Midterm One - Earliest Beginnings to Independence

Albany Congress

Plan of action called by the New York Colony, assembled by the British, and led by Benjamin Franklin -- Discussed two concerns 1. Solidifying support / alliance with Iroquois (how to keep loyal) 2. Proposition of plan of colonial unity -- unite to face common enemy (strengthen defense against French) [7 / 13 colonies showed] "JOIN OR DIE" [plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown] 1754 - Albany Congress--> convened by the British and led by Benjamin Franklin [1st ATTEMPT AT COLONIAL UNITY] (only 7/13 colonies there) Purpose? Keep Iroquois loyal, bolster defense against French through colonial unity -- Franklin sponsored plan for colonial home rule, unanimously adopted by delegates COLONIES rejected -- too little independence!! ENGLAND rejected -- too much independence!!

Pequot War

Spread of English settlements led to clashes with Native Americans In New England - Native tribes especially vulnerable with effects of disease -- As English settlers pushed more / ore inland into native territories, confrontations ensued For example, English settlers pushed into Connecticut River Valley - Hostilities exploded in 1637 between settlers / Pequot tribe (in raids, etc.) --> English militiamen (Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Saybrook) / their Narrangansett and Mohegan Native American allies attack Pequot Village on Connecticut's Mystic River, setting fire to wigwams / shooting any survivor s--- this slaughter brought an end to the Pequot War, annihilating most of the tribe (rest were held captive / sold as slaves) in 1638

Colonial Military : Strengths / Weaknesses

Strengths - Had motivation and will to win (not just a job to them - it was their livelihoods - Used guerilla warfare tactics to win (didn't play by rules) - Had alliances with the French, Spanish, Dutch Weaknesses - Lacked forces (volunteers) at times - Lacked discipline - Had little to no money to support their campaigns

British Military : Strengths / Weaknesses

Strengths - Best navy - Superiorly armed / trained [ More resources / money ] Weaknesses - Controlled cities instead of rural areas - Generals made several key mistakes, lacked communication, didn't know or understand the land, and had no respect for colonists

Virtual V. Actual Representation

Virtual - Representative not elected by by voters- but may resemble in political beliefs / goals PARLIAMENT argued that all representatives represented all of the British Empire [even though many parts - even of England, were not properly represented] Actual - Elected by the people for the people -Colonies only had virtual representation.

Battle of Trenton

Washington leads Continental Army across the DElaware River at Trenton - Christas day to surprise / capture a thousands Hessians who were sleeping off the effects of their celebration + Lter victory at Battle of Princeton!!! - small but morale boost

Indentured Servitude

[voluntary, yet unpaid] labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time (typically 3-7 years) in exchange for their transportations, food, clothing, lodging, and other necessities, as well as freedom after their servitude --> voluntarily mortgaged the sweat of their bodies for several years in exchange for transatlantic passage / eventually freedom dues (once servant completed his contract, he or she was freed) -- they were also given land, tools, seed, animals, BUT NOT voting rights) [served plantation owner for several years as a laborer in return for passage to America] -- In earlier years, make up for labor needed for increased tobacco production [Chesapeake region brought nearly 100000 to region by 1770 - 3/4 were European immigrants)

Paxton Boys

1764 - Scot Irish immigrants (men) - [in early America - came --> many to Pennsylvania, but since Quakers / Germans [another groups of immigrants, heavily seen here] took best lands already-- they could only really settle in frontiers, often coming into conflict with Native Americans) led an armed march (later becoming known as the Paxton Boys), protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policies towards the Indians + Scots Irishmen later spearheaded the Regulator Movement in N Carolina, a small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affairs [Many of these hothead -- Andrew Jackson -- later joined American Revolutionaries]

Triangular System

A three way system of trade during 1600s-1800s AMERICA - Sent lumber, furs, indigo, sugar, tobacco (raw resources) to Europe to manufacture [often sending back manufactured goods] + Provisioned Caribbean sugar island with food / forest products + Hauled Spanish / Portuguese gold, wine, and oranges to London (exchanged for industrial goods, which brought good profit for merchants in America) ENGLAND [because more settled} Sent manufactured goods - furniture, clothing to colonies (which had no factories) To Africa - Sent guns, rum AFRICA - Sent millions of slaves to the New World (Britain became major carriers) [along the Middle Passage, many died en route] Many different triangular processes at work ex. Skipper leaves New England port with cargo full of rum / sails to Gold Coast of Africa -- barters liquor for AFrican slaves --> West Indies, trade survivors for molasses --> New England - distill molasses into rum (make profit / repeat)

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight." -- First renowned naval commander -- led victory over British ships of war off the east coast of England --> comander of infant navy -- Scotsman Never made real military damage - but vital in destroying British merchant shipping and thus carrying the war into the waters around the British Isles

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And therefore set out to grab the free land resources and possibly wealth waiting there (nothing left for the back in England) - Trade with native peoples + production of goods from resources and land in New World for trade with other nations - Catholics Vs. Protestants (tension - can't go to Catholic Spain or France + don't like England too much because they beat Spanish armada recently -- America is the place to go) - Greatest imperalizaing power at the beginning of England's imperialization is SPAIN -- want to rival Spain (recently defeated) Major imperial powers - Spain, France, England (BIGGEST) + Portugal and Netherlands (Dutch) - Competing to be the best nation state in Europe!!! -- want to establish presence / colonial empire

Context For The Planting of English America (Dawn of 17th Century)

Around 100 Years After Columbus MUCH of New World had been changed -- Old World crops / livestock implemented -- Disease / armed conquest disrupted native peoples -- Enslaved Africans worked on Caribbean / Brazilian sugar plantations+ From Florida / New Mexico south - much of New World belonged to Spain Before - England really didn't compete with Spanish empire -- were allies / took little interest in establishing overseas colonies +Religious conflict disrupted England -- Protestant Reformation (different sects of Christianity began to form)Catholics / Protestants battled for power 1558 - Protestant Elizabeth ascends to the English throne -- Protestantism became dominant in England / Spain became a Catholic rival (+ Catholic Ireland tried to rise up, even asking for Spanish help, but were subdued by the English) English began looting Spanish ships (Francis Drake was a prominent swashbuckler) + Started trying to settle in New World ex. 1st attempt - Newfoundland -- easily collapsed when Sir Humphrey Gilbert lost his life at sea in 1583 BUT -- inspired his half-brother, Sir Walter Raleigh to try again in warmer area 1585 - on North Carolina's Roanoke Island -- after several false starts, the colony suddenly vanished Seen as pathetic attempts compared to Spanish successes of riches / glory Meanwhile, Spain's Phillip II (who opposed the Prot Ref), used imperial gains to create an invincible armada of ships with which he hoped to invade England However, when the time came, the English fought back with more swift, maneuverable ships, (and helped by a devastating storm), won the battle in 1588 This marked the beginning of the end for Spanish imperial dream (though Spain's New World empire would still stay fairly strong-- but things like the loss of Spanish Netherlands / Spanish Caribbean would be tough) Helped ensure English naval dominance in the ATLANTIC!!!(Was a strong unified nation state under popular monarch-- lots of promise -- GOOD TIME FOR ENGLAND, with golden age of literature / English who wanted to explore / patriotism)Fully ready at this point to start new colonial empire.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

At time of war . . . - inflation at full gallop, despair preailed, sense of unity withered, utionous sentiments infected army --> Meanwhile, Cornwallis blundering into a trap After futile operations in Virginia, he had fallen back to Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown to await seaborne supplies / reinforceents --> counted on reinforcements / British naval superiority, BUT at this tie, it had slipped away -- French prepared to cooperate with brilliant stroke Admiral de Grasse - operating with a powerful fleet in the West Indies, advisedthe Americans that he was free to join them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown- quick to seize opportunity, Washington made swift march of ore than 300 iles to Chesapeake fro New York area + Accompanied by Rochambeau's French army -- Washington beset British by land, while de Grasse blockaded the by sea after beating off the British fleet Completely cornered - Cornwallis surrenders entire force (7000 men) last major battle of Revolution. French navy and ground troops were crucial to victory. Was a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by General Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender of Cornwallis's army prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the conflict. - Though considered unofficial end of war, fighting actually continued for more tahn a year after Yorktown, with Patriot-Loyalist warfare in the south especially savage Washington kept cause alive / colonies together in these trying times -- if he hadn't, a satisfactory peace treaty may have never come about [after - most of British, despite George's desire to keep fighting, were eady for peace -- suffered heavy reverses in India / West Indies -- etc. Lord North's ministry had collapsed / therefore personal rule of King George III --> replaced by Whig ministry favorable to Americans]

Benedict Arnold

Benedict Arnold was an American-born military officer who served during the American Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army (Capture of Fort Ticonderoga, etc.) and rose to the rank of major general before defecting to the British in 1780 --> he offered the British seizure of the military fortress at West Point, NY (which commanded Hudson River), to John Ander in exchange for 6300 pounds and a British military commission (also warned of America's planned invasion of Canada) -- felt underappreciated, greedy, etc. American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point. Defected in 1780 -- not hanged (escaped before) RUINED MORALE - Who can we trust?

Great Ice Age

Bering Strait Theory - [250000-100000] During the pre-Columbian time period, the first Native Americans came from Asia after crossing the Bering Strait, which at that point had been frozen over [100000 years ago] (a glacier "bridge"- Pangea); created trade networks 1. Animals cross first -- then nomadic peoples (hunters and gatherers), seeking food --> FOLLOW!!!! Now they are in Americas. [Alaska] THIS LEADS TO THE INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS in North America

Advanced Native American Cultures

Composed of : - Created trade networks between Americas - Religious through connections with nature (more animism- believed environment to be sacred) - Women had rights, government positions - Had talented architects, mathematicians, astronomers - Believed in general value and sharing the land; you only hunted and used what you needed - Advanced irrigation techniques - Created the step system in agriculture Some adapt better than others - Aztecs, Mayans, Incas -- closer to the equator --> good growing seasons - more food = more people = more civilization Not all like that -farther the indigenous got from the equator, the less elaborate and grand their civilizations were NO huge North America tribes -- BUT had extensive trading systems [seen with whale bones and sea shells in middle of country- not local there] Before -Europeans didn't even map Americas-- thought Europe, Africa, and Asia was all there was [until arrival at C / S America]

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army. French aristocrat, a general in the American Revolutionary War French aristocrat, freemason, and military officer who volunteered to join the Continental Army, led by General George Washington, in the American Revolutionary War [later in French Rev]

French and Indian War

From 1754 - 1763 - contention between the French and their Native American allies and the British Empire along with their 13 colonies (+ allies- Iroquois) --> created further tension between the British and their colonies in the aftermath of the war in which the British won the Ohio River Valley --> Great Britain accumulated a huge war debt and led to the taxation of the colonies --> this war helped the colonies realize that the British were not invincible --> helped them find an American identity / purpose to seek INDEPENDENCE

Hessians

German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty. --> European mercenaries (most from German Province of Hesse) -- cared more about getting paid --> many stayed in America, deserting the army

More Higher Education in Colonial America

Harvard (1636 ) - THE VERY FIRST - trained candidates for ministry College of William and Mary (1694) - Anglican Yale (1701) - Congregational

First slaves to America

In 1619 - 20 African Slaves to Jamestown, delivered by a Dutch slaveship

John Smith

In early days of Jamestown settlement-- although area was sufficient, many settlers were unaccustomed to fending for themselves --> they wasted lots of times trying to find gold when they should have been trying to feed themselves IN COMES John Smith - the resourceful leader credited for saving Virginia from utter collapse - Takes over in 1608 / whipped gold-hungry colonists into line "He who shall not work shall not eat." (everyone had to contribute to eat) Earlier in 1607 - kidnapped by Native American tribe led by Chieftain Powhatan, and subject to a mock execution, which Pocahontas, a daughter of Chief Powhatan, "saved' him from. - This was Powhatan's attempt to impress Smith with his power / to show Native American desire for peaceful relations w/ the Virginians- Pocahontas later became an intermediary between Native Americans and new settlers)]

Natives

Indian allies of George III - hoping to protect land -- 1777 know as bloody year on frontier Two nations of Iroquois COnfederacy - Oneidas / Tuscaroras (for American cause) vs. Senecas, ohawks, Cayugas, Ononda (for British cause) -- urged on by Mohawk chief Joseph Brant - convert to Anglicanism believed that Britain would restrain American expansion into west -->British / Brant ravaged large areas of backcountry Pennsylvania / New York until checked by American force in 1779 - 1784 - pro-British Iroquois forced to sign the Treaty of Fort STanwix -- first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation [under terms, ceded ost of land] AND even in wartime - colonists kept flowing farther west

Direct V. Indirect Taxation

Indirect Tax- Tax added onto certain things that would only affect certain people ; reflected onto the merchants, not the British (Townshend) BASICALLY - taxed merchants on import, and thus the merchants were forced to pass that tax onto buyers to make profit Direct Tax - Tax on all individuals - directly affecting their lives BASICALLY - tax on product for everyone (Stamp Act)

King George III

KING OF ENGLAND- - Instrumental in ending the French and Indian War in 1763 -- Strong supporter of taxing the colonies to pay for accumulated debt --> opposed any compromise with the colonial government in America [BUT - after period of limited control -- Americans used to doing things their way - when Britain try to control taxes They felt violated "No taxation without representation!!" At least wanted voice in what they were being taxed for] AFTER losing the colonies, he withdrew his efforts at personal government and went insane "once vigorous measures appear to be the only means left of bringing the Americans to a due submission to the mother country, the colonies will submit."

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances ex. repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies --> rejected by King George III / Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Richard Henry Lee

On June 7th, 1776 - he declared "These United Colonies are and of right ought to be, free and independent states" --> Resolution = start of the Declaration of Independence BECAUSE- this was a quote from a larger speech / idea L e e R e s o l u t i o n (Of the Virginia Convention --> Offered three objectives 1. Create a declaration of Independence 2. Create a plan for drawing up foreign alliances 3. Prepare / digest the form of a confederation (joined state) - For each, the Congress appointed a committee responsible for completion

Pontiac's Rebellion

Ottawa Chief Pontiac united Native tribes and remaining French trappers in a final hurrah (try to push out) against the British forces in the Ohio River Valley -- although a deadly campaign, the British still triumphed over them [used biological warfare -- infected natives with smallpox, taking blankets of victims to do so -- when the natives were at a complete disadvantage --> WIPED OUT]

Role of Taverns in Colonial America

PUB - Public Urban Bar - most important social aspect! Birthplace of revolution Popular colonial centers of recreation, gossip and political debate -- the places which served as cradles of democracy/ where all social classes would mingle along main routes of travel - would become social meeting house for all that became involved in the American Revolution + more (Sam Adams' Cock and Ball) - great places to rest, eat, play cards, socialize, gamble, spread rumors, get word from other places, conduct business 1. Circulated rebel information easily because long distance communication was difficult 2. Where meetings for rebels were held

Act of Toleration

Passed in 1649 by the local representative assembly of Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Chris

Valley Forge

Pennsylvania site of Washington's Continental Army encampment during the winter of 1777-1778 --> a 4th of troops died here from disease (practice inoculation - smallpox) and malnutrition, Steuben comes and trains troops

Mayflower Compact

Persecution in England (as King saw defiance as a spiritual leader could result in defiance as a political leader) led Puritans to flee --> departed for Holland in 1607 (but didn't like Dutch influence -- wanted to find a safe haven-- this became America) After negotiations with the Virginia Company, they secured rights to settle under its jurisdiction, BUT the crowded Mayflower missed its intended destination / arrived off coast of New England in 1620 with 102 people [Fewer than half were Separatists / many were soldiers] Once arrived- chose site of Plymouth Bay (which was out of Virginia Company domain -- making the squatter OR without legal right to the land / specific authority to establish a government) Before disembarking - Pilgrim leaders drew up / signed a brief MAYFLOWER COMPACT = a simple agreement to form a crude government / to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon (not a constitution) --> signed by 41 adult males PROMISING STEP TOWARDS SELF-GOVERNMENT (later they were assembling to make their own laws in open discussion town meetings) First winter - rough --> yet, when Mayflower sailed back, not a single Separatist left + Next autun, bountiful harvests were seen due to native help (1621) -- alongside the first Thanksgiving day [Found stability in fur, fish, timber] Beaver for sustenance / Bible for the soul Had great leaders - William Bradford (self taught scholar who read multiple languages) Chosen governor 30 times in annual elections Was never important economically or numerically as a little colony AND eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony

Headright System

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire 50 acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America -- used by Virginia Company to attract more colonists Whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land --> were given 50 acres for every indentured servant they sponsored to come

Tobacco

"Brown Gold" of the Southern Colonies -- primary cash crop for the British Empire and a trademark product --> resulted in the destruction of the soil (leading to settlers intruding on more of native lands -- conflict) and controlled labor profit

Molasses Act

(1733) A British law that imposed a tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported from non-British colonies into North American colonies - It was intended to maintain the monopoly of the American sugar market by the West Indies sugarcane growers - It was the least successful of the Navigation Acts, since it was avoided by smuggling -- Bowing to pressure from British West Indian planters, Parliament passed this, aimed at squelching NA trade with the FWI --> responded by bribing / smuggling their way around the law [after all, if it had been successful, it would have struck a crippling blow to American international trade / standards of living] Precursor to later when Britain - in great debt, tried to impose restrictions on them / they revolted, unwilling to give up their ways of life

John Burgoyne

)British general in the American Revolution who lost the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792) (Gentleman Johnny) -- He designed an invasion scheme and was appointed to command a force moving south from Canada to split away New England (advance south from Canada, up to Lake Champlain, capture Ft. Ticonderoga, and then march south along the Hudson to Albany.and end the rebellion. ) -->There he would join Sir William Howe, who would advance north along the Hudson River from New York City, already under British control Burgoyne advanced from Canada but his slow movement allowed the Americans to concentrate their forces - Burgoyne's battered forces dug trenches and waited for reinforcements, but none came. Burgoyne launched a second, unsuccessful attack on the Americans at Bemis Heights on October 7. With no means of escape-- [decimated Burgoyne's troops, cut off supply routes, and Burgoyne never received his promised and desperately needed reinforcements + his troops so long to travel with equipment through the dense woods. This allowed the American soldiers time to gather until they outnumbered and defeated the British.] -- Burgoyne's surrender followed battles with American General Horatio Gates near Saratoga in September and October 1777. With the British losing men and defenses during both engagements, Burgoyne retreated with a weakened army to Saratoga, where he surrendered to General Gates. [under the Convention of Saratoga, which provided for the return of his men to Great Britain on condition that they would not serve again in North America during the war.]

William Bradford

English Puritan Separatists from Northern England --> moved to Holland to escape persecution of King James I THEN emigrated to Plymouth Colony on in 1620 -- A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth Colony(1621-1657) -- He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt -- He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks

Early Colonial Era

1600 - starvation, disease (few survived) - still, settlers came / eventually learned how to survive in their new environment ex. Mid 17th century - Virginia discovers fortune in selling tobacco Plymouth - finds just that religious security made happy 1700 - could distinguish regions + settlers try pushing west (repeat struggle to settle / survive) - run int Native Americans (drive further in) British government happy to pretty much leave power in hands of assemblies (until 7 Year War led to a lack of funds) At this point - white men who owned property had political rights -- by 1700s, every colony had lawmaking body (assembly), chosen by voters to represent their best interest (Americans now able to manage their lives /decide what was best for them)

Powhatan

,A Native American chieftain who dominated the native tribes in the James River area. (daughter was Pocahontas) --> All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called Powhatan's Confederacy [colonists inaccurately called all of the Indians Powhatans- due to confusion] Relations between the Native Americans and the English were tense -- especially when starving colonists took to raiding Native American food supplies

John Winthrop

English Puritan lawyer (and manor lord in England) / one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony (second major settlement in New England after Plymouth) Served as governor (19 years) [believed he had calling fro God to lead the new religious experiment] --> helped Massachusetts prosper - developed fur trading, fishing, shipbuilding industries (especially ships / fish) WITH RESOURCES AND SKILLS OF TALENTED SETTLERS [became rapidly the biggest outpost of New England] "We shall be as a city upon a hill, a beacon to humanity" -- created shared sense of purpose

Proclamation of 1763

- A proclamation from the British government that stated no colonists were allowed west of the Appalachian Mountains --> it was made in order to keep colonies from expanding into the land they just fought for to keep them under British jurisdiction [A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.] --British land policy to temporarily keep colonists out of Indian land until treaties could be negotiated with the tribes --- British soldiers stayed after French / Indian War (after limited control- irritated them) --> they were staying in their homes, eating their food [For "Protection," AND also what they failed to mention -- CONTROL] [NOT TO MENTION - not the "best" soldiers-- they kept those for England, they were the second-tier, obnoxious ones-- especially during American Revolution] HOWEVER - colonial pioneers such as Daniel Boone- defied the Proclamation of 1763 and crossed the Appalachians -- settled in areas that would eventually become Kentucky Why? -- There was a belief that the land westward was sacred land, fought and died for --- it was their birthright / it belonged to them!!! THE AMERICAN DREAM could be found out west - an idea that led many colonists to defy the Proclamation of 1763 and cross the Appalachians In response- Indian attacks force British to build forts to protect settlers moving westwards [British troops take action in response to Chief Pontiac's resistance to negotiate.]

French and Indian War Causes

- English - French rivalry worldwide would erupt into a world war [Each want to become best in world -- French want to surpass Britain -- want to keep Britain out, unable to pass the Appalachian Mountains --> THEY WANT TO DOMINATE THE FUR TRADE (skins, beaver, pelts -- all contribute to fashions in Paris] - War begins over land disputes in the Ohio Valley- British want part of fur trade and two openings into North America SO - England and the 13 colonies would fight together to defend their empire AGAINST the French-Indian allies + Spanish --> George Washington starts this war[1754-1763] AKA SEVEN YEARS WAR IN EUROPE

Pennsylvania

- Founded by William Penn - Quaker mentality -- one of most tolerant / diverse colony in all 13 Housed one of biggest cities - PHILADELPHIA --> The meeting place of both Continental Congresses, and where the Declaration of Independence was created

French Aid

- French aid (though they had been helping before- it was more discreet, with goods) -- came in the form of secretly supplying the colonists with weaponry before the Battle of Saratoga --> After the Battle of Saratoga, the French openly began to aid the Americans [supplied them with their navy, generals, money, and soldiers

Effects of the French and Indian War

- French lose war / all land in North America(out of North America) - English inherit vast new land holdings in North America ex. French Canada becomes BRITISH Canada- England sees responsibility to defend empire in North America (Able to expand west, which Americans want to due to rapid population growth - but now Britain wants to stop us) - Great Britain accumulates huge WAR DEBTS --> King George III / Parliament tax the colonies - Colonists realize British are NOT invincible / seek INDEPENDENCE BASICALLY - 1763 = turning point for British / colonial relationships!!!! [Fight with British --> Fight against British due to taxes to help pay for debt accumulated by warfare] [NOTE : War isn't much -- once Britain gains their momentum, they dominate-- what we care about are the consequences

French and Native Americans' Relationship

- French respected Native American people / territory --> treated as trusted friends (even married each other) --> set trading posts wit working relations between French and Native Americans for fur trade

New England Agriculture

- Had poor quality soil / weather --> little agriculture in terms of cultivating things to sell --- PARTICIPATED IN SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, meaning they only grew what they could for themselves

Jonathan Edwards

- Initiated Great Awakening (America) in North Hampton, Massachusetts - tall, delicate, intellectual pastor - told people of foolishness in believing salvation by good word (and challenged predestination) - instead, peeps need to put complete faith in God + Emphasized points by describing hell in detail One of most famous sermons - Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God [Hell was paved with the skulls of unbaptized children] Stark doctrines spared a warm, sympathetic reaction among his parishioners in 1734 [New Style of Preaching]

George Washington

- Man who started the French and Indian War -- Commander of the Continental Army (chosen in the First Continental Congress for his strong character rather than military genius) [chosen for previous military experience / counted on to help unite the colonies as a representative from Virginia] --> Would eventually become the first president of the United States of America

Early Colonial Professions

- Most people were farmers - Others worked in industries of collecting raw materials (lumbering) and manufacturing (shipbuilding) Most Importantly - Ministers were held in high regard

Battle of Saratoga

- TURNING POINT OF THE AMERICN REVOLUTION General John Burgoyne planned to cut off New England (capital of rev) fro rest of America -- effectively end cause --> push down from Lake Champlain route from Canada /to meet General Howe's troops in New York, if needed, to advance up the HUdson River to meet near Albany [HOWEVER<, did not go through with agreement of reinforcements - settled down in Philadelphia / assumed he had enough time ifhe was needed, did not HELP) TOO SLOW -women with the, heavy equipment, axmen had to chop path trough forest / American militia able to surround + Earlier, BEnedict Arnold had bought Americans more time by engaging warfare -->Trapped byy Americans -- Burgoyne surrenders to American General Horatio Gates - all of command (agree not to fight in any more battles) -- Decisive victory to the Americans (orale boost to the Continental Army) --> AFter which France decides to publicly aid with military assistance (beforehand- provide supplies like weapons and cash but now really getting into) Army of nearly 7000 British (led by John Burgoyne) surrenders to American militia in New York Why was French Aid important? did not achieve independence until conflict erupted into a ultipower world war that was too big for Britain t handle -- France provided rebels with guns, money, immense aounts of equipment, and about one half of America's regular armed forces -- practically all of new nation's naval strength (up until 1778- they were just trying to survive / keep battle going) CHANGED BRITISH STRATEGY - could no longer count on blockading colonial coast /commanding seas -- French had powerful fleets in American waters -- chiefly to protect their own valuable West Indies islands BUT in a position to jeopardize Britain's blockade / lines of supply [SO British decided to evacuate Philadelhpia / concentrate strength in NY]

Treaty of Paris (1763)

- The Treaty of Paris- signed in Paris by representatives of King George III o Great Britain / representatives of the United States of America (Benjamin Franklin - aging but astute, Jon Jay - impulsive NY, John Adams - vigilant for New England interests --> all told to make no separate peace / consult with French allies all along way -- but American reps chafed under, knew that French were the ones in control) -- on September 3rd, 1783, ended the Revolutionary War + Set terms France - difficult position -- promised Spain British-held Gibraltar but wasn't falling + Spain wanted trans-allegheny area on which Americans were already settling -- wanted an independent US that was weak (coop up in east of Allegheny Mts) - wanted it to support French interests / policy -- paid heavy price for their independence and wanted it to be worth it What did John Jay do? Upon seeing that French were likely to give trans-Appalachian lads to Spain -- could not satisfy both US and them --> secretely made overtures to London, contrary to instructions fro Congess - Britain eager to entice one of enemies fro alliance - speedily cae to terms - American delegation led by Benjamin Franklin, Jon Jay, John Adams (There were, of course, also British, Spanish, French, delegations) -- were instructed to only insist on the recognition of the US (didn't want anything else- Britain could have Canada) --> negotiated a guarantee of American independence --> England transferred all territory west of the Mississippi (with exception of Spanish Florida--> give back to Spanish) to America [Mississippi on west, Great Lakes to north (Yankees have share in fisheries of Newfoundland- Canadians did not like) to Spanish Florida to the south) --> Congress pledged to help British merchants collect debts owed to them prior to Revolution / to compensate loyalists (no more persecutions) (tories - lost all possessions -/ fled to Canada and Florida BUT weren't allowed to return, had to stay where they fled)for confiscated lands [did not really work out in the way Britain hoped though] AMERICA - was the only cuntry that gained from the revolution -- Britain was defeated (focus on Inia now) -- bled itself dry, but ending when it did allowed ary and navy to gr

French in North America

- Their territory stretched along the western side of the Ohio River Valley - essentially surrounding the 13 British colonies and blocking them from resources / expansion westward - Made money from fur trades / were friendly with Native Americans [who French fur trappers sometimes married / converted to Christianity] 1580s - French ahead of British in reaching interior of North America -- had established trading comps there that regularly brought furs back to France - Like England, France was late in settling in the New World [Two successful settlements] (POP grew steadily, BUT was nothing compared to POP increased in English colonies) 1604 : Acadia 1608 : Colony established at Quebec by Samuel de Champlain--> established fur trade (beaver pelts) [set up trading posts for fur trade / kept good relations with Indians]+ friendly relations with Native Americans (working relations for trade, UNLIKE the British) Despite growth of Americans - Still - France still had hope -- believed that if they could link New France (Quebec / Acadia) and other settlements along Mississippi River + Louisiana, through Ohio Valley-- could STOP English expansion (if not- would dominate NA / its resources, gaining lead in their global rivalry) -- French even joined Hurons in battle against the Iroquois Federation, who in the future, hampered French settlement and became allies of the British- Government of New France under direct control of the king, no democracy!!

Mercantilism

- an economic theory proposing that wealth evaluates a country's power; it was measured by gold / silver in their treasury How to get? --> export more than you import If you have colonies- GREAT -- have source of raw materials to manufacture / market to sell things to - Colonies basically meant to serve mother country - and BRITAIN saw it this way too.

African American

- black populations brought fro Africa to American colonies as slaves How Slavery Came to the US - Slavery had been practiced since the beginnings of documented hsitory --> introduced by the Spanish to the West Indies after Columbus' discovery of America -- Portuguese [first to get into actual slave trade] / Spanish expanded African slavery into Central / South America after enslaved Indians began dying off -- 1619 - FIRST RECORDED INTRODUCTION OF AFRICAN SLAVES INTO WHAT WOULD BECOME THE US (in settlement of Jamestown - 20 were purchased) --> About 10 million Africans were rounded up / sent to the Americas How could they? Africans / the idea of slavery had been around for centuries - the fact was that Africans enslaved other Africans -- transported along the Middle Passage (terrible conditions)

Economic Status after the War

- the newly formed United States of America were in economic despair ---> NOT in the position to support the french Revolution when called upon for help -- denied by George Washington (when it arose) b/c he knew

Salem Witch Trials

- took place in Salem Massachusetts from March to September 1692 -- was one of the most notorious episodes in early American history --> based on the accusations of 2 young girls, Elizabeth Parris / Abigail Williams - under British law / Puritan society, those who were accosted of consorting with the devil were considered felons, having committed a crime against their government (punishment was HANGING) Causes ? 1. Disapproval of Reverend Parris 2. Land disputes between families (would throw someone under bus to get land) 3. Indians taught witchcraft to girls - Girls caught dancing, began to throw fits / accuse people of witchcraft (meaning to put under one's power by magic OR cast a spell over them to not get in trouble) CONSEQUENCES - 19 hung, 1 pressed, 55 confessed as witches + 150 awaited trial SHOWS THE STRICTNESS OF PURITAN SOCIETY / HOW A RUOR CAN CAUSE HYSTERIA, EVEN TO ILLOGICAL THINKING [Later many people involved admitted that the trials / executions had been a mistake]

Boston Tea Party

-- Protest against British taxes (TEA ACT -- only tax of the Townshend Act kept after the Boston Massacre- tea was big part of colonial life --> still offensive / threatening) --> Group of men from the Sons of Liberty disguised as Native Americans dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor -- After destroying 1 million in tea (342 cartons - from the already financially failing East India Company), Boston was punished by closing the harbor / trading ports until the costs were paid back.

A War Within a War

-- patriots V. loyalists (tories - 16% of American people) -- MANY were neutral OR loyalist-- tough --> Loyalists -most of older generations that felt war would do more harm than good- often educated and wealthy (didn't want to ruin) [Included king's officers / other beneficiaries of the crown - people who knew fro which side their daily bread came + Anglican clergy / congregations -- taught subission to KIng] Anglican church stronger? ore loyalists (except debt burdened Anglicans in Virginia) --> British soldiers stayed in America after the Seven Years' War - had lots of land in places like New York (feared losses) --> Recent immigrants from non-English British Isles (Scotland / Ireland - settled in Georgia / bckcountry of Carolinas) -->Some ethnic minorities (Geran, Dutch, French) feared decrease in religious toleration with Aericans as opposed to with British rule --> Many natives sided with the British - hoping it would protect their lnd clais --> African Aericans -- hope it would mean escape from bondage -- many fled to British lines (soldiers, servants, laborers, spies) - well entrenched in New York City (aristocratic), Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania (while at Valley Forge - farmers were selling produce to Britain), New Jersey LEAST NUMEROUS IN NEW ENGLAND (self gov = strong / mercantilism = weak --> rebels most numerous where Presbyterianism and Congregationalis flourished- New England ) American soldiers served as important agents in educating American people as to political issues Loyalist treatment before Dec of Independence -- not so bad, tarred and feathered, etc. --> After - imprisoned, hanged, rcilrf, loss of legal rights, confiscation of property as traitors [80000 were driven out - went to Britain / Canada - became known as United Empire Loyalists (many, especially in Britain, had difficult becoming accepted)] any of lands confiscated / sold 50000 Loyalist volunteers at one time or another for British army - spies - incting Indians -keeping Patriot soldiers at home to prot failies YET many loyalists stayed in America / reshaped their iage as Americans [Split up families - William Franklin, royal governor V. Ben Franklin]

Factors Contributing to English Colonization

-Overpopulation (especially on an island where space is completely limited - alongside resources [like jobs, houses, foods] --> meaning that England could no longer properly sustain its population + produced an excess of waste This leads to . . . - Starvation (NOT enough food for the rapidly growing pop) -- in midst of Agricultural Revolution BUT, rather than helping, the Enclosure Movement encourages wealthy landowners to buy smaller, communal lands, combine them, and enclose the to create large plots (in which new technologies can be tested - as wealthy had money for that/ possible more food could be made) HOWEVER, this is bad for the people who were living off communal lands, as now that land has become private property - therefore, they were either forced into rough tenancy OR forced to uproot their lives / move to the cities, where everyone was competing for opportunities / conditions were not good - Unemployment (too much competition meant that there were little jobs available -- if people didn't have jobs, they didn't have money, and couldn't buy the things they needed) [BUT THERE WAS EMPLOYMENT IN THE NEW WORLD] ex. 1000s left unemployed, wandering with no hope - As a result, crime rates rose (lots of beggars / paupers) -- people still had to get the resources they needed, SO out of desperation / having nothing better to do, many resorted to crime + while this was going on, prisons were filling up -- there was little space for more criminals, so they needed to be sent ELSEWHERE - With so many people crowded together, pollution / sanitation problems INTENSIFIED . . . - Leading to rampant disease- as many couldn't or didn't know how to stay clean - Primogeniture -- an ancient English custo [legal principle that the oldest son inherits al family property or land -- landowners younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas] --> stated that the oldest (male son) in the family received all the possessions when the father died -- meanwhile, younger sons would be left with nothing -- and therefore had little hope left in England HOWEVER, they saw tons of opportunity in the New World

King Phillip (Metacom)

1620 - Plymouth Colony settled -- epidemic greatly affects native populations --> feeling powerless, the local Wampanoag Indians fist befriended the settlers Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621 / helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving after autumn harvests that same year --> 1675 - Massasoit's son, Metacom OR King Philip (as the English called him) - forged an alliance with surrounding tribes / mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English villages throughout New England -- serious destruction / death was seen on both ends War ended in 1676- Metacom / his wife were sold into slavery with him later , after being captured, being beheaded / piked + His head mounted on display in Plymouth Slowed westward march of English settlement BUT also defeated native spirits - lasting defeat Only emerged as small, sporadic threats from then on

Clash of Empires

1688 - 1763 : FOUR WORLD WARS involving England, France, and Spain (all involving American colonists) 1st Two-- Queen Anne's War French / Indians / Spain V. Britain(French loss) [Global - War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713)] -- King William's War French / Indians V. Britain [Global - War of Austrian Succession] [All colonials- no regiment troops on either side (1740-1748)] French and Indian War (AKA Global - Seven Years War [1756-1763]

William Penn

English Quaker leader and advocate of religious freedom, who oversaw the founding of the American Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and other religious minorities of Europe - demonstrated how a free society could work and how individuals of different races and religions could live together in liberty and peace.

House of Burgesses

Established in 1619 = the first elected representative assembly in colonial America, marking the first traces of self- government in the American colonies[ approved by the Virginia Company ]

Scots-Irish

1775 - numbered around 1750000 (7% of pop) -- important non-English group (although they spoke English) NOT Irish at all- Scots Lowlanders --> over decades, transplanted to northern island, BUT had not prospered Met by Irish catholics, while they were Scottish Presbyterian (had resentment sent their way) [conflict we see even today] + Economic life hampered - especially by Eng government placing restrictions on their production of linens / woolens Early 1700s - many finally abandoned Ireland / came to America MOST TO PENNSYLVANIA Best acres already taken by Germans / Quakers -- pushed out onto the frontier Many illegally squatted on unoccupied lands / quarreled with both Indian / white settlers [Great frontiersmen- BUT lots of fighting, making for a heated west] (In Maryland backcountry, Virginian Shenandoah Valley, western Carolinas) --> known for their rickety settlements - satisfied themselves with floorless flimsy log cabins Mid 18th century - line of settlements lie scattered along Great Wagon Road (eastern Appalachian foothills from Pennsylvania to Georgia) Brought whiskey distilling + Shared no love for the British government that had uprooted them

Committees of Correspondence

1st Boston - with Sam Adams -- communicate news / plan action together Virginia, with its own intercolonial committee - led to intercolonial correspondence

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799) - based on his previous military experience and the hope that a leader from Virginia could help unite the colonies. good leader and he was good with working with people and figuring out ways to over come obstacles. he had gotten military experience during the French and Indian war.

Percentage of Rural Colonial Population

90% of the American colonial population lived in a rural area

Great Awakening

= a spiritual renewal that swept the American colonies, particularly New England, during the first half of the 18th century (1730s-1740s) SWEPT THROUGH COLONIES --> began in England, before catching fire across the Atlantic Unlike the somber, largely Puritan spirituality of the early 1700s, the revivalism ushered in by the Awakening brought people back to spiritual life as they felt greater intimacy with God 1730s - it was thought that many people began drifting away from piety and religion -- sense of decline brought about a widespread renewal of faith WITH FIGURES LIKE - Jonathan Edwards (MA) - George Whitefield (English parson / former alehouse attender) --> encouraged listened to experience a REnaissance of religion / salvation --> used a different style of evangelical preaching on America - great orator (magnificent voice - toured colonies / talked about human helplessness + divine omnipotence]) Brought many to tears Inspired American imitators who took up his electrifying new way of preaching BACKFIRED On those who had intended it to bolster religious discipline and order Led to creation of some new colleges in mid 1700s : 1. College of New Jersey (Princeton) - 1746 - Presbyterian 2. King's College (Columbia) - 1754 - Anglican 3. Queen's College (Rutgers) - 1766 - Dutch Reformed 4. Dartmouth College - 1769 - Congregational 5. Rhode Island College (Brown) - 1764 - Baptist [Followed after Edward to start own awakening in America]

Columbian Exchange

= the exchange of plants, animals,and disease from both the New World to Old World and Old World to New World [global transfers] Disease TO NEW WORLD - 90% of natives died (had NO immunity) as a result of disease exchange (small pox, dysentery, etc.) TO OLD WORLD - STDS like syphilis from interactions with (usually female) natives

Powhatan

A Native American chieftain who dominated the native tribes in the James River area. (daughter was Pocahontas)--> All the tribes loosely under his control came to be called Powhatan's Confederacy[colonists inaccurately called all of the Indians Powhatans- due to confusion]Relations between the Native Americans and the English were tense -- especially when starving colonists took to raiding Native American food supplies

Joint-Stock Company

A company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders [short term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise] --> those with available wealth in England contribute to the company, pooling their money to supply capital needed to fund settlement in the New World [such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures] - hoping to make profit off of settlements VIRGINIA COMPANY (of London -- AKA London Co) [intended to last for only a few years -- owners wanted to liquidate for profit quickly, putting strain on colonists to strike it rich fast] = English joint- stock company that received charter from King James I in 1606 that allowed for a settlement in the New World-- This would later become Jamestown, the first settlement of the Virginia colony.[= FINANCIAL MEANS FOR SETTLEMENT IN NEW WORLD] -Reformed Virginia to attract investors / make profits _ Converted some of Powhatan tribe to Christianity

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state / was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode iSland to the south

William Berkeley

A governor of Virginia, appointed by King Charles I - of whom he was a favorite He was a governor from 1641-1652 / 1660-1677 Berkeley enacted friendly policies towards the Indians that led to Bacon's rebellion -- monopolized their fur trade - chose not to retaliate for attacks on settlers (in Bacon's Rebellion) --> he was chased out of town, but came back / crushed the rebellion - hanging many of the rebels He was a British colonial governor of Virginia from 1642-1652 -- showed that he had favorites in his second term, which led to the Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, which he ruthlessly suppressed - POOR FRONTIER DEFENSE

Bacon's Rebellion

A group of Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon rebelled against Governor Berkeley's prohibitions and attacked Native Americans in order to expand further west --> led to chaos / the burning of Jamestown A rebellion lead by Nathaniel Bacon with backcountry farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkeley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. 1 6 7 6 --> Nathaniel Bacon / others pushed to the backcountry in search of land to grow crops (also Indian territory) -- William Berkeley (Governor of VA) was somewhat friendly with Indians because he monopolized their fur trade -- chose NOT to retaliate for the attacks on settlers -- Bacon / others rebelled, killing all Indians in their path , chased Berkeley out of town / torched Jamestown -- Bacon died, Berkeley gained control / crushed the rebellion AND hanged many of the rebels - Planters soon turned to AFricans to do work instead of indentured servants [Feared that indentured servants would rise up in such ways again - while Africans, stripped off all rights, would not dare -- distinctions emphasized between the two through racism kept them from collaborating in rebellion]

Visible Saints

A religious belief developed by John Calvin held that a certain number of people were predestined to go to heaven by God - this belief in the elect or "VISUAL SAINTS" figured a major part in the doctrine of the Puritans, who settled in New England during the 1600's -- believed that individuals who were among the "Elect" underwent a conversion experience in which they sensed an overpowering feeling of salvation --> members of the Elect showed outward signs of God's grace in moral / upright behavior that demonstrated they were visible saints = a person who felt the stirrings of grace in their souls / could demonstrate its presence to their fellow Puritans - felt that only they should be admitted to church membership BUT Church of England enrolled ALL King's subjects - so saints had to share pews with the "damned"

Compare and Contrast the status of women in South / New England

Both in similar predicament/ viewed very much the same way - New England Better education -- New England society wanted women who could read (basic education - more informal, but still expceted_ DAME SCHOOLS- run by women to teach girls in order to be the best wives / mothers they could be, to raise Bible-raising children = more emphasis on religion, and therefore stricter Puritan ideologies --> took away right to own property as a result of marriage in order to maintain unity - Early marriage encouraged high birth rate - most feared but still had many children (child raising = full time occupation) More heavy clothes for warmth in colder regions - simple / modest because Puritan Vs. South - Lighter fabrics / more extravagant (plantations meant profit- some could afford the latest fashions from Europe) - Valued education less (if family was wealthy, could get tutor) -- more centered in practical skills / social etiquette - less religious / therefore less restricted in that sense + many could keep land because death was more common - widows allowed land ownership b/c common - needed a system to deal with

On. . .

Britain? -- increased its colonial empire in the Americas -- greatly enlarged England's debt (DOUBLED) -- Britain's contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings THEREFORE - England felt major reorganization of her American empire was necessary! ---American colonists? -- united them against a common enemy for the first time -- created a socializing experience for all colonists who participated -- created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify

Life in the Chesapeake Region

By 1700 - 12 of the 13 colonies had been established - (except Georgia) - for colonial life, we won't look at all 13, just the MOST POPULATED + Still, American identity forming from English influence / diverse native, chesapeake, southern, african additions [Mainly Virginia (one of the more established - 1st) / Maryland] Can kinda start to distinguish regions Characteristics of Early American Colonists 1. Young (over 1/2 were 25 years old) 2. Male (outnumbered women 6:1) 3. NOT very well off (half were indentured servants) 4. Life expectancy was 10 years shorter in England - VERY LOW (weather made disease RAMPANT + worked for tobacco but didnt take care of health) Tobacco Economy - (cash crop - ALL ABOUT) - If you remember, land in colonial Virginia was very hospitable for growing tobacco (brown gold) --> land for increased labor production came from Native Americans (bad relations with them) INDENTURED SERVITUDE - for labor (as opposed to deep south - S Carolina, where slavery was HUGE) Not really about edu / religion - people just hoped to become wealthy / survive

Staple of Life in Mexico and South America

CORN (squash, beans - three sister farming system) - irrigation techniques - human sacrifices

Southern Colonies [Differences]

Chesapeake - Tobacco - LOW life expectancies with a bunch of diseases, contaminated drinking water, etc. - Mainly young white males [lots of indentured servants] - Indentured Servants were main labor source (eventually switched to slaves, BUT not to the same extent as the Deep South) Deep South - more slavery -- terrible treatment - Crops like rice / indigo

British - American Colonial Tensions

Colonials Methods of Fighting : Indian-style Guerilla tactics Military Organization : Colonial militias served under their own captains Military Discipline : No military deference or protocols observed Finances : Resistance to rising taxes Demeanor : Casual, non-professional v. British Methods of Fighting : Marching in formation or bayonet charge Military Organization : British officers wanted to control colonials Military Discipline : Drills and tough discipline Finances : Colonists should pay for their own wars / defense Demeanor : Prima Donna British officers with servants and tea settings --> American soldiers didn't like how British soldiers treated them [acted superior] Treaty of Paris (1763)

Charles Cornwallis

Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution. - Followed Nathaniel Green (ploy) -- fought / won --> Faced with whether to continue to Virginia, Yorktown or stay Decided to go / break formation -- trapped on peninsula Continental Army cuts off land escape -- all time they had to leave, Cornwallis decided to stay b/c he heard there woud be naval reinforcements (but kept occupied) --> French come in / block sea Cornwallis is stuck / forced to surrender So humiilated that he doesn't show up to the ceremony

Southern Colonies [Similarities]

Consisted of Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina - Cash crop (Ag) economy (tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo, cotton) - Plantation Style Agriculture - Ruled as an oligarchy (select few - the wealthy plantation owners lead) --> had power / education / owned the plantations - used slavery and indentured servitude to supply labor force - hot humid summers / mild winters --> long growing seasons - few cities (due to agricultural sprawl taking up much of space-- schools and churches were few and far in between AND communities were fairly distanced) - homogeneous population (most were white / black - each had fairly distinctive roles / treatment -- whites were considered settlers with rights while blacks were considered slaves with no rights -- basically no mixing happening) - education NOT valued (life was all about making money / expanding land -- agriculture took up much of space--> little left for schools, which didn't contribute to southern vision of riches] - fertile soil - coastal plains / piedmonts (flat land to grow things on - ideal land and climate for plantation econ) - bad relations with natives (not only brought diseases - but land hungry settlers who degraded soil by extensive planting of cash crops / who wanted more space to plant more crops to earn more profit --> began infringing on native lands -- natives responded with resistance - not too much emphasis placed on religion for most part (as compared to New England) -- mainly Anglican

Barbados Slave Code

Context: [start of legal codification of slavery] While beginnings of colonies occurring in Chesapeake, English was also colonizing islands of West Indies [Spain - weakened by military overextension / distracted by rebellious Dutch provinces, relaxed grip on Caribbean] By mid 17th century - England secured claim to numerous West Indian islands, including Jamaica (1655) --> sugar was foundation of West Indian economy [like tobacco - except tobacco was a poor man's crop --could be planted easily / produced leaves within a year / required only simple processing WHILE sugar was a rich man's crop- had to be planted extensively to yield enough to sell -- extensive planting / extensive clearing + cane stalks yielded sugar through elaborate process Need for that amount of land, labor made sugar cultivation capital-intensive] -- sugar lords extended control over West Indies - imported large numbers of African slaves as work force (so much so that they outnumbered white land owners - still see today) To control large populations, English authorities devised formal codes that defined the slaves' legal status / masters' rights Barbados Slave Code (1661)- denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves / gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers, including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions -- Profitable sugar plantation system crowded out all other forms of Caribbean agriculture -- West Indies depended on North American mainland for food / basic supplies + smaller English farmers squeezed out to mainland -- brought with them slaves / slave codes (inspired statues governing slavery throughout mainland colonies - Carolina) - first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters.

Ohio River Valley

Controversial land that led to the French and Indian War - VERY important to both the French / the English --> Both countries claim this area - a dispute emerged + Both countries built forts to defend their claims [The point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War. Both the French and British claimed it. They wanted the area because the rivers allowed for transportation.] - King George III gives land grant to the Ohio Valley Company (despite French claims) --> French responds by building forts to protect their own claims (+ vice versa with British) [French want to connect Mississippi Lands to Canada - block Britain -- Britain wants more land]

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Document recording the proclamation of the Second Continental Congress - Committee appointed to write --> Thomas Jefferson wrote most (chosen for earlier, impactful works) + John Adams of Massachusetts and Roger Sherman of Connecticut; two men from the Middle Colonies, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and Robert R. Livingston of New York; and one southerner, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. - Asserted the independence of the colonies from Great Britain - Listed everything that King George III had done wrong

Baron von Steuban

Drill master from Prussia who trained colonial troops at Valley Forge, thus maturing the colonial militia into a fighting force. --> -Prussian officer who transformed the men into a disciplined army -stressed officers training their men Prussian drillmaster who worked with Washington to train the Continental Army during the winter at Valley Forge DRILLS DISCIPLINE - MAKES TRAINING NORMAL (teaches Euro tactics - makes training manual) Improves hygiene -- moves latrine from houses (and organizes according to regiment) Intro how to use the bayonet (close hand to hand combat revolutionarized cobat) --> BY END, highly skilled soldiers

British War Strategy in 1777

EARLIER - goal was to hit center of revolution in New England (Massachusetts - Boston) the hardest, in hopes that if they settled down, other would too FAILED. So moved onto next strategy -- To conquer colonies from south (where loyalists more concentrated) to north, bbeginnning with the successful takeover of Georgia - they would slowly make sure each rea was completely under their control before moving on -- colony of Georgia ruthlessly overrun - 1778-1779 -- Charleston S Carolina too! (1780) Warfare intensified in Carolinas - Patriots fought Loyalist neighbors -- Nathanael Greene was huge in Carolina capaign of 1781 - standing / retreating, exhausted his foe, General Cornwallis, in vain pursuit (succeeded in clearing most of Georgia / S Carolina in troops) -- GENERAL CORNWALLIS broke this formation / thus spoiled the tactic effort in an act that led to the effective end of the war, British defeat at the Battle of Yorktown (1781)

[Continued]

FORT FRONTENAC (Aug 1758) --> French surrender this fort on Lake Ontario, effectively destroying their ability to communicate their troops in the Ohio Valley BRITISH / INDIAN PEACE (Oct 1758) --> British make peace with the Iroquois, Shawnee, and Delaware Indians BRITISH RECAPTURE FORT DUQUESNE (renamed Pittsburg)(Nov 1758) BRITISH CAPTURE FRENCH ISLAND OF GUADELOUPE IN CARIBBEAN (May 1759) BRITISH TAKE FORT TICONDEROGA (June 1759) A SLOW ROUTE TO VICTORY (July 1759) - British take Fort Niagara -- French abandon Crown Point -- NOW Britain controls the Western frontier!!! QUEBEC (Sept 1759) --> British win the decisive Battle of Quebec -- Montcalm and Wolf, the commanding generals of both armies, perish in battle (nothing French can do to win now-- done for) FRENCH SIEGE OF QUEBEC FAILS (1760) MONTREAL (1760) --> Montreal falls to the British; letters are signed finishing the surrender of Canada FUNCTIONAL END OF THE WAR (Sept 1760) --> British flag is raised over Detroit, effectively ending the war BRITISH MAKE PEACE WITH CHEROKEE INDIANS (1761) TREATY OF PARIS (Feb 1763) --> All French possessions east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, are given to the British-- All French possessions west of the Mississippi are given to the Spanish+ French regains Martinique, Guadeloupe, and St. Lucia INDIAN WARS - (Apr 1763) --> Pontiac, the Ottawa Chief, proposes a coalition of the Ottawas, Pottawatomies, and Hurons for the purpose of attacking Detroit BATTLE OF DETROIT (May 1763) -- Pontiac's forces lay siege to Detroit-- that summer, his allies destroy forts at Venango, La Boeuf, and Presque Isle SMALL POX (July 1763) --> Men of the garrison at Fort Pitt infect besieging chiefs with blankets from the smallpox hospital-- soon faced with an epidemic, the Indians retreat!

John Rolfe

Father of the Tobacco Industry (King Nicotine) [Economic Savior of Jamestown] --> helped introduce cultivation of a new type of tobacco from the West Indies + later married Pocahontas - sealed the peace treaty for the First Anglo- Powhatan War - killed in series of Indian attacks,

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

(continued)

For the colonists, it was about building the infrastructure and relationships they would need to stay and thrive in the New World For the Native Americans, it was often about building potential alliances Religious bias and mutual misunderstandings made early contact difficult - English came with alien language, culture, religion + advanced tech Colonies thought themselves superior / were aggressive and intolerant (had growing pop and constant hunger for land) - Native Americans lacked military unity / strength of English (with inevitable expansion of English settlements came infringement of Indian lands, leading to conflict) English come in / DONT know a thing about how life has worked in New World, push their culture and influence everywhere Resentment with Native Americans - who want the peace they had before-- constant power struggle for Native Americans who dont want things to change and English who wanted everything to change to benefit themselves

Timeline

King George's War (1744-1748) --> warm up to French / Indian War between France / England (fought for domination of North America) -- Ended w/ treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (no clear victor) Agitation GROWS (1752-1753) --> Tension grows between France and England over competing land / trading clams (minor rural skirmishes) A MESSAGE (Late 1753) --> George Washington carries message of Virginia's ultimatum over French encroachment to Captain Legardeur de Saint-Pierre at Riviere aux Boeufs- - He Rejects IT!!! THE FIRST BATTLE (May 1754) --> Washington defeats the French in a surprise attack - his troops retreat to Great Meadows and build Fort Necessity THE FRENCH TAKE FORT NECESSITY (July 1754) WASHINGTON'S RESIGNATION (July 1754) --> Blamed for Fort Necessity, Washington resigns -- later returns as volunteer under British authority THE BRITISH --> Seize Acadia [Nova Scotia] (June 1755)!!! THE BATTLE OF WILDERNESS (July 1755) --> British General Braddock's forces are defeated near Fort Duquesne in Pennsylvania, leaving the backwoods of British territory undefended THE BATTLE OF LAKE GEORGE (Sept 1755) - British Colonel William Johnson's forces win, making Johnson the first British hero of the war!! DECLARATIONS OF WAR (1756 May) --> Great Britain declares war on France / vice versa FORT OSWEGO (Aug 1756) --> French capture this fort on the banks of the Great Lakes FORT WILLIAM HENRY (1757 Aug) --> commander in chief of the French forces, Louis Joseph de Montcalm takes Fort William Henry -- infamous massacre , later dramatized in James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans THE FRENCH TAKE FORT TICONDEROGA (July 1758) LOUISBOURG (July 1758) --> British seize Louisbourg, opening the route to Canada Continued!

Loyalists V. Patriots

Loyalists (Tories) - For the King -- loyal to England / the crown --> during and after the war, some still lived in America, but most were driven out (lands taken) -- fled to New York / Canada (which were under British control) After war, compensated for losses

(continued)

Many factors contributed to deterioration of the Native American / English settlers relationship - Disease (small pox, influenza, measles, etc.) -- Native Americans had no immunity to the diseases brought by the English, wiping the out in large numbers some stated that it was a show by God of settlers right to land) - Access to lands and resources -- English population growth / plantation habits (destroyed soil - wanted more lands with more nutrients and more lands to plant overall) meant they often began to push more tot he west into lands already occupied by Native Americans -- upon resistance, conflicts often began - If Native Americans lost, they were often enslaved for soe service or completely wiped out NOT only imposed on lands, but also on culture, trying to civilize by taking away traditions, forcing religion on them like Christianity (hoped to transform the tribes people into civilized Christians through their daily contacts -- Native Americans resented / resisted the colonists attempts to change them -- their refusal to conform to European culture angered the colonists and hostilities soon broke out between the two groups [often resisted English attempts to gain more control through warfare or diplomacy - comprised mainly for economy benefit] Tensions erupted in CONFLICT - often easy for settlers to win - as Native Americans suffered effects of disease, were not united as one force in most cases, and were seen as disposable, not needed to be preserved by colonists, as they contributed no purpose to their greed --> Pequot War, First / Second Powhatan War, King Phillip's War, South Carolina defeat of the Yamasee, Tuscarora War, etc. [relationship began to resemble skirmishes, massacres, and broken treaties] Native Americans provided skins, hides, food, knowledge (how to grow New World crops - maize, squash, beans - survive) and other crucial materials and supplies, while the settlers traded beads and other types of currency (also known as "wampum") in exchange for these goods

Chesapeake Population Ratio

Men to Women- 1600's - 6:1 Why? VERY dangerous - diseases rampant, laborious lifestyles, poor drinking water, etc. -- as they were figuring out how to survive there, it was considered unsuitable for women 1700's - 3:2 Still - many men die -- leaving women widows Marriage ratio was 8:1

Why did colonial masters first adopt the institution of indentured servitude rather than Native American or black slavery to meet their demands for labor? Why, then, did African slavery replaced indentured servitude?

Natives - Easily died -- no use purchasing /selling if they were going to inevitably succumb to disease Africans - more expensive than indentured servants at first -- less accessible + risk to take when often many died shortly after arrival So why the switch? - England's economy improved--- more found employment in Britain / therefore weren't desperate enough to uproot their lives [ less accessible] - Mortality rates in America lowered- less of risk to buy slaves - After event like Bacon's Rebellion, plantation owners feared indentured servants with rights coming together to rise up in such a way- could mean them losing everything (so went to option that they did not believe would stand up and were given no rights) - All the while, the demand for cash crops / resources only kept growing, and therefore so did the demand for labor!!!

Franco-American Alliance

Negotiated by Ben Franklin, brought French into war on Americans' side. Helped determine outcome of war. Agreement by France to fund American military aids and loans to American colonies. France wanted to piss off Britain basically. France agreed to send troops fearing that the Americans would sign the British agreement allowing them to have limited autonomy. French entered the war against England, which escalated to the Caribbean and colonies in India.

Zenger's Trial (1734-135) OR Case

New York newspaper assailed corrupt local (royal) governor, charged with libel / defended by Alexander Hamilton (former indentured servant --> Philadelphia lawyer) -- John Peter Zenger, a NY publisher charged with libel (a published false statement that is damaging to a person's reptuation; a written defamation) --> Zenger's lawyer argued that what he wrote was true, so it can't be libel (eloquent / persuasive) EVEN THOUGH - English law says it doesn't matter if it's true or not (and Royal Chief said not to consider validity) -- JURY acquits Zenger What did it lead to? NOT total freedom of the press, but the newspaper now took greater risks in criticism of political figures Zenger Decision - monumental landmark case which paved eventual freedom ofthe press (point the way for open discussion that diversity of New York needed / similar to that which America would eventually exhibit as well)

Plantation Systems

Plantation economies - large plots of land (landholdings- in hands of select few -- oligarchy b/c they had all power / wealth - aristocratic) . . .called plantations, were devoted to the mass production of commodity crops (using the labor of indentured servants and slaves) -- emphasis placed on cultivation / exporting of cash crops like tobacco, indigo, rice, cotton, sugar, and so on [Tobacco = Chesapeake / Rice, indigo, etc. = Deep South] Labor satisfied through African slaves - easily identifiable (can't run away),didn't know land, didn't know language, [Numbers of slaves increased drastically - depended on their labor --> became cheaper / more accessible / less of a risk Indentured Servants - mainly young men who could not afford the trip to America and therefore eagerly agreed to enter a period of unpaid service due to a desperate need of employment, alongside better, new lives Why not natives? - Knew land / could rebel against slavery + died too quickly (disease) In the beginnings - Africans were too expensive to be properly utilized, so less imports were seen

Describe the Puritans and the Separatists, their belief system and explanation on why they left England for the New World.-

Protestant Reformation - 1517 - Martin Luther nails his protests to Catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenberg cathedral --> declared that Bible alone was God's word Ignited fire of religious reform across Europe CALVINISM emerged from teachings of John Calvin of Geneva -- elaborated Martin Luther's ideas in way that profoundly impacted Americans later on [became theological basis for many American settlers] Principles? Humans were weak / wicked (due to sin) God was all powerful and good +All - knowing (meaning he even knew who was going to heaven / hell) -- People are predestined for one of the other since moment of creation -- the 'Elected' are destined for eternal bliss (ideal situation) However, the Elected could not live immoral lives - after all, they wouldn't even know if they were elected or not (these doubts / paranoia led many to stress about their eternal fate) SO, they sought signs of conversion - receipts of God's free gift of saving grace (intense, identifiable personal experience in which God revealed to the elect their destiny) --> after, they were expected to lead sanctified lives / act as visible saints THESE DOCTRINES - spread through England just as King Henry broke off from the Catholic Church to become the head of the Church of England (Henry would have been content to keep some Catholic traditions, but. . .) - A group of people emerged who wanted the total purification of English Christianity The Puritans were English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to purify structure and practices of the Church of England How? --> get rid of remaining Roman Catholic practices, maintaining that the Church of England had not been fully reformed and should become more Protestant. - Over time, impatient to see Church of England de-catholicized AND Separatists - English Calvinists who sought to separate from the Church of England, which they felt was too far to be reformed-- most devout, radical Puritans --believed that only visible saints should be granted church memberships--> BUT in Church of England, all of king's subjects enrolled Disliked the idea that saints were with the damned [included pilgrims / quakers]

[cont. . . .]

Royal authorities saw the emergence of these groups / leaders like King James I (Scotsman - head of both state and church in England 1603-1625) felt that IF they would go so far to stray religiously, they might stray politically -fearing this, he began to persecute the Puritans, specifically the Separatists : Those of Plymouth colony- most infamous — fled royal wrath, departing for Holland in 1608 --distressed by Dutchification of children- wanted haven where they could live and die as English men and women AND purified protestants —> AMERICA (despite stories)So, group negotiated with Virginia company — securing rights to settle under its jurisdiction, BUT crowded Mayflower missed its destination and arrived off stony coast of New England in 1620 - fewer than half were actually Separatists - most were stocky soldiers of fortune (Captain Myles Standish - Captain Shrimp, helpful in fighting and negotiating with Indians) - chose shore of Plymouth Rock for their site [BECAME SQUATTERS - just wanted a place to worship freely] + Drew up Mayflower compact- simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon -First winter took grisly toll- 1620-1621 but of those who sailed back after, no Separatists were seen Next autumn 1621 - bountiful harvest (Thanksgiving) Economic legs in fur fish and lumber- beaver and Bible for sustenance of body and soul Puritans - Charles I dismissed Parliament in 1629 and sanctions anti-Puritan persecutions of the reactionary bishop William Laud, - many Puritans saw catastrophe in the making -->feared England's future and feared for their faith - secured royal charter to form Massachusetts Bay Colony

Summarize the key features of American population in the early 18th century.

SOURCES : American population came from (European - SCots-Irish German, Scottish, Irish, Dutch, other) immigrants / children within the colonies (natural reproduction) + Triangular Slave Trade SIZE : Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Maryland, grew tremendously in the early 18th century DIVERSITY - the greatest diversity could be found in the Middle Colonies due to immigrants lie the Scots-Irish The Scots-Irish fled to Pennsylvania because it offered religious toleration MOBILITY - American society also offered social mobility, at least in comparison to Great Britain -- this was because, if one acquired land, it was fairly easy to amass a fortunes due to the absence of class-related roadblocks

"No taxation without Representation!"

Saying of Americans that encapsulated how they felt - They did not mind paying taxes, BUT they at least wanted a voice in what it was that they were paying for --> They did not want to be taxed if they did not have a representative in British Parliament --> If anything, still would have preferred their own colonies to enforce taxes (where they already had representatives / there was more fairness -- In Parliament, Americans would be outnumbered) -- HOWEVER, Parliament argued that powers of legislature and taxation could not be split between Parliament and the colonies respectively

(Continued)

Tea Act (May 1773) - tried to place an act on tea to bail the failing East India Company - save from bankruptcy (b/c big part of British economy) --> Parliament gives East India Company right to sell tea directly to Americans ; some duties on tea reduced [A policy granting the British East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade with the American colonists (in order to help this important, yet struggling, part of England's economy remain afloat and rid itself of the large numbers of tea held in its London warehouses) in a process further reinforcing the tea tax of three cents per pound.] --> How did colonists react? Protests against favoritism shown to monopolistic company; tea destroyed in Boston (Tea Party - 342 cartons) (Coercive) Intolerable Acts (1774) - a punishment for the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a result of the Boston Tea Party - shut down Boston Harbor, restructures Massachusetts government, restricts town meetings, troops quartered in Boston, British officials accused of crimes sent to England or Canada for trial --> How did colonists react? Boycott of British goods; First Continental Congress convenes (Sep 1774) Prohibitory Act (Dec 1775) - Declares British intention to coerce Americans into submission; embargo on American goods / American ships seized [Boston Port Act - The port of Boston was closed, disrupting trade. Administration of Justice Act - British officials accused of criminal activity (like killing colonists) were sent to Canada or England for trial, often released with only a slap on the wrist. Massachusetts Government Act - The restriction of town meetings and elective officials' power in Massachusetts (thus limiting their prized democracy), as well as greater control placed in the hands of the royal governor. Quartering Act of 1774 - A policy that afforded British soldiers greater options and a more effective system of housing in American colonies (Massachusetts - Boston), allowing royal governors to house soldiers in other buildings (even private homes) if the colonial legislature was uncooperative in finding them proper shelter. Quebec Act - In dealing with how to manage 6000 conquered French peoples in Canada, England came to the conclusion that they would grant them the --

Half Way Covenant

The Decline of Puritanism 0 -- First generation Puritans began losing their religious zeal as time went on -- Puritan pop moved out of town, away from control of church -- too much religious intolerance (children of non-converted members could NOT be baptized) Methods to try to get back? - Jeremiad -- sermon used by preachers to scold parishioners into being more committed to their faith - Half Way Covenant (1662) = sought to attract more members by giving partial membership - Puritan churches baptized anyone / distinction between the elect and other members of society subsided

Freedom Dues

The dues of a master to his indentured servant after the servant's period of indentured servitude -- they included siple clothing, tools, and sometimes a parcel of land -- necessities given to indentured servants once they were freed; included a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and perhaps a small piece of land [land, tools, seed, animals]

Jamestown

The first permanent / successful English settlement in North America 1606 - Virginia Company receives charter [legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose and spelling out the attending rights and obligations.] from King James I to settle in the New World--> guaranteed overseas settlers the same rights of Englishmen in England Why pursue? -- promise of gold / silver (natural resources) --> tobacco (introduced by John Rolfe) became its "brown gold" -- to establish English claim to the New World -- desire to find passage to the Pacific (and therefore Indies) -- trade (with Native Americans / to produce things to trade w/ other nations) Setting sail later that year - 3 ships landed near mouth of Chesapeake Bay in 1607 Named settlement Jamestown after king Some died on way there In Virginia - some died to malnutrition, starvation, disease Another expedition in 1609 shipwrecked Early on Captain John Smith helps lead colony, taking over in 1607 Colonists struggled to feed themselves-- early on, they were forced to endure a brutal winter in 1609-1610, called the "Starving Time," in which colonists were ravaged by the drastic effects of disease, violence, drought, malnutrition (bad harvests), and poor drinking water, leaving most dead by its end In 1610 - they were ready to leave, but met at the mouth of James River by relief party / new governor, Lord De La War --> ordered settlers back to Jamestown, imposed harsh military regime, took aggressive actions against Native Americans This aggression would result in the two Anglo-Powhatan Wars All the while -- still experienced effects of disease, starvation, etc.

Natural Rights

The rights of all people to dignity and worth; also called human rights. the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Armed Neutrality League

Weak Maritime neutrals of Europe (suffererd from British dominance of seas) -- began to demand ore respect for their rights [PROT OF NEUTRAL TRADE] In 1780, Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead in this group. It lined up almost all the remaining European neutrals in an attitude of passive hostility toward Britain. The American Revolution was now being fought not only in Europe and North America, but also in South America, the Caribbean, and Asia. Catherine the Great later sneeringly called this group the "Armed Nullity." An alliance of European naval powers between 1780 and 1783 which was intended to protect neutral shipping against the Royal Navy's wartime policy of unlimited search of neutral shipping for French contraband. founded in 1780 during the American War of Independence to resist Britain's blockade of the rebels. The founding members, Sweden, Denmark, and Russia, were joined by the Dutch, the Holy Roman empire, Prussia, and Portugal.

New England Confederation

Weak union of Plymouth Colony - Massachusetts Bay Colony, New Haven Colony, and Connecticut led by Puritans (like exclusive Puritan club) for the purposes of defense against foes (against French in Canada, Native Americans, Dutch) - safeguarding of commercial interests (fro Dutch in New Netherlands), and organization (return runaway slaves, servants, criminals) [early attempted at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War - left to own resources -- made w/out English permission] - Each member colony, regardless of size, wielded two votes [Left out Maine / Rhode Island because thought them to be too heretical / full of undesirable characters] First notable milestone of colonial unity - despite weaknesses [During civil wars- colonies became somewhat of semi autonomous commonwealths]

Treaty of Paris (1763)

What happened to the different countries involved? France -->- lost Canadian possessions- lost most of its land in India- lost claims to lands east of Mississippi River Spain -->- got all French lands west of the Mississippi River [- got New Orleans] - lost Florida to England England -->- got all French lands in Canada - got exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade - got commercial dominance in India [gained French lands from Canada to Florida [gained from Spain]+ Appalachians to the Mississippi River]

Middle Passage

[ A part of the Triangular Trade System (Way to America) - Atlantic Slave Trade] A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies Sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies - the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern US that carried the slave trade -- Conditions on slave ships were HORRIBLE - extremely crowded - diseases spread like wildfire - no hygienic environment - revolts - 15% DEAD [poor ventilation / water - CRAMMED}

War for Independence

[1775 - 1783] World War consisting of sides between the British and American colonists (with Spanish, French, Dutch allies), resulting in American victory -- British sent their second best to fight the Americans - looked down upon them -- Britain had native allies, but the colonists took them ot / won by not playing the "gentleman/s" war- they didn't play by the European rules (Guerilla Warfare)

Structure of Colonial Society in 18th Century America

[Compared to 17th century - there are more barriers to mobility with more establishment] Limited - position wasn't going to change MUCH (but less restrictive than England by far) 1. Wealthy merchants - selling things people needed - manufactured products from England-- it was them who was bringing it in to reap benefits), lawyers (British law), clergy (educated ministers [not necessarily in Purtitanism] involved in Christianity / church, which was big at the time- when most believed that everything came to them because of Christianity), officials, large planters (aristocracy of south - owned 50-100 slaves / have means to dominate), shippers, aristocrats at top 2. Lesser professional men - physicians / doctors (still medieval tech), teachers 3. Yeoman (own their land) farers, though farm size decreasing due to family increase / lack of new land - boundary with Appalachian Mountains / Indians, like the feared Iroquois who dominated outside regions (actually owns his land, not some farmer working on someone else's land) 4. Fairly poor laborers - lesser tradesmen, manual workers, hired hands [fishermen, whalers, sailors, ship builders] 5. Indentured servants / "jayle birds" (convicts exiled to America by punitive English justice system - figured out they could send out criminals / get rid of overpopulation in prisons) 6. African slaves - some attempts to halt imports for fer of rebellion (absolutely no moving up - worked without cahnge of freedom or pau) [All had one thing that slaves didn't - rights under English system] Social Stratification was SIMPLE 1. Aristocracy (merchants, gov oficials, clergy) 2. Middle Class (shopkeepers, innkeepers, artisans) 3. Lower class (sailors, unskilled workers) [seen even today] [90% lived /worked in rural areas - not yet super industrialized LARGELY AG]

George Washington

[FIRST TIME WE SEE- 22 years old, part of Virginia militia]- British concerned about French forts in Virginia territory --> Send Washington, a major in the Virginia militia, to the Allegheny River Valley [look at what French are doing in Ohio River Valley] GETS INTO A FIGHT!!! (barely gets out alive) -- Washington leads 300 men against the French at Fort Duquesne, and kills over 100 French men :O+ Along the way, Washington builds Fort Necessity--> The fort falls to the French in a skirmish that will lead to the French and Indian War[A British statesmen later wrote about Washington's first skirmish: "The volley fired by the young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire."]

William Howe

[First Commander in Chief for British Army] (Led battle at Bunker Hill - death of many British soldiers) during the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress (dangerously outnubered - Washington could only get 18000 men) the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer --> Battle of Long Island (set sights on NEW YORK) -- defeated Continental Army / gained access to NY (became center of operations for British and stayed that way till end) -- kept fighting until pushed them out to New Jersey outmanuevered - routed at Battle of Long Island -- escaped to anhattan Island / crossed Hudson River to New Jersey --> reached Delaware River w/ Britai close at heels

Columbus and India

[Following Ottomans taking Constantinople - effectively gaining control of the Silk Road / Portuguese heavily monitoring routes along the coast of Africa] Columbus sought to find a newer, quicker route to India in order to obtain resources - most in particular spices (pepper) - Voyage landed him in Northern America (Hispaniola) in 1492, where he thought he was in India [Called Native Americans = Indians]

Benjamin Franklin

[French want to get back at Britain / want to stunt growth as world power-- way to do? Help its colonies get their freedom-- With Model Treaty in mind - focused on not political connections, not military connections, but commercial connections - free trade / freedom of the seas --> template for commercial treaties that the US Continental COngress sought to make with France and Spain in order to secure sassistance in the struggle against the British in the American Revolution -- Congress approved the treaty 1776) diplomat sent to France to negotiate commercial treaties (adored widely in country) -- After humiliation at Saratoga in 1777 -- Parliament passed measure that offered Americans hoe rule within the empire ---> Franklin played off of French fears of Anglo-Aerican reconciliation (if reconciled, how would French break up British Empire) - Not exactly to terms of Model Treaty Franjline wanted -concluded first entangling military alliance 1778 - --> BUT, first official recognition of American independence --> Agreed to wage war until US had fully secured its freedom and until both agreed to terms with the common enemy [NOW BECAME WORLD WAR] + 1779 - Spanish entered the fray against Britain, as did Holland (combined Spanish / French outnumbered British fleets)

Southern Social Classes

[Wealth was not evenly disturbed] From top to bottom : Planters (1%) Small Farmers / Yeomen (24%) Landless White Population (50%) Slaves (25%) - few cities, large plantations - roads were terrible, so lots of waterways used

Navigation Laws

[provided limited structure for American trade relations -- restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods.] -- All goods and exports had to be sent to England first, where it would be taxed, and then sold off to other countries ---> It was not strictly enforced (salutary neglect) and colonists easily smuggled goods in / out of the colonies (trading with Spain / French West Indies, etc.) More money to buy British goods with - as long as contributed to British wealth / were obedient, it was all good ex. Trade of certain products, tobacco, limited entirely to England (even if better prices elsewhere), --> How did colonists react? Punished in assemblies: New York Assembly punished for failure to comply (1767) Declaratory Act (1766) - enforced idea that British had the right to tax the colonists - Parliament declares its sovereignty over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" --> How did colonists react? Ignored in celebration over the appeal of the Stamp Act Townshend Revenue Acts (1767) - [Indirect Tax- things only produced in England- had to be imported--> merchants forced to pay taxes for shipment of goods to owner of English comps AND then have buyers pay tax so that they can make a profit] to prove authority over colonies - taxes on glass, lead, paper, paint, tea -- customs collection tightened in [Meanwhile, an American Board of Customs Commissioners was created to tighten down on illegal evasions of the policy, while courts of admiralty were established to punish breakers of the law. - Boston Massacre occurs on March 5th, 1770, after an American mob provokes British soldiers to shoot, killing five colonists in the process. All components of the Townshend Acts were repealed as a result, with the exception of taxes on tea.] --> How did colonists react? Non-importation of British goods; assemblies protest newspapers attack British policy After Boston Massacre - all repealed except for ones on tea

Dominion of New England

a union of several New England colonies formed by royal authority (King James II) of England in 1686 [initially Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire -- eventually expanded to include New York / East + West Jersey) --> was part of a larger plan to tighten British administration of the colonies --Navigation Laws -- sought to stitch England's overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by throttling American trade with countries not ruled by the English crown [Americans disliked / smuggling became big] + Strengthened colonial defense from Native American attacks- The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province / megacolony headed by a royal governor (Sir Edmund Andros - very much disliked -- added taxes, enforced Navigations Laws, had poorly mannered soldiers, restricted town meetings, etc.) After having freedom for so long with England dealing with its own problems, Americans came to like their liberties-- when threatened, they were resentful The came - 1688-1689 --The Glorious Revolution -- Dethroning of Catholic James II (unpopular) --> enthroning of Dutch born William II / English wife Mary II (daughter of James II) When news of those in England rebelling against England - Americans too wanted to do the same BOSTON MOB RISES UP - quickly, the dominion fell with revolts -- Governor Edmund Andros forced to flee --> sparked uprisings as people spoke up-- Maryland,New York [unrest until new governor came / restored order Yet, traces of Charles' II attempts to have greater control in America were seen - many English officials still held important positions / blocked local leaders from rising to power (Americans were resentful)

Explain the interaction and conflict between English settlers and the Native Americans and how this affected both parties.

lnitially, both parties attempted to maintain healthy, peaceful relations TRADE - transformed Native American life (traditional barter and exchange gave way to European commerce) --> firearms / iron tools gave huge advantage to Native Americans (changed how they got food) -- intensified competition between tribes for access to hunting grounds, as this is what would allow them skins / pelts that European arms traders wanted SO lots of Indian - Indian conflict, as competed to get resources / goods for / from trade HOWEVER< either way - often Native Americans struggled to control their own place in trading systems, with Europeans generally setting the prices What about the more negative side? DETRIMENTAL. Had been there long before Columbus ever discovered the land -- weren't strangers to change or the rise / fall of different groups BUT English colonization was on a whole other scale, resulting in drastic demographic / cultural alterations NOT all bad-- access to horses / other domesticated animals (cattle, goat, sheep) [from the Old World to the New World] - led to Indian migration onto the Great Plains in the 18th century (thrived there - developing new ways of life) [Lakotas - went from forest dwellers to nomadic hunters on open plains] FOR THE MOST PART, HOWEVER -- bad effects, as disease absolutely devastated native populations (wiping out culture -- older peoples who preserved things like oral traditions = dead / natives left to reinvent themselves basically + At the same time, led to the development of new cultures, as remains of what tribes once were even combined to create new native groups -- Catawba nation, for example) Who were effected the most? Indians along the Atlantic seaboard -- less time to prepare MEANWHILE, those more inland had advantages - time, space, numbers, to adapt ex. Algonquins in the Great Lakes became a huge regional power as they absorbed surrounding lands / tribes to deal with European from a position of power An European merchants who came were then forced to conform to Native American ways -- often they even took Native American wives to create a middle ground This worked . . . Until Europeans arrived in even LARGER numbers / OVERWHELMED

Quakers

people who belong to the Religious Society of Friend- a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations -- English dissenters who broke from Church o England in mid-1600s --> preach a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity "Quake" at the power of the word of the Lord - Under William Penn, they founded Pennsylvania - offensive to authorities - refused to support Church of England with taxes, built meetinghouses, congregated without clergy, spoke up themselves in meetings when moved, no conventional titles, broad-brimmed hats, take no oaths, DEEP convictions

Taxation!!!

→ Writs of Assistance - Unrestricted search warrants were allowed to customs officials in order to combat smuggling that opposed the Navigation Acts, and therefore greater enforcement of the Navigation Acts was seen. Sugar Act (April 1764) - (revised duties - raised) tax on sugar, tea, coffee, tea, wine, other imports (molasses) + expanded jurisdiction of vice-admiralty courts (no jury - for those who disobey laws) [This marked the first tax on the American colonies with the intent of creating revenue for Britain.] --> How did colonists react? -- Assemblies to protest taxation for revenue Stamp Act (March 1765 -- Repealed March 1766) - [Direct Tax] printed documents (deeds, newspapers, marriage licenses, etc.) issued only on special stamped paper purchased from stamp distributors --> How did colonists react? Riots in cities (Sons of Liberty), collectors forced to resign, Stamp Act Congress (Oct - 27 delegates / 9 colonies -- drew up statement of their rights and grievances and beseeched the king / parliament to repeal legislation) SUCH UPROAR that they pulled Stamp Act / put Townshend Acts in place Quartering Act (May 1765) - had colonists provide housing and necessities (candles, firewood) for British troops