Midterm Motor Development
According to dynamical systems theory, the speed at which an action is performed is an example of: A. A control parameter B. An order parameter C. An organizational variable D. A Stable state
A. A control parameter
This error measure evaluates overall accuracy during a series of trials. A. AE B. CE C. VE D. RE
A. AE
To distract a basketball free shooter, the fans from the opposing team wave their arms in the air. The waving arms are an example of a regulatory condition. (T/F)
False
The playing of a guitar is a good example of performing: A. An asymmetric bimanual skill B. A symmetric bimanual skill C. A prehension skill D. A manual aiming skill
A. An asymmetric bimanual skill
Cruise-control system in cars are mechanical examples of _____ control systems.
Closed-loop
The motor system always recruits the same muscle fibers when executing a simple movement like lifting the arm.
False
A 3-bit decision will require _____ yes/no decisions to arrive at the correct answer.
8
A person had the following error scores for a series of trials +5, -3, +8, +18, -6. The average AE score is ________.
8
An important difference the open- and closed-loop control systems is that the: A. Closed-loop system involves feedback; the open-loop system does not B. Open-loop system involves feedback; the closed-loop system does not C. Closed-loop system involves movement instructions; the open-loop system does not D. Open-loop system involves movement instructions; the closed-loop system does not
A. Closed-loop system involves feedback; the open-loop system does not
The dynamical systems theory indicates that skilled action is controlled by the nervous system constraining functionally specific collectives of muscles and joints, which are known as: A. Coordinative structures B. Degrees of freedom C. Generalized motor programs D. Motor units
A. Coordinative structures
The change in spatial position of a limb is called: A. Displacement B. Velocity C. Acceleration D. Linear motion
A. Displacement
Fitts' Law specifies that performance will show a speed-accuracy trade-off in a rapid manual aiming task according to the relationship between which two characteristics of the task? A. Distance to move and target size B. Distance to move and movement speed C. Target size and movement speed D. Target size and type of target
A. Distance to move and target size
To determine muscle activation patterns, this measurement method could be used. A. EMG B. EEG C. Kinetics D. Kinematics
A. EMG
If you need to perform a fast sequence of 3 movements, how will your RT for initiating this movement sequence compare to your RT for initiating a sequence of 6 movements? The RT for the 3 movements will be: A. Faster than the 6 movements B. Slower than for the 6 movements C. The same for both movement sequences D. RT cannot be measured in these movement situation
A. Faster than the 6 movements
Which of the following attention focusing instructions is likely to lead to the best long-jump performance: A. Focus on jumping as far from the start line as possible B. Focus on swinging the arms as high as possible during the jump C. Focus on extending the knees as forcefully as possible at take-off D. focus on extending the whole body at take-off
A. Focus on jumping as far from the start line as possible
To develop his taxonomy of human perceptual-motor abilities, Fleishman: A. Gave an extensive battery of tests to many people B. Interviewed many people about their motor skill experiences C. Observed many highly skilled athletes D. Did many task analyses for many different motor skills
A. Gave an extensive battery of tests to many people
Research suggests that reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) are: A. Independent motor abilities B. Highly related motor abilities C. Moderately related motor abilities D. None of these
A. Independent motor abilities
Research suggests that static and dynamic balance abilities are: A. Independent motor abilities B. Highly related motor abilities C. Moderately related motor abilities D. Independent for some skills are highly related for other skills
A. Independent motor abilities
Gentile's taxonomy of motor skills includes which of the following factors as part of the "environmental context" dimension? A. Intertrial variability B. Object location C. Object orientation D. Body transport
A. Intertial variability
Compared to static balance, dynamic balance: A. Involves the maintenance of balance while in motion, while static balance does not B. Involves the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary, while static balance does not C. Involves balancing on two limbs, while static balance involves balancing on one limb D. Involves balancing on one limb while static balance involves balance on two limbs
A. Involves the maintenance of balance while in motion, while static balance does not
The degrees of freedom problem was first identified by: A. Nicolai Bernstien B. Franklin Henry C. Stephen Keele D. Richard Schmidt
A. Nicolai Bernstien
Motor skills that require the performer to initiate a specific action on an object according to the object's motion are best categorized as: A. Open motor skills B. Closed motor skills C. Discrete motor skills D. Continuous motor skills
A. Open motor skills
When RT is fractionated, the interval that represents the time it takes to receive and transmit information from the environment is referred to as the: A. Premotor time B. Motor time C. Discrimination time D. Response time
A. Premotor time
Which of the following would be considered a performance outcome measure? A. The distance a ball was kicked B. The angle of the knee at ball impact C. The electricity activity in the quadriceps muscles during the kick D> The electrical activity in the brain during the kick
A. The distance a ball was kicked
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of skills and actions: A. They are innate B. There is a goal to achieve C. They are performed voluntarily D. They require movement of joints and body segments
A. They are innate
The kinematic measure of motor performance that describes the speeding up and slowing down of a movement is called ________.
Acceleration
The __________ hypothesis proposes better motor skill performance when a person focuses attention on the effects of an action rather than on the movements.
Action effect
Whether or not an object must be manipulated is a skill characteristic in Gentile's taxonomy of motor skills that is included in the _____ dimension of the taxonomy.
Action function
According to the perception-action coupling literature, the reciprocal fit between the characteristics of a person and the characteristics of the environment that permit specific actions, such as stairs having the physical characteristics to permit stair climbing, are referred to as ____________.
Affordances
Rather than differing in terms of having or not having certain abilities, people differ in the _____ of each of the various identifiable abilities.
Amount
The factor in Kahneman's model of attention that influences the available capacity is ________.
Arousal
According to the dynamical systems theory, walking and running represent two distinct _____ states of coordination.
Attractor
The term used to indicate that a person performs a skill without requiring attention capacity is:
Automaticity
The term ability refers to: A. How well a person performs a skill B. An individual capacity that underlies performance C. How quickly a skill can be learned D. Probability for high level of a performance
B. An individual capacity that underlies performance
The action of throwing a dart at a dartboard is an example of a motor skill that is controlled by: A. A closed-loop control system B. An open-loop control system C. Both open-loop and closed-loop control systems D. Feedback
B. An open-loop control system
The term used to describe performing a skill or component of a skill without attention capacity being required is: A. Attentional focus B. Automaticity C. Limited attention capacity D. Primary task performance
B. Automaticity
The research most commonly used to investigate attention-limit issues for motor skill learning and performance is known as the: A. Attentional focus procedure B. Dual-task procedure C. Event occlusion procedure D. temporal occlusion procedure
B. Dual-task procedure
Because we can write our signature relatively relatively legibly with a pen held by either hand, either foot, or even by our teeth, researchers often describe handwriting as a good example of Bernstein's concept of motor: A. Programs B. Equivalence C. Independence D. Complexity
B. Equivalence
If you have to hit a large target or a small target as rapidly as possible after an auditory signal, your reaction time would be: A. Faster or the small target B. Faster for the large target C. The same for both targets D. Impossible to determine
B. Faster for the large target
If a motor skill requires the use of large musculature and does not require precision of movement for successful performance, then the skill would best be classified as a: A. Fine motor skill B. Gross motor skill C. Discrete motor skill D. Open motor skill
B. Gross motor skill
Displacement, velocity, and acceleration are ________ measure of motion. A. Kinetic B. Kinematic C. Force D. Angular motion
B. Kinematic
A researcher from the area of __________ would be interested in how massed versus distributed practice influences the acquisition of a skill: A. Motor Control B. Motor Learning C. Motor Development D. None of these
B. Motor Learning
Returning a serve in tennis is an example of which of the following types of motor skills? A. Self-paced motor skill B. Open motor skill C. Closed motor skill D. Stationary motor skill
B. Open motor skill
Coordination should be considered in term of body and limb movement patterns in relation to: A. How the body and limb movement movement patterns can self-organize B. Patterns of environmental objects and events C. The characteristics of open- and closed-loop control system D. The invariant features of a generalized motor program
B. Patterns of environmental objects and events
Research related to movement complexity has shown that the longer movement preparation time is due to a longer: A. Motor time B. Premotor time C. Response time D. Motor and Premotor time
B. Premotor time
Consider the following performance situation: You are basketball player guarding an opponent who has the ball. You know that about 80% of the time in this situation the player will move to your right and take a shot. So, you prepare to move in that direction. But unexpectedly the player moves to your left. Which of the following describes your RT in this situation? A. RT will be faster that if you had not prepared to move to the right B. RT will be slower than if you had not prepared to move to the right C. RT will be the same as if you had not prepared to move to the right D. It is not possible to predict RT without more information about the situation
B. RT will be slower than if you had not prepared to move to the right
A softball player throws pitches to a stationary, cardboard cut-out of a batter. The Environmental Context for the pitcher is: A. Stationary with intertrial variability B. Stationary with no intertrial variability C. In-motion with intertrial variability D. In-motion with no intertrial variability
B. Stationary with no intertrial variability
Which two events mark the beginning and the end of the interval known as reaction time? A. Warning signal an stimulus signal B. Stimulus signal and initiation of the response C. Stimulus signal and the completion of the response D. Warning signal and the initiation of the response
B. Stimulus signal and initiation of the response
Research suggests that the ability to precisely time movement is: A. Controlled by a common internal clock for all tasks B. Task specific C. Acquired only through practice D. Dependent on whether a task is an open or closed motor skill
B. Task specific
The end-state-comfort effect shows that a person plans a reaching movement based on: A. The most comfortable initial position of the hand B. The most comfortable final position of the hand C. The most comfortable initial and final position of the hand D. Their psychological state at the end of the movement
B. The most comfortable final position of the hand
Which of the following statement reflects the appropriate view of the spatial and temporal control underlying the performance of an asymmetric bimanual action? A. The two arms prefer to move independently of each other B. The two arms prefer to move together as one unit C. The preferred arm always dominates the other arm D. The two arms cannot perform an asymmetric bimanual action
B. The two arms prefer to move together as one unit
The measure of muscle activity that detects the lateral displacement of a muscle's belly following maximal percutaneous neuromuscular stimulation is referred to as: A. Electromyography (EMG) B. Whole muscle mechanomyography (wMMG) C. Electroencephalography (EEG) D. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
B. Whole muscle mechanomyography (wMMG)
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to measure activity in the: A. Brain B. Muscles C. Brain and muscles D. None of these
C. Brain and muscles
The Index of Difficulty (ID) that can be derived from Fitts' law demonstrates that the same task can have varies levels of difficulties and the amount of: A. Movement speed B. Response choices C. Complexity D. Performance variability
C. Complexity
An individual must respond to only one of several signals presented in this type of reaction time. A. Simple RT B. Choice RT C. Discrimination RT D. Serial RT
C. Discrimination RT
The Kahneman model of attention is an example of which type of limited-capacity theory? A. Dual-task theory B. Fixed-capacity theory C. Flexible-capacity theory D. Multiple-resource theory
C. Flexible-capacity theory
The process involved when people direct attention to specific regulatory features in the environment and/or to action preparation activities is known as attention: A. Capacity B. Demands C. Focus D. Switching
C. Focus
The term kinetics refers to motion caused by _________. A. Velocity B. Angular acceleration C. Force D. Movement
C. Force
Based on Gentile's taxonomy, to stimulate the regulatory conditions involved in the game of softball, a coach would have players: A. Hit a ball from a stationary tee B. Hit balls pitched by a pitching machine C. Hit balls pitched by a live pitcher D. Practice swinging without a bat and a ball
C. Hit balls pitched by a live pitcher
A good example of a "self-organizing system" is a: A. Computer B. DVR programmed to record a TV program at a specific time C. Hurricane D. Thermostat-based control system for heating and cooling a house
C. Hurricane
The rhythmic structure of the movements involved in gait can be observed A. Only in leg movements B. Only in arm movements C. In arm and leg movements D. None of these
C. In arm and leg movements
Riding a surfboard on multiple waves would be classified in Gentile's taxonomy as: A. Stationary environment, inter-trial variability, body transport B. Stationary environment, inter-trial variability, body stability C. In motion environment, inter-trial variability, body transport D. In motion environment, inter-trial variability, body stability
C. In motion environment, inter-trial variability, body transport
The general motor ability hypothesis proposes that individuals have: A. One motor ability that determines a person's potential to perform motor skills B. One motor ability that predicts how well a person will perform specific skills C. Many specifics motor abilities that are highly related to each other D. Many specific motor abilities that are independent of each other
C. Many specifics motor abilities that are highly related to each other
Which of the following types of motor control theories emphasizes the role of a memory representation in the control of coordinated action? A. Chaos theories B. Dynamic systems theories C. Motor program theories D. All of these
C. Motor program theories
In dynamical systems terminology, an attractor refers to a: A. Complex movement B. Motor program C. Movement pattern stable state D. State of coordination instability
C. Movement pattern stable state
Which of the following has the highest degree of stimulus-response compatibility? Three response buttons are located on a table top; three stimulus lights are located: A. In a horizontal arrangement beside the set of response buttons B. In a vertical arrangement beside the set of response buttons C. On the table top directly behind the response buttons D. On a vertical panel but directly behind the response buttons
C. On the table top directly behind the response buttons
The specificity of motor abilities hypothesis predicts that if a person is highly skilled in one activity then he or she should be or become skilled in all activities. (T/F)
False
Which of the following skill category distinctions is popular in textbooks related to methods of teaching motor skills? A. Gross vs. fine motor skills B. Discrete vs. continuous motor skills C. Open vs. closed motor sills D. Stability vs. transport motor skills
C. Open vs. closed motor skills
According to the dynamical systems theory, which of the following define, or identify, a specific movement pattern? A. Control parameters B. Movement duration C. Order parameters D. Relative timing
C. Order parameters
If you are asked to demonstrate how you tie your shoes, you would base your demonstration on knowledge stored in long-term memory in the: A. Episodic memory system B. Semantic memory system C. Procedural memory system D. Muscle memory system
C. Procedural memory system
The most common performance measure used for inferring the amount of time required for action preparation is: A. Motor time B. Movement time C. Reaction time D. Response time
C. Reaction time
According to Gentile's taxonomy of motor skills, which of the following describes the least complex skill? A. Regulatory conditions stationary; object manipulated B. Regulatory conditions in motion; object manipulated C. Regulatory conditions stationary; no object manipulated D. Regulatory conditions in motion; no object manipulated
C. Regulatory conditions stationary; no object manipulated
Shifting from second to third gear in a car is an example of which type of motor skill? A. Open motor skill B. Fine motor skill C. Serial motor skill D. Continuous motor skill
C. Serial motor skill
The triple jump is a track and field event that requires a performer to run down a runaway and then to perform a hop, skip, and jump sequence. The hop, skip, and jump portion sequence of the event is an example of a: A. Discrete motor skill B. Continuous motor skill C. Serial motor skill D. Open motor skill
C. Serial motor skill
Which of he following skills would be under closed-loop control: A. Throwing a dart at a dart board B. Bowling a bowling ball C. Shooting a bullet at a tin can D. Driving a car
C. Shooting a bullet at a tin can
Research with highly skilled long jumpers reveals that the jumpers: A. Have remarkably consistent strides during their run up B. Show large inconsistencies in their strides at the beginning of the run up C. Show large inconsistencies in their last few strides before take off D. Show large inconsistence throughout the entire run up
C. Show large inconsistencies in their last few strides before take off
The degrees of freedom problem, which the nervous system must solve so that a person can achieve the action goal of a complex motor skill, involves determining: A. If an open-loop o closed-loop system is needed to control the action B. The amount of force needed to achieve an action goal C. The organization of muscles, limbs, and joints needed to achieve an action goal D. Which environmental cues are relevant for performing the skill
C. The organization of muscles, limbs, and joints needed to achieve an action goal
In a two-hand aiming task in which the right hand must move to a target that has an ID of 4, and the left hand must simultaneously move to a target that has an ID of 2, when will each hand arrive at the target? A. The right hand will arrive much earlier that the left hand B. The left hand will arrive much earlier that the right hand C. The two hands will arrive at approximately the same time D. The preferred hand will arrive first regardless of the ID
C. The two hands will arrive at approximately the same time
According to Schmidt's motor program-based theory of motor control, which of the following would be controlled by the same generalized by the same generalized motor program (GMP)? A. Hitting a golf ball and hitting a pitched baseball B. Throwing a ball overhand and underhand C. Using either hand to reach for and grasp an object D. Walking and running
C. Using either hand to reach for and grasp an object
This error measure evaluates performance consistency during a series of trials. A. AE B. CE C. VE D. E
C. VE
Nideffer has shown that attention focusing should be considered in terms of: A. Width of focus B. Direction of focus C. Width and direction of focus D. Intensity of focus
C. Width and direction of focus
Archery and piano playing are two quite different skills, yet they can both be classified as ________ motor skills when the classification system is based on the stability of the environment.
Closed
If motor skills are classified according to the stability of the environment, bowling would be placed in the category of _____ motor skills.
Closed
The terms ability and skill should be considered synonymous. (T/F)
False
Variable error is an indicator of a person's performance ______ when performing a skill that requires hitting a target.
Consistency
According to a dynamical system theory, the muscles and joints that act together to enable a person to reach and grasp a cup are known as a _____.
Coordinative structure
In information theory, a 4-bit decision would have __ alternatives. A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 16
D. 16
The term skill is used to denote: A. A task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve B. The degree of competence or capacity to perform a task C. The activity in nervous system that underlies movement D. A and B
D. A & B
The shift from one stable movement pattern to another stable movement pattern is known as: A. A control parameter B. An order parameter C. A switch D. A phase transition
D. A phase transition
An understanding of motor control theory enables a practitioner to: A. Identify performance problems B. Develop interventions to overcome performance problems C. Predict the effectiveness of intervention strategies D. All of these
D. All of these
The performance of any motor skill is influenced by characteristics of: A. The performer B. The environment C. The skill itself D. All of these
D. All of these
The affordance concept suggests that we: A. Perceive the environment with respect to the elementary properties of objects, surfaces, and people B. Perceive the environment relative to our own characteristics (e.g. height, leg length, etc.) C. Perceive the environment in terms of possibilities for action D. Both perceive the environment, relative to our own characteristics (e.g, height, leg length, etc.) and perceive the environment in terms of possibilities for action
D. Both perceive the environment, relative to our own characteristics (e.g, height, leg length, etc.) and perceive the environment in terms of possibilities for action
The ability to make skillful hand movements to manipulate objects is known as: A. Arm-hand coordination B. Limb coordination C. Finger dexterity D. Manual dexterity
D. Manual dexterity
A theory of attention capacity that argues against a central capacity limit is the: A. Dual-task theory B. Fixed-capacity theory C. Flexible-capacity theory D. Multiple-resource theory
D. Multiple-resource theory
Hick's Law states that reaction time (RT) will increase logarithmically as the: A. Arousal level of the individual increases B. Distance required by the movement increases C. Movement complexity increases D. Number of response choices increases
D. Number of response choices increases
In addition to identifying perceptual-motor abilities, Fleishman also identified _____ abilities. A. Athletic B. General motor C. Strength and endurance D. Physical proficiency
D. Physical proficiency
If you are standing with your arms at your side, and must move one arm as rapidly as possible to point to a target located at shoulder level in front of you, EMG would show that the muscles you activate first were the: A. Agonist arm muscles B. Antagonist arm muscles C. Arm muscles of the opposite arm D. Postural leg muscles
D. Postural leg muscles
According to a dynamic system view of motor control, skilled action occurs on the basis of action units: A. Acting according to motor program commands B. Receiving commands from a control executive C. Receiving feedback as movement occurs D. Self organizing
D. Self organizing
Which term is sometimes used synonymously with the term closed motor skill? A. Other-paced motor skills B. Externally-paced motor skills C. Forced-paced motor skills D. Self-paced motor skills
D. Self-paced motor skills
Which of the following abilities is not included in Fleishman's taxonomy: A. Multi-limb coordination B. Reaction time C. Speed of arm movement D. Static balance
D. Static balance
Which of the following skill is a discrete motor skill? A. Riding a bicycle B. Swimming the crawl stroke C. Steering a car on a highway D. Striking a typewriter key
D. Striking a typewriter key
In addition to serving as a temporary storage system, working memory also serves as a: A. Permanent storage system B. Library of information C. Procedural knowledge storage location D. Temporary workspace
D. Temporary workspace
Which of the following would be considered a performance production measure? A. The height of a jump B. The time to complete a jump C. The number of successful jumps to reach a target D. The joint torque at the knee just prior to take off during a jump
D. The joint torque at the knee just prior to take off during a jump
To achieve the fastest reaction time out of the blocks, a sprinter should focus on: A. Lifting the head as quickly as possible B. Driving the knee as quickly as possible C. Pushing against the blocks as forcefully as possible D. The sound of the gun
D. The sound of the gun
Regulatory conditions regulate: A. The spatial characteristics of movement B. The temporal characteristics of movement C. The spatial and temporal characteristics of a movement D. The spatial and temporal characteristics of a movement and the forces that underlie these characteristics
D. The spatial and temporal characteristics of a movement and the forces that underlie these characteristics
For skills that involve a starting signal and require movement as quickly as possible after this signal (e.g., swimming, sprint), the amount of time between the warning and stat signal should be: A. As constant as possible for every start B. As short as possible for every start C. The same for every start D. Varied for every start
D. Varied for every start
The brain activity measurement technique realigns hydrogen atoms in the body and may provide clear 2D and 3D images of the brain. A. EEG B. PET C. EMG D. fMRI
D. fMRI
An important coordination-related problem that a theory of motor control must provide a solution for is the ______ problem.
Degrees of freedom
Dynamical systems theory de-emphasizes the role of executive commands to the musculature and emphasizes the role of the _____ properties of the body and limbs.
Dynamic
The method of recording electrical activity in the muscles during movement is called __________.
EMG
That a person can adapt their handwriting to different surfaces, sizes, forces, etc., is an example of what Bernstein referred to as motor _______.
Equivalence
A simple reaction time situation involves two signals and one response. (T/F)
False
According to Fitts' Law, a person's movement time will be faster for a task with an ID of 6 than for an ID of 3. (T/F)
False
Anticipatory postural adjustments are only necessary when large movements are made. (T/F)
False
Attention focused on one's own movement typically leads to better skill performance than attention focused on the intended outcome of the skill. (T/F)
False
Central pattern generators, which are involved in the control of gait, are thought to be located primarily in the brain. (T/F)
False
Conversations with a passenger lead to more driving errors than cell phone conversations. (T/F)
False
Fitts' Law only applies to reciprocal tapping tasks. (T/F)
False
Fleshman's taxonomy of abilities should be considered an exhaustive inventory of all the abilities related to motor skill performance. (T/F)
False
Gait transitions, from walking to running and running to walking, occur at the same speed for all people. (T/F)
False
Hick's law relates to reaction time situations that involve various complexities of movement. (T/F)
False
In fleishman's taxonomy, the ability to rapidly and accurately move the hand to small target is known as finger dexterity. (T/F)
False
It is quite easy to predict which child athletes are going to excel as adult athletes using test of motor abilities. (T/F)
False
Postural preparation, which occurs prior to performing variations of the same activity, involves the same sequence of activation of postural muscles. (T/F)
False
Reaction time and movement time measure the same aspect of performance. (T/F)
False
Research showing the low correlation between reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) supports the general motor ability hypothesis. (T/F)
False
Root-mean-square error (RMS) is typically used to measure accuracy in discrete skills. (T/F)
False
Shooting a free throw in basketball is an example of an open motor skill. (T/F)
False
Simple RT involves one signal and more than one possible response. (T/F)
False
Skilled individuals are much less efficient than less skilled individuals. (T/F)
False
The color of a ball is an example of non-regulatory condition. (T/F)
False
The dual-task procedure is commonly used to evaluate whether a person's attention focus is external or internal. (T/F)
False
When we skate on a crowded ice rink, we perform a closed motor skill. (T/F)
False
Whether or not an object must be manipulated is a skill characteristic in Gentile's taxonomy of motor skills that is included in the "environment context" dimension of the taxonomy. (T/F)
False
The general finding about the relationship between stimulus-response compatibility and reaction time is that as stimulus-response compatibility relationship becomes more compatible, reaction time becomes _________.
Faster
The interval of time between the warning signal and the "go" signal in a reaction time task is called the _______.
Foreperiod
The term used in the study of memory to indicate that information that was once learned is no longer in memory or is not retrievable at the movement is _______.
Forgetting
The hypothesis that proposes the many motor abilities that characterize people are highly related to each other is known as the ____ motor ability hypothesis.
General
A predominant view of gait control is that at the nervous system level, gait is controlled by central pattern ______.
Generators
When we remember characteristics of a performance context that we were not instructed to remember, we demonstrate the influence of memory.
Incidental
Walking in a crowded mall makes walking a(n) _____ motor skill.
Open
An example of a gross motor skill is _________.
Large motor skills concern the development of larger muscle movements that are responsible for running, jumping and throwing
The ability to make skillful, well-directed arm-hand movements that involve manipulating objects rather quickly is known as _____.
Manual Dexerity
The interval of time between the initiation and completion of a movement is called _______.
Movement time
The ability to coordinate the movement of a number of limbs simultaneously is known as ______.
Multi-limb coordination
Limited-capacity theories that propose more than central information-processing mechanism, each with its own limited capacity, are called _________ theories.
Multiple-resource
An example of an open motor skill is _________.
Netball, football and hockey involve open skills. The environment is constantly changing, and so movements have to be continually adapted
The abbreviation PRP refers to the _______.
Psychological Refractory Period
The calculation of ________ provides an objective measures of the coordination between two limbs or limb segments by comparing the specific location of each limb or limb segment in one cycle of a cyclic movement.
Relative phase
Reaction time (RT) will be _____ as the duration of a required movement increases.
SLower
Serial skills are a form of discrete skills. What is an example of a serial motor skill?
Skipping, break dancing, throwing, hitting, kicking, catching and tumbling in gymnastics. Defined by a distinct beginning and end; for example a throw, kick or catch
If you prepare to move left in a right-left choice movement situation, but the signal tells you to move right, your reaction time will be _______ than id you had prepared to move either direction.
Slower
When a person walks or runs, an essential goal of the motor control system is the maintenance of head ________.
Stability
The _____ effect is the slowing of reaction time when a person must name a color's name but the color's name but the color is different from the printed name, compared to when the printed name and its color are the same.
Stroop
The term used to describe a bimanual coordination task that requires the two hands to simultaneously perform movements that have the same spatial and temporal characteristics is ______.
Symmetric
A physical therapist could use Gentile's taxonomy to evaluate a patient's capabilities and limitation. (T/F)
True
A traffic signal that is preset to cycle through the time sequences for the onset of the green-yellow-red light sequence is a mechanical example of an open-loop control system. (T/F)
True
An effective instructor would acknowledge that the best way to accomplish a task may vary from one individual to another. (T/F)
True
Angle-angle diagrams are a common way to display the coordination between two joints. (T/F)
True
Athletes who engage in pre-performance rituals, such as the routine a basketball player goes through prior to shooting a free throw, are actually preparing the rhythm of the movements required by the activity. (T/F)
True
Classifying skills into general categories helps us to understand the demands those skills place on the performer/learner. (T/F)
True
Constant error (CE) refers to a person's performance bias during a series of trials. (T/F)
True
Coordinative structures can develop through practice. (T/F)
True
Declarative knowledge stored in long-term memory is easier to verbalize than procedural knowledge. (T/F)
True
During the preparation phase of putting a key in a keyhole, you use vision to assess the regulatory conditions. (T/F)
True
Experts use long-term working memory when they need access to a large amount of relevant knowledge while performing an activity. (T/F)
True
Fitts' Law predicts movement speed based on specific accuracy requirements in a task. (T/F)
True
For a series of 10 trials, reaction times will be faster when the foreperiods are the same amounts of time compared to when the foreperiods are different amounts of time. (T/F)
True
Highly skilled people are often unable to describe how they perform the skill at which they excel. (T/F)
True
Identifying the relationship between balance and falls in the elderly requires the use of a multidimensional balance scale rather than a single test of balance. (T/F)
True
If motor skills are classified according to the stability of the environment, bowling would be placed in he category of closed motor skills. (T/F)
True
If motor skills are classified according to the stability of the environment, removing groceries from a shopping bag would be placed in the category of closed motor skill. (T/F)
True
It is likely that multiple factors explain why spontaneous gait transitions occur. (T/F)
True
It is widely believed that the relationship between arousal and performance takes the form of an inverted U. (T/F)
True
Kahneman views attention as cognitive effort. (T/F)
True
Kahneman's model of attention proposes that the mental resources needed to perform activities must come from one central pool that vary in its capacity. (T/F)
True
Multiple resources theories of attention focus on the types of demands placed on various information processing and response outcome structures. (T/F)
True
Performance expectations can influence action planning. (T/F)
True
Radial error (RE) would be the appropriate general accuracy measure to assess the accuracy of a golf putt. (T/F)
True
Running is an example of a gross motor skill. (T/F)
True
Some learning theorists argue that the information in the semantic and episodic memory systems should be considered declarative knowledge. (T/F)
True
Tests of motor abilities are often used to predict future performance of a motor skill. (T/F)
True
That people spontaneously change from a walking to a running coordination pattern at a certain speed demonstrates that patterns of movement coordination can self-organize. (T/F)
True
The classic experiment by Henry and Rogers showed that the reaction time (RT) associated with a three-part rapid movement is slower than the RT associated with a one-part rapid movement. (T/F)
True
The coordination between the two arms can spontaneously shift (transitions) as swimming speed increases. (T/F)
True
The reason we have difficulty tapping our head and rubbing our belly at the same time with our two hands is that our motor control system is organized in such a way that our two hands prefer to move in the same ways at the same time. (T/F)
True
The serve in tennis is a good example of an asymmetric bimanual skill. (T/F)
True
The size of a pen that a person uses to wrote is an example of a regulatory condition that will determine the movements required for the handwriting action. (T/F)
True
The study of attention as it relates to the learning and performance of motor skills involves issues related to the simultaneous performance of multiple activities and the selection of relevant information in the performance environment. (T/F0
True
Timing as an ability is typically specific to the requirements of the sill being performed. (T/F)
True
Typing a word on a keyboard is an example of a serial motor skill. (T/F)
True
Visions provides body-scaled information to facilitate our interactions with objects and surfaces. (T/F)
True
When a performance score is recorded as m/sec-1, the performance measure is velocity. (T/F)
True
When we consider the assessment of movement characteristics associated with the performance of a skill, it is necessary to use the term coordination to refer to the relationship among the joints and segments at any specific point in time during the skill performance. (T/F)
True
