Midterm Makeup-Kiersten Floyd
A temporary hyperpolarization is known as an ____.
IPSP
Area ____ is particularly important for color constancy.
V4
Which behavior is most likely to result from the activity of central pattern generators?
a dog shaking itself to dry off
How do parallel fibers in the cerebellum control the duration of a response?
altering the velocity of action potentials from Purkinje cells
Areas bordering the primary auditory cortex are important for ____.
analyzing the meaning of sounds
The nucleus basalis is a key part of the brain's system for ____.
attention
The eighth cranial nerve contains both a(n) ____ component and a ____ component.
auditory'vestibular
Reuptake is an alternative to which other process?
breaking down neurotransmitters via an enzymatic process
In contrast to people with posterior parietal damage, people with damage to certain parts of the occipital cortex outside the primary visual cortex ____.
cannot accurately describe what they see but can reach out to grasp it
Acetylcholine is synthesized from
choline from dietary fats and acetyl coenzyme A, both of which are acted on by choline acetyltransferase.
What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?
complex
After damage to the ventral roots of the spinal cord, an individual will suffer what kind of loss?
control of the peripheral muscles in the affected body area
What type of pathway in the substantia nigra deteriorates in Parkinson's disease?
dopamine
After maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become:
dormant
The visual path in the parietal cortex is referred to as the ____.
dorsal stream
Tinnitus may be ____.
due to a phenomenon like the phantom limb
Studies with placebos and studies using hypnotism suggest that much of the reduction in pain is the result of decreased activation in the ____.
emotion areas of the brain
Taste and smell axons converge onto many of the same cells in an area called the ____.
endopiriform cortex
The cell membrane is composed of two layers of _____.
fat
The nuclei for cranial nerves I through IV are located in the ____.
forebrain
The anterior pituitary is composed of ____ and the posterior pituitary is composed of ____.
glandular tissue, neural tissue
____ cells proliferate after a stroke.
glial
Many dendrites contain short outgrowths called spines that _____.
increase the surface area available for synapses
The function of a myelin sheath is to ____.
increase the velocity of transmission along an axon
Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What type of effect is this?
ionotropic
The prefrontal cortex ____.
is important for working memory
The posterior parietal cortex ____.
keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world
One way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to ____.
learn to use an artificial limb
People with damage of the parietal cortex tend to have trouble ____
locating objects in space
Molecules that can cross the blood-brain barrier are usually ____.
molecules that can dissolve in the fats of the capillary walls
When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ____ the cell.
out of, into
Together, the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system make up the ____ nervous system.
peripheral
The motor cortex produces a kind of activity called a(n) ____ before any voluntary movement.
readiness potential
Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?
retinex theory
Which two structures provide information about vestibular sensation?
semicircular canals and otolith organs
Brain cells that are neither neurons nor glia, but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia, are called ____.
stem cells
Cells in the prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, and ____ prepare for a movement, sending messages to the primary motor cortex.
supplementary motor cortex
In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth.
thalmus; cortex
What determines whether a neuron has an action potential?
the combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs
At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.
trichromatic; opponent process
The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.
whatever excited a particular nerve always sends the same kind of information to the brain