Psyc 2000 Treuting Exam 1
Which psychological perspective defines psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"? a. psychoanalysis b. behaviorism c. humanistic psychology d. structuralism
Behaviorism
A few hours after eating at an airport restaurant, Ethlyn began to feel extremely nauseous. The next time Ethlyn was in the airport and walked by a restaurant, she felt nauseous. How can this BEST be explained? The restaurant became an unconditioned stimulus for nausea. The restaurant became a neutral stimulus for nausea. The nausea became associated with the airport, so she was going to feel sick as soon as she arrived. The nausea from the restaurant is an unconditioned response.
The nausea from the restaurant is an unconditioned response
Participants in a new study on depression will be assigned according to a randomization schedule that is unknown to the participants and the researcher. The researcher will give participants drug kits according to the order of their trial participation start date. The first participant will receive the first kit, the second participant receives the second, and so on. The kits are only numbered with 001, 002, and so on, and these numbers correspond to the active drug or to the placebo on the randomization schedule. This _____ procedure ensures that each participant has an equal chance of getting study medication and that the researcher cannot bias the results. a. descriptive research b. correlational c. random sample d. double-blind
double-blind
Your best friend is talking to you, and you ask them to repeat what they just said. Before they do so, you respond with your answer. This results from: iconic memory. implicit memory. echoic memory. declarative memory.
echoic memory
Your brother often pretends to listen to what you are saying, but his attention really is focused elsewhere. When you ask him, "What did I just say?" however, he can sometimes repeat your last few words. This is likely due to: iconic memory. echoic memory. declarative memory. implicit memory.
echoic memory
Researchers today may ask their research participants to describe elements of their experiences (for example, sensations, images, feelings) while undergoing brain scans. This modern technique shares some qualities with the methodology of: a. applied research. b. behaviorism. c. functionalism. d. introspection.
introspection
Using a(n) _____ researchers can examine the brain's magnetic fields, which help researchers understand how certain tasks influence brain activity based on the speed and strength of the magnetic field. positron emission tomography (PET) magnetoencephalography (MEG) electroencephalography (EEG) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetoencephalography (MEG)
A researcher who is primarily studying learned expectations and cognitive interpretations is focusing on: a. evolutionary influences. b. social-cultural influences. c. psychological influences. d. biological influences.
psychological influences
Thirteen-year-old Abigail is getting more involved in risky behaviors, which has made her mother very worried. Abigail is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the most likely explanation for Abigail's behavior? lack of neural pruning improved communication of frontal lobes with other brain regions pubertal hormonal surge and limbic system development sexual harassment
pubertal hormonal surge and limbic system development
Your professor gives the first exam in your psychology course. You notice that all of the questions are multiple choice. This test is assessing your _____ of the course material. recognition recall retention relearning
recognition
Daily stress is associated with: improved sleep. reduced sleep quality and duration. a decrease in sleep disorders. high-quality sleep cycles.
reduced sleep quality and duration.
For the chemistry test in two days, Vince has to memorize the elements on the periodic table. Vince writes them on index cards and then keeps the cards with him at all times, periodically reading through them. Vince is using _____ to encode information for storage. recognition automatic processing rehearsal iconic memory
rehearsal
Juan regularly takes a pain reliever for hip pain. After a few weeks, he notices that he needs to increase the amount of pain-relieving drug that he takes each day in order to achieve the same level of pain relief. The phenomenon that Juan is experiencing is called: tolerance. withdrawal. a behavior addiction. substance use disorder.
tolerance.
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response is called a(n): neutral stimulus. unconditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus.
unconditioned stimulus
Gamblers, such as Lenora, sometimes have a difficult time controlling their urge to gamble. This is likely due to the _____________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-ratio variable-interval fixed-interval variable-ratio
variable-ratio
The MOST common response to a traumatic experience is: vivid and persistent memories. retroactive interference. source amnesia. repression of the memory to the unconscious.
vivid and persistent memories.
Which of these is NOT a study tip that will improve your learning of information in the text and in class? a. processing class information actively b. learning to think critically c. distributing your study time d. waiting to test and study the information until the night before the exam so it's fresh
waiting to test and study the information until the night before the exam so it's fresh
Ever since Carlo vomited all over after eating a chicken salad sandwich that had been sitting out all day, he becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of chicken salad. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is _____ and the conditioned response is nausea. vomiting the time of day the smell or taste of chicken salad nausea
the smell or taste of chicken salad
Monica improves her studying method. After reading each section of the textbook, she assesses her memory of the reading by taking the practice quiz for that section. When she is finished studying for the exam, she takes a practice exam and finds that her grades have improved a letter grade since the beginning of the semester. Monica's grade improvement is an example of: a. the testing effect. b. maturity. c. overlearning. d. intuition.
the testing effect
Memory experts who are skeptical about reports of repressed and recovered memories emphasize that: people rarely recall memories of long-ago unpleasant events. there is very little people can do to relieve the distress resulting from traumatic memories. therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis encourage the construction of false memories. most traumatic life experiences are never encoded into long-term memory.
therapeutic techniques such as guided imagery and dream analysis encourage the construction of false memories
A single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy for a woman between the ages of _____ as it is in women aged 19 to 26. 30 to 38 40 to 45 35 to 39 35 to 42
35 to 39
Dawa has been studying all week for his psychology final. He studies until he is ready to go to bed because he knows that information presented within _____ hour(s) before sleep is less likely to suffer from retroactive interference. 2 5 4 1
1
In 2020, _____ of Americans said they would get a COVID-19 vaccine. a. 12 percent b. 23 percent c. 56 percent d. 46 percent
46 percent
Recent research has found that while driving in the past month about _____ percent of American drivers have read or sent a text message or viewed a phone map. 60 40 20 80
60
Who among these individuals is MOST likely to sleeptalk? 30-year-old Raj, whose fraternal twin brother sleeptalked during childhood 7-year-old Jacob, who belongs to a family with a history of sleep disorders 20-year-old Paula, who often dreams and has short N3 sleep 50-year-old Mei-Lyn, whose N3 sleep is diminishing as she grows older
7-year-old Jacob, who belongs to a family with a history of sleep disorders
Terrance has been having considerable trouble with their memory. Their family has noticed that they have recently been leaving doors unlocked, getting lost in the neighborhood, and not recognizing family members. Which of these neurotransmitters is linked to memory? norepinephrine ACh serotonin GABA
ACh
Which of these is TRUE about the link between thinking and learning and sleep? After learning something new, it is best for the person to put it out of their mind before going to sleep. Interrupting a person's sleep to have them relearn information will enhance memory. Staying up late and cramming for exams is the best preparation for recalling the studied information. After people work on a task, then sleep on it, they solve difficult problems more insightfully than do those who stay awake.
After people work on a task, then sleep on it, they solve difficult problems more insightfully than do those who stay awake.
Tinash is having a hard time convincing his parent that spanking isn't the best way to control a child's behavior. Which of these arguments should Tinash use to support their position? Spanking can create fear in children. When spanked, children do not forget the punished behavior; they simply suppress it. They are not taught what behavior to exhibit in its place. Spanking provides a model of aggressive behavior as a tool for problem solving. All of these arguments support her position that parents should avoid spanking.
All of these arguments support her position that parents should avoid spanking.
"After I graduate, I really want to help people with schizophrenia," says Elaine. Elaine most likely wants to be a _____ psychologist. a. Clinical b. Social c. Counseling d. Developmental
Clinical
Dr. Zakir provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Zakir is MOST likely a _____ psychologist. a. developmental b. cognitive c. social d. clinical
Clinical
What is considered a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen? cocaine Ecstasy heroin LSD
Ecstasy
On a business trip last year, Erum, who really hates to fly, and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. In the middle of the flight, they experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Erum remembers this incident as if it were yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why? Erum experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. At the time, the level of Pam's stress hormones was greater than Erum's. There is no way to know, since stress and emotion do not influence memory. Pam experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes.
Erum experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes
Your grandmother is in her early eighties, and she is starting to seem frail to you. Based on what you know about general abilities of the elderly, which of these are you likely to notice about her abilities? Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing. Her hearing and sight are diminishing, but her stamina and sense of smell remain strong. Her muscle strength is decreasing, but all of her sensory abilities seem to be going strong. Her visual sharpness is decreasing, but her stamina remains unchanged.
Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing.
Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning? John B. Watson Edward C. Tolman John Garcia Robert Rescorla
John Garcia
An older peer convinces Cassi and her friends to try a new drug at a party. Within a half hour they are feeling great, hugging each other, sweating, and feeling thirsty; soon they also begin to feel overheated. The drug they took is MOST likely: marijuana. LSD. cocaine. MDMA.
MDMA
_____ aids can be used to help remember things like speeches or lists of items. These aids often incorporate the use of vivid imagery and organizational devices. Hierarchical Mnemonic Spacing Chunking
Mnemonic
_____ is a type of descriptive research method. a. Random sampling b. Experimentation c. Correlation d. Naturalistic observation
Naturalistic observation
______________ involves an unpleasant stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. Positive punishment Positive reinforcement Negative punishment Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
The main difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of development is that: Vygotsky's theory supplied additional evidence for Piaget's conclusions. Vygotsky stressed the independent efforts of the child, whereas Piaget stressed formal learning experiences. Piaget stressed the child's independent discoveries, whereas Vygotsky stressed that supportive interactions with parents and others played a key role in cognitive development. the stages of cognitive development in Vygotsky's theory occur at much earlier ages than do the corresponding stages in Piaget's theory.
Piaget stressed the child's independent discoveries, whereas Vygotsky stressed that supportive interactions with parents and others played a key role in cognitive development.
____ is the time when we mature sexually. Early adulthood Emerging adulthood Puberty Childhood
Puberty
Which of these statements correctly summarizes the psychological research on parent relationships during adolescence? Because adolescents are so rebellious, they are naturally drawn to peers who are opposed to their parents' values in every way. Peer relationships are typically short-lived, so they have little or no impact on the adolescent's goals, values, or traits. Teens have tended to see their parents as having influence in shaping their future. An adolescent's peers typically undermine the values and goals that the parents have tried to foster in the adolescent.
Teens have tended to see their parents as having influence in shaping their future.
Joanna just realized that she conceived a child about seven days ago and wants learn more about what is happening. Which of these occurs around the seventh day of pregnancy? The zygote has begun to look unmistakably human. The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate. The fetus has tripled its size. The embryo has doubled its size.
The cells of the zygote begin to differentiate.
Marleen is American and has been diagnosed with dyslexia. Caleb is Italian and has dyslexia. Bradly is diagnosed with dyslexia but lives in Britain. Which of these statements is TRUE? a. They all exhibit the same brain malfunction. b. Caleb will show no brain malfunction. c. Bradly will show no brain malfunction. d. Marleen will demonstrate greater brain malformation that Caleb and Bradly.
They all exhibit the same brain malfunction
Nadiene suffers from insomnia. Which of these likely applies to Nadiene? Their insomnia is likely to be self-induced. They overestimate how long it takes to fall asleep and underestimate how long they actually sleep. They exaggerate the difficulties they experience with sleep. They refuse to undergo a sleep test to determine if they have a sleep disorder.
They overestimate how long it takes to fall asleep and underestimate how long they actually sleep
After the death of Romania's dictator, children from government-run orphanages were examined. Which of these did not apply to these children? They had lower intelligence scores. They experienced abnormal stress responses. They had high rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They were more likely to go to college.
They were more likely to go to college.
Both classical and operant conditioning: are studied using an operant chamber. involve respondent behavior. are forms of associative learning. involve operant behavior.
are forms of associative learning
Which of these statements is TRUE regarding memory? We remember more information than we are able to recall. We recall more information than we recognize. We are able to overlearn more information than we are able to store. We are able to relearn information only if we are able to recognize the information.
We remember more information than we are able to recall
A framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking is known as: an imprint. a scaffold. conservation. a schema.
a scaffold.
Miguel now realizes that other children may have beliefs that he knows are not true. This best illustrates the development of: object permanence. a theory of mind. egocentrism. stranger anxiety.
a theory of mind.
Piaget believed that each child: actively tries to make sense of their environment. progresses through a series of eight stages of cognitive development. passively soaks up information about the world. is biologically programmed to learn any language.
actively tries to make sense of their environment.
The relatively slow brain waves of an individual when in a relaxed, awake state are called: sleep spindles. delta waves. alpha waves. REMs.
alpha waves
Marla is addicted to a drug that suppresses appetite, produces euphoria, and reduces fatigue. Marla is likely addicted to a: amphetamine. hallucinogen. opiate. barbiturate.
amphetamine
In his research on the limbic system, Professor Caste electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions. reticular formation thalamus medulla amygdala
amygdala
Stress provokes the _____ to start a memory trace that increases activity in the brain's memory-forming areas. hippocampus cerebellum frontal lobes amygdala
amygdala
Daniella can remember the past just fine but is unable to form new memories. She is experiencing: retrograde amnesia. retroactive interference. anterograde amnesia. proactive interference.
anterograde amnesia
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____________ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. prosocial positive antisocial instinctive
antisocial
Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by: antisocial and aggressive behavior. auditory hallucinations. memory loss. speech loss.
antisocial and aggressive behavior
If you have a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This BEST illustrates: generalization. spontaneous recovery. operant behavior. associative learning.
associative learning
Gabby, a split-brain patient, is seated in front of a screen. As she focuses on the middle of the screen, the image of a fork is briefly flashed on the RIGHT side of the screen. Gabby will: be able to verbally name the object. verbally deny that any image appeared on the screen. be able to use her left hand to reach under the screen and pick up the correct object. probably have an epileptic seizure.
be able to verbally name the object.
Mary Whiton Calkins was the first woman to: a. be granted a Ph.D. in philosophy from Harvard University. b. accept a Ph.D. in psychology from Radcliffe College. c. be president of the APA (American Psychological Association). d. accept a Ph.D. in philosophy from Radcliffe College.
be president of the APA (American Psychological Association)
A focus on how we learn observable responses is MOST relevant to the ____________ perspective. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. behavior genetics
behavioral
Kevitt was in a motorcycle accident that left him unable to recognize and discriminate objects visually. When his therapist tosses a crumpled piece of paper toward his head, he can move out of the way but he cannot identify the tossed object. Kevitt is demonstrating the phenomenon known as: inattentional blindness. selective attention. change blindness. blindsight.
blindsight
The brain's oldest and innermost region, the one responsible for autonomic survival functions, is the: cerebellum. reticular formation. cortex. brainstem.
brainstem
Which of these is TRUE regarding children who are raised with gay or lesbian parents compared to those with straight parents? children with gay or lesbian parents had higher levels of well-being compared to children with straight parents children with gay or lesbian parents had lower levels of well-being compared to children with straight parents children with straight parents had higher levels of well-being compared to children with gay or lesbian parents children from both family types had similar levels of well-being
children from both family types had similar levels of well-being
James tends to feel sleepy around 10:00 p.m. every evening and wakes up at 6:00 a.m. every morning without an alarm clock. That is because the _____ controls his sleep/wake cycle. sleep stage rhythm hypnagogic state amount of REM sleep circadian rhythm
circadian rhythm
The human body naturally tends to follow a cycle of sleeping and waking that corresponds to a: circadian rhythm of a 29-hour cycle. sleep pattern that includes a midday nap. circadian rhythm of a 24-hour cycle. sleep pattern that is not affected by genes.
circadian rhythm of a 24-hour cycle
By experiencing thunderstorms, Sarai has learned that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This BEST illustrates: observational learning. classical conditioning. behaviorism. operant conditioning.
classical conditioning
According to the _____, dream content reflects a dreamer's age and level of development, knowledge, and understanding. information-processing theory activation-synthesis theory cognitive development theory physiological theory
cognitive development theory
A dollar bill is to a delicious meal as: conditioned reinforcer is to a primary reinforcer. operant conditioning is to classical conditioning. partial reinforcement is to continuous reinforcement. delayed reinforcer is to an immediate reinforcer.
conditioned reinforcer is to a primary reinforcer.
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that originally elicited no response but after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR) is called a(n): unconditioned response. CR. neutral stimulus. conditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus
Wayne is the director of research at a major pharmaceutical company. They recently presented the findings of a failed bipolar disorder drug research trial. Statistical analysis showed that all participants took the medication as prescribed, that the drug levels were within range, and that all study procedures were followed. Despite all of this, the experimental medication tested was no more effective than the control condition. Upon further investigation, however, it was determined that a number of the participants in the control group were also receiving supportive psychotherapy. Wayne concluded that this _____ may explain the failure of the research trial on the experimental drug. a. dependent effect b. confounding variable c. experimental effect d. control of all variables
confounding variable
Stephen knows that they are sitting at a local coffee shop drinking coffee and reading a book. They also know that they are tired and hungry. Psychologists call Stephen's knowledge of the world and themself: consciousness. awareness. daydreaming. alertness.
consciousness
Which of these is NOT a psychologically induced altered state of consciousness? sensory deprivation meditation daydreaming hypnosis
daydreaming
Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by: increasing anxiety. slowing sympathetic nervous system activity. decreasing the amount of time spent in REM sleep. decreasing self-consciousness.
decreasing the amount of time spent in REM sleep
Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of: spaced practice. the peg-word system. implicit memory. deep processing.
deep processing
In an experiment that examines the effect of sleep deprivation on mental alertness, mental alertness is the: a. control condition. b. dependent variable. c. independent variable. d. experimental condition.
dependent variable
Studies have shown that exposure to violence _________________ viewers when later viewing other violent programs on television. saddens desensitizes sensitizes confuses
desensitizes
Just one week after conception, the cells of the zygote begin to _____. In other words, the cells begin to specialize in structure and function. reproduce fertilize differentiate stabilize
differentiate
The link between chronic sleep deprivation and weight gain can be attributed to all of these EXCEPT sleep deprivation: increases ghrelin, a hunger-arousing hormone, and decreases its hunger-suppressing partner, leptin. increases cortisol, a stress hormone that stimulates the body to make fat. enhances limbic brain responses to the mere sight of food and decreases cortical inhibition. enhances the activation of the hippocampus, which produces hormones that trigger hunger.
enhances the activation of the hippocampus, which produces hormones that trigger hunger.
The purpose of psychology is to: a. control. b. enlighten. c. learn. d. deceive.
enlighten
Kristofer is remembering what took place when his friends threw him a surprise party. What type of memory is he using? implicit consolidated episodic semantic
episodic
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced: using positive reinforcement. every time the desired behavior occurs. with primary reinforcers. at a variable rate.
every time the desired behavior occurs
Marleen suffered a stroke in the underside of the right temporal lobe. Which brain function is likely to be affected? facial recognition language comprehension spatial recognition visual perception of shapes
facial recognition
David checks the clock more frequently as the time for their regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. David's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. variable-interval variable-ratio fixed-interval fixed-ratio
fixed-interval
What manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities? hindbrain frontal lobe forebrain midbrain
forebrain
When adolescents achieve the intellectual summit that Jean Piaget called _____, they apply their new abstract reasoning tools to the world around them. moral reasoning postconventional morality formal operations identity
formal operations
Dr. Jamison studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. The study asks half of the participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhood and half to tell a lie about a childhood event. Which of these brain imaging techniques should be used to detect brain areas that are active when participants are lying? magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diffusion spectrum imaging electroencephalography (EEG) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A year after surviving a car accident, Angie responds with terror at the sound of balloons popping. This reaction BEST illustrates: operant conditioning. an unconditioned response. behaviorism. generalization.
generalization
When Hassan celebrated his thirtieth anniversary at the company, he felt that the rare, autographed baseball he was given, while nice, was just a meaningless trinket. Hassan thought that his wife and children were much more important than the job. Hassan is in the stage of development called: identity versus role confusion. generativity versus stagnation. initiative versus guilt. intimacy versus isolation.
generativity versus stagnation.
An organism's complete set of genetic instructions is called a: biological factor. chromosome. genome. double helix.
genome
Evolutionary psychologists suggest that human behavioral similarities arise from our shared: epigenetic molecules. genome. culture. genetic diversity.
genome
Yasmin is studying for tomorrow's psychology exam. She has been reading and taking notes for hours, and she feels like she cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Yasmin to do at this point is to: watch an exciting documentary on a different topic. go directly to sleep. study for their French test. stay awake for as long as possible.
go directly to sleep
Harry is now in his mid-fifties. Harry can expect to experience a: gradual increase in the speed of erection and ejaculation. cessation in fertility. gradual increase in sperm count. gradual decrease in testosterone.
gradual decrease in testosterone.
Jennifer is studying the way cats learn to associate the sound of a can opener with food. In order to create the association in the cats, what is the minimum amount of time that should occur between using the can opener and presenting the food? a few seconds half a second or so 3 minutes or longer 1 minute
half a second or so
Compared to younger people, older people are more likely to: have a larger social network. have positive feelings, with negative ones subsiding. prefer spending time alone. have unstable self-esteem.
have positive feelings, with negative ones subsiding
A friend has asked you to explain how hormones influence our interest in certain behaviors. Which of these topics would be one you would NOT address? aggression food sex hearing
hearing
The _____ consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. hindbrain midbrain forebrain frontal lobe
hindbrain
Chickadees and other birds are unable to return to where they have stored food if this part of their brain has been removed. cerebellum basal ganglia amygdala hippocampus
hippocampus
Vinny is trying to remember events from their life when they were two years old. However, as hard as they try, they have no conscious memory for anything that occurred before their third birthday. This is likely due in part to the fact that their _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age. basal ganglia amygdala hippocampus cerebellum
hippocampus
Brenda resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter, and she frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is MOST likely to display signs of: secure attachment. insecure attachment. accommodation. egocentrism.
insecure attachment.
Theresa works for a large pharmaceutical company that is planning a study of a new drug, and they are in the beginning stages of writing the research protocol. The company predicts that this new drug will lower symptoms of anxiety. This prediction is a(n):operational a. definition. b. theory. c. hypothesis. d. method.
hypothesis
Digitally altered photos can produce false memories because of: imagination inflation. a conflict between working/short-term memory and long-term memory. proactive interference. source amnesia.
imagination inflation
As Natalia was driving home from school, she stopped at an intersection. She looked to her left and right for oncoming cars and then made a left turn, pulling out right in front of a motorcycle. Even though she had looked in that direction, she failed to see the motorcycle, likely because she was looking only for cars. Her inability to see the motorcycle is a phenomenon known as: blindsight. the cocktail party effect. inattentional blindness. change blindness.
inattentional blindness
Dr. Brohil's research examines cognitive changes that occur as people progress from young adulthood to late adulthood. Dr. Brohil is a developmental psychologist. Which of these is something Dr. Brohil is NOT likely to focus on? nature and nurture individual similarities and separations among humanity stability and change continuity and stages
individual similarities and separations among humanity
Developmental psychologists focus on all of these issues EXCEPT: continuity and stages. stability and change. nature and nurture. individual similarities and separations among humanity.
individual similarities and separations among humanity.
B. F. Skinner believed that future "machines and textbooks" could promote effective learning because they would allow for both: individualized learning and spontaneous recovery. continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement. positive reinforcement and punishment. individualized learning and immediate reinforcement.
individualized learning and immediate reinforcement
Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as: involuntary responses are to automatic responses. involuntary responses are to voluntary responses. voluntary responses are to involuntary responses. voluntary responses are to automatic responses.
involuntary responses are to voluntary responses
One strength of the case study method is that: a. it is less vulnerable to bias than other methods. b. it suggests hypotheses for future study. c. its findings can be easily generalized. d. it can be replicated easily.
it suggests hypotheses for future study
Research with split-brain patients led Dr. Michael Gazzaniga to conclude that the _____ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors. motor cortex right cerebral hemisphere left cerebral hemisphere corpus callosum
left cerebral hemisphere
Andres suffered hippocampal damage from a head injury in an automobile accident. They are not able to remember verbal information, but they retain the ability to recall visual designs and locations. The damage is likely to the: right frontal lobe. right hippocampus. left frontal lobe. left hippocampus.
left hippocampus
Dr. Daniel is conducting a study in which he is destroying tiny clusters of tissue in a rat's brain to see what type of function and behavior is affected. The technique Dr. Daniel uses is called: lesioning. brain mapping. scanning. stimulation.
lesioning
After Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, he removed pieces of their cortex. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that: rats learn differently than humans do. memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain. rat brains are more plastic than human brains. long-term potentiation does not occur in rats.
memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain
Cognitive neuroscience is best described as the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with: mental processes. altered states of consciousness. selective attention. inattentional blindness.
mental processes
What type of research design combines the results of many studies in order to avoid the problems of small samples and determine an overall effect? a. case study b. experiment c. correlation d. meta-analysis
meta-analysis
The _____ transmits auditory and visual information. midbrain hindbrain forebrain frontal lobe
midbrain
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron may be activated in an empathic response to this observation? motor cortex neuron mirror neuron theory of mind neuron observational neuron
mirror neuron
Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as: mood-congruent memory. automatic processing. state-dependent learning. a retrieval cue.
mood-congruent memory
Being born with six fingers on one's hand because of an error in gene replication BEST illustrates: mutation. evolutionary psychology. natural selection. epigenetics.
mutation
My Attempt In adolescence the growth of _____, the fatty tissue that forms around axons and speeds neurotransmission, enables better communication with other brain regions. neurons the frontal lobes myelin the limbic system
myelin
The brain often attempts self-repair by reorganizing existing tissue, but it sometimes also attempts to mend itself by producing new brain cells. The latter process is known as: neurogenesis. reorganization. plasticity. lateralization.
neurogenesis
Nerve cells are called: neurons. axons. dendrites. glial cells.
neurons
Individuals who text while driving have a much higher risk of getting into a car accident. This is because our attention can focus: only on one area at a time. on multiple areas at once, but the individual must practice the skill frequently. only on interesting information. on multiple areas at once, but only if the areas use very different skills.
only on one area at a time.
Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called: automatic behaviors. conditioned responses. operant behaviors. respondent behaviors.
operant behaviors
Which field of study examined the bumps on the skull and believed that they could reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits? biological psychology evolutionary psychology phrenology behavior geneticists
phrenology
The _____ consists of all those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn. a. environment b. analysis c. nation d. population
population
Dr. Saunders is studying how human functioning can be scientifically guided to establish and promote goals to enhance human flourishing. Which of these areas of psychology is Dr. Saunders exploring? a. psychoanalysis b. positive psychology c. behavioral psychology d. humanistic psychology
positive psychology
According to Kohlberg, those who develop an abstract level of reasoning, wherein they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self, have developed what is known as: intuitionist morality. conventional morality. postconventional morality. preconventional morality.
postconventional morality.
During this stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to represent things with words and images and use intuitive rather than logical reasoning: preoperational sensorimotor formal operational concrete operational
preoperational
What is the activation of particular associations in memory? storage priming memory consolidation the serial position effect
priming
Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Which of these pairings would be the MOST likely to produce this response? repeated pairing of lemonade with the drug that enhances the immune response repeated pairing of the drug that enhances the immune response with a tone repeated pairing of a minor electric shock with the drug that enhances the immune response repeated pairing of the drug that enhances the immune response with a puff of air into the eye
repeated pairing of lemonade with the drug that enhances the immune response
While taking an American history exam, Marla was surprised and frustrated by their momentary inability to remember the name of the first president of the United States. This difficulty most clearly illustrates: retrograde amnesia. motivated forgetting. anterograde amnesia. retrieval failure.
retrieval failure
The axon's surface is choosy about what it allows to enter. This means that the axon's surface is considered: a myelin sheath. neuroplastic. an all-or-none response. selectively permeable.
selectively permeable
Which of these is NOT a physiologically induced altered state of consciousness? hallucinations sexual orgasm sensory deprivation oxygen starvation
sensory deprivation
By organizing isolated facts, one of the things a theory does is: a. complicate. b. control. c. replicate. d. simplify.
simplify
The rapid, rhythmic electrical patterns of the brain during N-2 sleep are called: brain waves. circadian rhythms. sleep spindles. delta waves.
sleep spindles
Dr. McBride is a clinician who is primarily observing how the presence of others affects the behavior of the individual. He also examines peer and other group influences. Dr. McBride is focusing on: a. biopsychosocial influences. b. biological influences. c. social-cultural influences. d. psychological influences.
social-cultural influences
Which of these promotes better retention of material studied than a massed practice? a. delayed practice b. massed practice c. spaced practice d. intermediate practice
spaced practice
Long after their conditioned fear of cats had been extinguished, Juan experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when he first met his cousin's new sphinx cat. Juan's unexpected nervousness BEST illustrates: spontaneous recovery. generalization. acquisition. associative learning.
spontaneous recovery
Dr. Reid, a neuropsychologist, works with postsurgical patients who have had their corpus callosum surgically severed to reduce severe seizures. When Dr. Reid presents the word "SAL-TED" to one patient, "SAL" transmits to their left visual field and "TED" to their right visual field. Dr. Reid then asks them to tell her what they saw. What does this patient say? sal salted ted detlas
ted
Which of these characteristics appears to be the MOST stable over time? social attitudes temperament agreeableness level of responsibility
temperament
Which effect demonstrates that retrieval practice actually improves learning? self-reference effect testing effect recognition effect spacing effect
testing effect
Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate: that any neutral stimulus is capable of becoming a conditioned stimulus. that the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be only a few seconds, or classical conditioning will not occur. the power of punishment to suppress behavior. that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others.
that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others.
Dawn is participating in a dichotic listening study and is asked to ignore any information that is presented to her right ear. She finds that she has no problem doing this except for when she thinks she hears her name in her right ear. What is Dawn experiencing? change blindness inattentional blindness the cocktail party effect blindsight
the cocktail party effect
After the attacks on the United States in September 2001, a friend suggested that the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. According to them, all the clues were there. This perception may illustrate: a. skill in detecting correlations. b. intuition. c. the ability to perceive patterns. d. the hindsight bias.
the hindsight bias
Which area of the limbic system regulates thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior, and also helps maintain a steady (homeostatic) internal state? the amygdala the hypothalamus the thalamus the hippocampus
the hypothalamus
Vince really enjoys eating ice cream. The joy he receives from eating it comes from the dopamine reward center in which area of the brain (the area is located in front of the hypothalamus)? the nucleus accumbens the cerebellum the hippocampus the amygdala
the nucleus accumbens
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan depicts brain activity by detecting: magnetic fields in neural pathways. electrical impulses. where a radioactive form of glucose goes during a given task. radio-wave pulses in neural pathways.
where a radioactive form of glucose goes during a given task.
Lawanda went to college when she was a young adult and ended up earning four college degrees. Now that Lawanda is 75 years old it can be expected that she: will experience faster cognitive decline. will experience better cognitive ability. will still be working in her career. will be at risk for developing dementia.
will experience better cognitive ability.
The experience of physical pain following discontinuance of a psychoactive drug BEST illustrates: tolerance. a near-death experience. withdrawal. enhanced sensation.
withdrawal
Who of these is likely to have a greater working-memory capacity? toddlers children older adults young adults
young adults
