical tiers are in relationships according to Relational Dialectics Theory?
6
How many traditions does the field of communication theories have?
7
Low to high conversation orientation and conformity
- High conversation, low conformity = PLURALISTIC -> [high, low] -> good conversation skills; -> autonomous; -> not trained to conform (conform reward = feel safe); -> more likely to happen in highly educated families; -> not good when adopting, don't feel belonging - High conversation, high conformity = CONSENSUAL -> [high, high] -> clear idea of...?; -> learn skills because you have conversations - Low conversation, low conformity = LAISSEZ-FAIRE -> [low, low] -> not learning skills; -> no one cares about you -> no real transaction - Low conversation, high conformity = PROTECTIVE -> [low, high] -> agreed upon topics (restricted code); -> very secure + belonging; -> hard to become an individual; -> not good for adoption; -> only become your person once you leave
Axioms of Communication (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967)
- One cannot NOT communicate - All behavior is communication - All communication provides information about self, other and relationship One cannot communicate (first principal) Every act of communication has a content and a relationship aspect (Report/Content - Command/Relationship) - Every act has come information + you being related to the other person, place, etc ; relational sign = body language, voice, etc. - always start with relationship (first) >- people judge on competence + warmth Punctuated - can be cut into sequences ; you know when sequence ends and you can jump in Humans communicate both digitally and analogically - [no context] Languages are digital codes because rules ; elements can be put into endless formations ; elements + rules (not sequences) - [needs context] Analogical codes = things become understandable only in a sequence (ex. fixing hair means wanting to party only when you're at a nightclub) ; clothing, gestures, etc. (sequence!) All communicational interchanges are either symmetrical or complementary - [together] Complementary (ex.: asking if someone wants coffee and how they take it) - [alone] Symmetrical (ex.: ask child to come early -> child keeps asking why ; usually conflictual)
Relationship Deception (Jang, Smith, Levine 2002)
- Secure: discuss, unlikely to terminate, positive outcome - Anxious/Ambivalent: avoiding topic but communicating - Avoidant: immediately terminates
Family use of rituals (Wolin-Bennett-Vine, 2001)
- Underritualized [Laissez Faire] - Rigidly ritualized [Protective] - Skewed ritualization [Biased] - Hollow ritualization [No meaning] - Interrupted ritualization [Stopped doing; ex: after divorce] - Adaptable ritualization [People still want to celebrate, so adapt]
Family patterns (Fitzpatrick, 90~94)
- looked for INTERSUBJECTIVITY (how we relate) and INTERACTIVITY (how much we talk) - conformity - 1st (first) dimension: CONVERSATION ORIENTATION -> the degree to which families create a climate in which all members are encouraged to participate in unrestrained interaction about... - 2nd (second) dimension: CONFORMITY -> the degree to which families communication stresses a climate of homogeneity of attitudes, values, and beliefs (how much you need to agree)
Family time
- quality time with family members -> doesn't matter the amount of time * Snyder (2007) - Structured-planned activities (they talk, decide, plan, argue together) - Heart-to-heart talks [hard] - Being together at home [simple] *we say it's only family time when there's some communication going on
Aims of earliest communication (proto-interaction) to the baby [first phase]
- to raise attention - to relate, to raise demand to connect - to facilitate interaction - to help cooperation - to facilitate role change and topic progression - not very proportionate interaction - function: to raise attention [of child] - > babies have trouble maintaining attention FUNCTIONS: - to relate, to raise demand to connect [customized] - to help interaction - to help cooperation - to facilitate role change and topic progression [Motherese, Parentese, Fatherese] - parents imitate babies to help give it -bablling] meaning CHARACTERISTICS: CONTACTING - melody [memory] - slowness [matching] - (over)articulation - pauses [invitations] - simple instructions/structure - repetition [connection] - frequent use of phatic utterances ["you see?" "are you with me?"] - questions [communication ; dialogue simulation ; relationship -> code] - rhythm/rhyme [involves you into social action] ~ Still Face Experiment ~
[5 PRINCIPLES] Strange situation experiment (Mary Ainsworth)
1) early interaction with caregivers lead to security or insecurity which sets the stage for personality development [3 styles of attachments: --> secure [cry] [happy] --> avoidant [doesn't cry, is used to being left] --> anxious-ambivalent [still upset] [imagined] 2) working models (cognitive schemas of images of self and others) of self and others combine to create an attachment style *Do you think you can be loved? 3) attachment styles influence the quality of one's relationship 4) attachment styles are relatively stable, however, they can be modified 5) attachment style can vary as a function of relationship type and relational partner
Early Communication - Phases
1. Communication Master (up until 1 yr old) 2. Language/Code master (1~3) [how you say something][why and hows] 3. World master (4~) -Father communication (world reference) -Siblings (aggression, argumentation, registers) -Media (availability) -School (explicit rules) social relation -> code -> world father communication (world reference)
Family Rituals, Wolin-Bennett (1988)
1. Family celebrations -> connects to culture 2. Family traditions -> not typical elsewhere; the WAY YOU celebrate 3. Everyday habits and interactions -> more routine, bedtime rituals or dinner time for example, like no phone at the table the power of rituals [3 types of family rituals] - family celebrations: Weddings, easter, fourth of July - Family traditions: birthdays, anniversary, family reunions - Patterned family reactions: dinnertime, bed time, routines for children Families with protected rituals were less likely to transmit alcoholism to next generation and were better able to manage the effects of alcoholism while they were experiencing it
Family communication
1. baby 2. language 3. toddler 4. world author: Fitzpatrick (Mary Ann) *family taboos are media sensations - conversation/concept orientation - conformity/socio orientation
Traditions of communication theory
1. socio-psychological tradition 2. cybernetic tradition 3. rhetorical tradition 4. semiotic tradition 5. socio-cultural tradition 6. critical tradition 7. phenomenological tradition rhetorical, semiotic, phenomenological, cybernetics, sociopsychological, sociocultural, critical
How many stages does the staircase theory list?
10
From what age of the child does the world-master function of parents' communication start to operate?
Age 4
Which family communication pattern is characterized by high conformity and high conversation orientation?
Consensual
Which of the terms/concepts below is the result of a critical feminist communication research?
Conversaversational maintanance work
Who is the main researcher of the Difference approach?
Deborah Tannen
Which approach to language and gender assumes that women's language use is subordinate to men's?
Deficit
Which attachment style is operated by a negative image of others and a positive image of oneself?
Dismissive
Attachment (60s, post WW)
During WW2 Britain was fought heavily by Germans (air raids, bombs). So British government separated children from parents who lived in big cities (Operation Pied Piper) -> Research done in WW2, but results came out in 60s [Narnia] --> If children are separated from parents for safety, then probably bad outcomes (worse than being bombed) [Operation Pied Piper] The codename for the evacuation of British children during WWII the evacuation of the children out of harm's way from the bombing of urban centers Government evacuation scheme designed to protect people, especially children, from risks associated with aerial bombing of cities by moving them to areas thought to be less at risk [Attachment theory] the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life a theory about how our early attachments with our parents shape our relationships for the rest of our lives theory based on John Bowlby's work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival
What is metaemotion?
Emotion about emotion(s)
What are the forces that drive relationships according to the Relational Dialectics Theory?
Fusion-Fission (centripetal-centrifugal)
Communication theory can be:
General - Specific - Attachment = specific - Discourse = general Structural - functional Cognitive - behaviorists - how people see in THEMSELVES Interactional - conventional Interpretative - general ; how people UNDERSTAND ; philosophical Critical - general or specific ; fem = gem ; children abuse = specific
Rituals (functions)
Homeostasis - you belong together, culturally embedded Morphogenetic - what you celebrate is a change; life-cycle
Who are the founders of Social Peterson theory?
I. Altman - D Taylor
Propaganda
Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. was born with religion ; world war needed propaganda because it wasn't about protecting -- it was international
Attachment system
John Bowlby (1964) -> Mary Mary Ainsworth (1978) Attachment system: - Cognition (how you see yourself and the other) - Emotion (how you feel about yourself and the other?) - Observable Behavior (how you see and feel the world) * activated when protection is needed or distress is experienced The sum of emotional and physical proximity-seeking behaviors toward the caregiver, developed by the child as a result of adaptive and maladaptive parent behaviors. Regulates the pattern of attachment characteristic of the child. The system responsible for establishing an infant's secure relationship with a caretaker, which continues to exert control over relationships as the individual matures coordinates activities most relevant for maintaining proximity to attachment figures
Who is the founder of emotional regulation theory?
John Gottman
Bartholomew & Horowitz, Working Models, 1991
Positive thoughts of self + of partner = Secure -> comfortable with intimacy and autonomy [SECURE] tries to work things out Negative thoughts of self + positive of partner = Preoccupied -> preoccupied with relationships [PREOCCUPIED] "I don't think I deserve to be loved but I want X to love me"; inconsistency, unsure of what is expected * double-binding parenting; "you should be independent", what I say is in contrast with what is implied, "I really like you, but if you do X this might change" * they would always think they are being cheated on but would not ask it Positive thoughts of self + negative of partner = Dismissive -> dismissing of intimacy; strongly independent [DISMISSIVE] breaks up * used to being left alone or over-carried for; unchanging pattern Negative thoughts of self + of partner = Fearful -> fearful of intimacy; socially avoidant [FEARFUL] beak up and keeps getting back together; not really leaving or staying
Which theory of this week is interpretive?
Relational Dialectics
Who introduces functions into his model of communication?
Roman Jakobson
Routines vs. Rituals
Routines = regular Rituals =meaning *Fiese et al (2002) 1) Communication (what it's about) 2) Commitment (level) 3) Continuity (how) Routines -> functional, short communication, focuses on what needs to be done, momentary/practical commitment, repetition Example: doing groceries Ritual -> who we are; emotion, "you cannot miss it"; continuity in meaning; "we do it because it reinforces who we are"; > meaning is not in you, it's in the community < (others should feel the same -must occur at least twice -must include at least 2 family members -first order (observable) processes that give structure to family life to help accomplish goals Routines DO NOT always equate to rituals. Rituals are conscious repetition of meaningful actions and words that establish or preserve identity and culture relations.
Communication meaning (at first)
gift giving and being in communities + travelling
What does conversation orientation refer to?
The range of topics and participants in family interactions
Restricted Code - Elaborated Code
[pre-school and grade school] Basil, 7 - Restricted = situations when there's a great deal of shared information; directions/rule realization; emphasis on directing what shouldn't be done, praising/condemning, shorter vocabulary/sentences based on family rules; limited to present; don't talk much * [ "Everything went well at school?" "Yes" The end ] - Elaborate: usually language in full potential, talking about world and things; questions without answers; not so context dependant; opens up for conversation * [ "How was school?" "Meh..." "What happened?" Goes on ] * FOCUS: TRANSACTIONAL* - A family is a family if there's emotion, loyalty, sense of future, and experience - Characteristics of family communication -> [generally] intimacy, interdependence, family ID, symbols, rituals, information boundaries, past and future narratives [~Family~ Structured list - mom and dad Functionalist - why is x there? Critical - criticizes everything Transactional - exchange/interactions] The two codes of Bernstein.The restricted code is used among speakers with similar backgrounds who share much of the same background knowledge and experiences. This code is more restricted in that the users tend to use certain grammatical features with less frequency because the interlocutors understand each other's assumptions, perspectives, feelings, ways of speaking. The elaborated code is used with speakers who do not share the same background or experiences. This code is more elaborate in the use of grammar structures, pronouns, amount of language used to express ideas because the interlocutors are not as familiar with the backgrounds, experiences, assumptions, outlooks, perspectives etc. of each other. Therefore they use more words, phrases, forms to express meaning.
Shannon-Weaver Mathematical Model (1949)
a communication model that includes the information source, the message, the receiver, the sender, the channel, the signal and any noise that may interrupt the communication process model that shows a message being sent from a sender to a decoder / includes noise, medium, etc. Concepts: - entropy - redundancy - channel capacity - noise * linear * can be nun-human * not very realistic *very cybernetic
Social Penetration Theory (Altman, Taylor, 1973)
a theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self-disclosure a theory suggesting that disclosures in a relationship become increasingly intimate as the relationship develops [objective]
Sociopsychological (tradition)
assumes that communication is a process of social interaction social influences
Charm and niceness
balanced = good ; being too nice is bad
Still Face Experiment
caregiver is advised to look blankly at their child to see how their child reacts; shows an infants attachment to them Mom doesn't respond to her child Child shows distress Mother doesn't respond to baby, baby uses all abilities to get the mother to respond. when child doesn't get "normal" reaction they act with negative emotions children are sensitive to emotions and social interaction caregiver is advised to look blankly at their child to see how their child reacts; shows an infants attachment to them
Critical (tradition)
communication as a reflective challenge of unjust discourse communication is always reflecting (ex.: fem comm) ; you shouldn't be neutral because you are part of society
Semiotic (tradition)
communication as the process of sharing meaning through signs science ; ex: color of shirt, way you sit -- signs
James W. Carey, 1984 [The Ritual Model]
communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed A media theorist that concluded communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed -cultural definition of communication "Communication is a symbolic process whereby reality is produced, maintained, repaired, and transformed" -- A model of the mass communication process that treats media use as an interactive ritual engaged in by audience members. It looks at how and why audience members (receivers) consume media messages. Media use is an interactive ritual by audience members. meanings circulate around different cultural texts or artifacts. subject to culture and times, is therefore ambiguous. Liminal. tends to be culture centered, answers questions like: what does a handshake communicate? what does what you wear mean? The practice of social communication created and recreated by participants as described by James Carey. ----------- *For cutural * Communication = ritual, not process *We don't communicate for information, but to participate in the world * Participation > Outcome -world of symbols -society -individual -world of objects
Charles Osgood and Wilbur Schramm, 1954 (circular model)
decoder message encoder ♻ message feedback is part of the communication process * not linear!
Phenomenological (tradition)
experience of self and others through dialogue perception/understanding of phenomena
F.E.X. Dance, 1970 [Helical Model]
relationships start with small conversation and become closer with bigger conversations Communication is circular, ever-changing, building on the past, and expanding. This statement best describes which model of communication? ●We have to go back through experiences at different levels ●When you work through something, you have to revisit it again--every time , you think you move beyond something, it is still a part of you ●Spiraling back around in life communication process is ever-changing, circular, expanding, and building upon the past *Circular model * starts with interaction
Forced teaming
saying "us"
Rhetorical (tradition)
the art of using all available means of persuasion, focusing on lines of argument, organization of ideas, language use, and delivery in public speaking artful devices of persuasion speaking (public)
Cybernetics (tradition)
the study of information processing, feedback, and control in communication systems info, systems, how info changes systems
What does 'critical' means in a theoretical approach?
the theory is critical of power and dominance
Dean C. Barnlund, 1970
the theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver recognizes that we simultaneously send and receive messages; a cyclical model of the communication process view of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages *everything starts with the event *communication as a STIMULI that we perceive [image used in class includes: P: person D: Decoding E: Encoding Cpu: Public cues Cpr: Private cues Cbehnv: Nonverbal behavioral cues Cbehv: Verbal behavioral cues M: Message
Sociocultural (tradition)
views communication as the creation and enactment of social reality based on the premise that, as people talk, they produce and reproduce culture. how communication forms cultures ; we do cultures
