Midterm Review

Ethnographies about Puerto Rican culture written by Julian Steward and Sydney Mintz are important to the history of anthropological research because they

-examine how communities integrate into the modern world system. -FEEDBACK: Work by Steward, Mintz, and Eric Wolf was pioneering in that it transitioned anthropologists away from isolated depictions of small-scale cultural groups into examinations of how such groups are affected by, and interact with, the rest of the world. SECTION- The Professionalization of Social Scientific Data Gathering and Analysis

Bertram marries someone from outside his cultural group. Which anthropological term BEST describes this situation?

-exogamy -FEEDBACK: Exogamy is marriage outside of one's own group (p. 40).SECTION: What Is Culture?

Among the following, the best example of qualitative data would include

-field notes recorded during participant observation. -FEEDBACK: Quantitative data can be statistically or numerically measured and compared. Qualitative data cannot be counted, but can often lead to depth of knowledge about community perspectives and interactions. Sec - How Do Anthropologists Get Started Conducting Fieldwork? / Strategies

A company that used to be based solely in the United States now has factories in the United States plus Mexico, Guatemala, and Indonesia. Which key dynamic of globalization is at work in this example?

-flexible accumulation -FEEDBACK: Flexible accumulation allows companies to be globally flexible in how they accumulate profits. Global corporate expansion and outsourcing are important elements of the contemporary global economy (p. 21).SECTION: What Is Globalization, and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?

You've decided to create a list of all of the words for names, events, and ideas that exist in the Palauan language, spoken on an island in the western Pacific Ocean. What are you creating?

-lexicon -FEEDBACK: A lexicon is "all the words for names, ideas, and events that make up a language's dictionary" (p. 118).SECTION: How Does Language Shape Our Ways of Thinking?

Anil is an anthropologist who studies how words transmitted via social media have been used both to resist and to uphold power during recent revolutionary periods in Libya, Egypt, and the Sudan. Anil would most likely classify himself as a(n)

-linguistic anthropologist. -FEEDBACK: "Linguistic anthropology involves the study of human language in the past and the present" (p. 17).SECTION: Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?

Which of the four subfields of anthropology is described in Chapter 4?

-linguistic anthropology -FEEDBACK: Linguistic anthropology studies the origins and uses of human language (p. 110).SECTION: Introduction

Which of the following would be considered participant observation?

-living in a Brazilian shantytown (favela) to learn how locals cope with poverty -FEEDBACK: Participant observation is a technique within cultural anthropology that requires living and/or working with people consistently over a long period of time in order to better understand their beliefs and actions (p. 18).SECTION: Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?

What is the BEST explanation for why Laura Bohannan was unsuccessful in sharing the story of Shakespeare's Hamlet with Tiv elders in Nigeria?

-Words such as ghost did not translate. -FEEDBACK: Bohannan's experience trying to tell the story of Hamlet to Tiv elders illustrates the very influential role of language in shaping how we think about the world around us (p. 118).SECTION: How Does Language Shape Our Ways of Thinking?

What BEST represents an example of paralanguage?

-a scream -FEEDBACK: Paralanguage accompanies human language and consists of "an extensive set of noises (such as laughs, cries, sighs, and yells) and tones of voice that convey significant information about the speaker" (p. 115).SECTION: What Is Language and Where Does It Come From?

Chan has started a project comparing ethnographic data about health care practices in a Mozambique village to data about similar techniques in rural Kentucky. This approach is known as

-ethnology. -FEEDBACK: Ethnology is "the analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures." You may recall this term from Chapter 1. SECTION: How Do Anthropologists Get Started Conducting Fieldwork? / Analysis

Advances in seafaring technology allowed Europeans in the fifteenth century to travel farther and faster than before, thus seeing more of the diversity of the 'world's people. In response, they created the concept of "race," which divided the world's population into distinct categories and created a lasting and influential

-mental map of reality. -FEEDBACK: Mental maps allow us to classify reality, then to assign meaning to what has been classified. Early racial classifications still influence our thinking on human differences today (p. 42).SECTION: What Is Culture?

Terms such as participant observation, ethnography, and cultural relativism are part of the anthropologist's

-speech register. -FEEDBACK: Speech register refers to the "words and terminology that develop with particular sophistication to describe the unique cultural realities experienced by a group of people" (p. 118). For example, "the Bolivian Aymar Indians have two hundred names for potatoes, reflecting the potato's role as a major source of food in their diet" (p. 119).SECTION: How Does Language Shape Our Ways of Thinking?

There is evidence that minority residents of Anytown have less access to resources such as strong schools, libraries, and recreational centers than their majority counterparts. This is an example of

-stratification. -FEEDBACK: Stratification is defined as "the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture" (p. 50).SECTION: How Are Culture and Power Related?

What BEST characterizes the current time period?

-Anthropocene -FEEDBACK: The Anthropocene is defined as "the current historical era in which human activity is reshaping the planet in permanent ways" (p. 25).SECTION: What Is Globalization, and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?

If you walked from western Africa to Russia, you would not find a point along the way where you could identify a distinct change in skin color among the people living there. This thought experiment BEST suggests that the phenotypic criteria we commonly use for race, such as skin color, hair texture, or eye shape exist

- along a continuum of normal human variation. -FEEDBACK: Given humans' long evolutionary history and well-integrated gene pool, "no clear and absolute genetic lines can be drawn to separate people into distinct, biologically discrete, 'racial' populations" (p. 153).SECTION: Do Biologically Separate Races Exist?

The city of Anytown has proposed to locate a new town dump close to a neighborhood with a high percentage of minority residents. The residents are worried about the health effects this will have on their community, and they decide to act to stop the dump. How might they BEST accomplish their goal?

- organize a campaign to express their concerns to decision makers -FEEDBACK: We know that community mobilization and activism are key to resisting racism. Making one's concerns known to decision makers via group organization and individual displays (such as letter writing) makes it more difficult for decision makers to make decisions that negatively influence minority groups. This is what Steven Gregory saw in New York City's Corona community. Complaints that never reach the ears of decision makers are less likely to be fruitful (pp. 187-189).SECTION: What Is Racism?

Despite nonhuman primates' limitations in learning human language, those involved in long-term language instruction have successfully displayed which of the following linguistic attributes?

- productivity and displacement -FEEDBACK: Nonhuman primates who have participated in laboratory-controlled language instruction have been successful in creating original utterances (productivity) and referring to things or ideas that are not present in their immediate environment (displacement) (p. 112). These are two key features of human language as well.SECTION: What Is Language and Where Does It Come From?

The development of today's consumer culture requires that people continually desire and purchase new goods and services. This contrasts with the frugality and modesty of the so-called "Protestant ethic" of the past and represents a shift in cultural values. What bears the MOST responsibility for this shift?

- the advertising and financial services industries -FEEDBACK: Consumer culture and the values associated with it have emerged through the interplay of advertising, which promotes desire for new goods and equates consumerism with happiness and fulfillment, and financial services, which make perpetual spending possible through the availability of credit cards (p. 60).SECTION: How Is Culture Created?

According to Clifford Geertz, when one person winks at another, the symbolic meaning of the wink depends on the situation, the relationship between the people, and their ability to understand what is being communicated. This involves deep cultural knowledge, and to fully understand it, the anthropologist should use a perspective of

- the interpretivist approach. -FEEDBACK: Interpretivists such as Clifford Geertz have argued that, in order to fully understand human culture, we need to understand the multiple layers of meaning revealed by the simplest of actions, such as the difference between a wink and the involuntary twitch of the eye. To the interpretivist, every cultural action can be viewed as a symbol of deeper meaning (p. 48).SECTION: How Has the Culture Concept Changed in Anthropology?

The Summer Institute of Linguistics has been involved in language documentation efforts since the mid-twentieth century. What is the ultimate objective of this work?

- to translate the Bible into local languages -FEEDBACK: For researchers not affiliated with the SIL, this work is controversial because it focuses on spreading Christian gospel and may ignore other important aspects of local languages and cultures. Nonetheless, the SIL's database is a widely used and informative compendium of the world's languages (p. 136). What do you think about the work SIL does?SECTION: What are the Effects of Globalization on Language?

Using available genetic and archaeological evidence, anthropologists have concluded that human language MOST likely began within the past

-150,000 years. -FEEDBACK: Linguistic anthropologists believe that human language began to emerge only within the past 150,000 years (p. 112). While there is ongoing debate about this issue, analysis of the FOXP2 gene and Neanderthal brain casts has provided support for this conclusion.SECTION: What Is Language and Where Does It Come From?

In the United States alone, approximately how many languages are spoken?

-400 -FEEDBACK: "The United States is home to people speaking nearly 400 languages, including 150 distinct Native American languages whose origins predate European conquest (U.S. Census Bureau 2015). Some 40 million people speak Spanish at home (U.S. Census Bureau 2018)." (p. 127).SECTION: How Do Systems of Power Intersect with Language and Communication?

Ken Guest's summer-long trip from New York City to a village in the Fujian Province of southeast China illustrated the effects of globalization on a local community. What percentage of the village population lives in the United States today?

-70 percent -FEEDBACK: Guest learned that most village residents had joined their relatives in New York City, looking for better work opportunities. Families maintain contact and support village life through frequent trips back home, phone calls, video chats, and by transferring money. In this way, globalization has created conditions whereby people practically live in more than one place at once (p. 31).SECTION: How Is Anthropology Changing Today?

The human body contains roughly 100 trillion cells. Approximately what percentage of those cells are independent microorganisms?

-90 percent -FEEDBACK: Our bodies aren't as distinct and autonomous as we often think them to be. Individual humans form entire ecosystems consisting of trillions of individual organisms. The full collection of these microorganisms in a human body is known as the "human microbiome" (p. 59).SECTION: How Much of Who You Are Is Shaped by Biology, and HowMuch by Culture?

Anthropologists might BEST refute the idea that human culture is biologically determined by using which observation?

-All humans must eat, but eating habits vary across groups. -FEEDBACK: Differences in food preferences, preparation, and consumption suggest that the biological need for food does not predetermine human behavior toward it. As part of the "nature-nurture" debate, this example draws attention to the fact that culture cannot be considered a simple result of biological or genetic factors (p. 56).SECTION: How Much of Who You Are Is Shaped by Biology, and How Much by Culture?

What BEST describes the similarity between anthropology at its beginnings and anthropology today?

-Both involve moments of intense globalization. -FEEDBACK: Just as globalization was instrumental in anthropology's genesis by increasing our access to the diversity of the human species, globalization has also brought about many changes in the way anthropologists today understand human cultures. We no longer see cultural groups as distinct entities free from the influence of others, nor do we necessarily see cultural change resultant from contact with others as destructive. We understand that all human cultures today have been influenced by others (pp. 19-20).SECTION: What Is Globalization, and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?

Which statement is at the core of the American Anthropological Association's statement on ethics?

-Do no harm. -FEEDBACK: "Do no harm" asks anthropologists to consider whether their efforts to understand a culture might come at the expense of those we study. Techniques such as anonymity/confidentiality and informed consent are often used to ensure that our work does not harm our respondents. SECTION- What Moral and Ethical Concerns Guide Anthropologists in Their Research and Writing? / Do No Harm

Which of the following do anthropologists believe to be true?

-Few, if any, isolated groups have existed in human history. -FEEDBACK: Technological changes such as enhanced transportation and communication ability and the advent of global positioning systems (GPS) suggest that no human group is truly isolated today (p. 13). Moreover, most human groups are influenced by countless other cultures. Think about the number of global cultural influences present in contemporary music alone. Because of this, distinctions between "tribal" and "modern" tend to be difficult to discern in contemporary societies.SECTION: What Is Anthropology?

The Charlottesville protest in 2017 was a response to the removal of a statue of

-General Robert E. Lee. -FEEDBACK: Although communities have demanded the removal of all of these statues, the Charlottesville protest was a reaction against the proposed removal of a statue of General Robert E. Lee. The white supremacist protesters demanded that the statue remain as is. Counter-protesters suffered injury and death (pp. 149-150).SECTION: Introduction

Which statement about African American English is correct?

-It is sophisticated and organized. -FEEDBACK: "African American English is not an ungrammatical jumble but a sophisticated linguistic system with clear rules and patterns" (p. 129).SECTION: How Do Systems of Power Intersect with Language and Communication?

You spend most weekends engaged in participant observation of ritual feasting and dancing in your study community. What is the best way to record your observations so you can analyze the cultural significance of these gatherings?

-Keep detailed field notes after each celebration and compare your observations. -FEEDBACK: Participant observation in a community is best recorded using field notes, wherein the anthropologist writes about what she sees in as much detail as possible in order to identify trends, patterns, and changes across time. Sharing data through social networking platforms may violate participant confidentiality or anonymity, while the kinship analysis and food survey would provide only partial information. SECTION- How Do Anthropologists Get Started Conducting Fieldwork? / Strategies

What is an effect of globalization on language around the world?

-Language loss is hastened. -FEEDBACK: Increased global interaction has meant that a language is lost, on average, every ten days as world dominant languages replace less widely used languages (p. 133). At the same time, transportation and data recording technologies allow us to preserve endangered languages more easily.SECTION: What Are the Effects of Globalization on Language?

What is suggested by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

-Languages have different grammars, which create different ways of thinking. -FEEDBACK: Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf posited the idea that different languages cause us to see and process the world in different ways (p. 116).SECTION: How Does Language Shape Our Ways of Thinking?

In addition to professional linguists and anthropologists, local communities are often involved in documenting, preserving, and revitalizing languages in danger of extinction. An example of one such effort involves the

-LiveAndTell Company. -FEEDBACK: LiveAndTell started an online digital platform in 2009 where Lakota speakers upload examples, images, and recordings of Lakota language to share with others (pp. 136-137). This way, the Lakota speaking community that is spread across the territory of the United States can preserve and continue learning and using their ancestral language. Do you know of other similar efforts?SECTION: What are the Effects of Globalization on Language?

What is the BEST example of a dialect?

-Miami English, spoken by people of Cuban descent in Florida -FEEDBACK: A dialect is a nonstandard variation of a language (p. 124). It generally exists in spoken, but not written form, and it is rarely used for official government, educational, or religious purposes, although speakers may choose to code switch at times.SECTION: How Do Systems of Power Intersect with Language and Communication?

Donald lives in Canada and is proficient in English and Canadian French. His French is good enough, in fact, that he applies and gets accepted to law school in Paris, France. Once there, however, his classmates and professors respond negatively to his Canadian French. Donald finds that he is having trouble gaining respect among his peers and instructors. What BEST explains Donald's experience?

-Parisian French is a kind of "prestige language" that helps open doors to opportunity. -FEEDBACK: A prestige language is "a particular language variation or way of speaking that is associated with wealth, success, education, and power" (p. 124).SECTION: How Do Systems of Power Intersect with Language and Communication?

Which of the following statements about early anthropological investigations is accurate?

-The roots of anthropological fieldwork lie in the globalization of the late 1800s. -FEEDBACK: Fieldwork emerged in the late 1800s as the interest in, and ability to study, global cultures grew. Many early anthropologists relied on the reports of others to form their theories and writings about human societies. These anthropologists who did not engage in fieldwork came to be known as "armchair anthropologists." SECTION- How Did the Practice of Fieldwork Develop?

During the Arab Spring uprisings of 2011, regular citizens across Middle Eastern countries took to the streets to protest policies and treatment by government officials. These public protests were an example of the exercise of which type of power?

-agency -FEEDBACK: Agency involves resisting or contesting established cultural norms, values, symbols, mental maps of reality, institutions, and structures of power. Regardless of how powerful these may be, humans always have the potential to push back or change them, and this potential is what anthropologists refer to as agency (p. 55).SECTION: How Are Culture and Power Related?

Scientists predict what change in global temperatures by the year 2100?

-an increase of 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit -FEEDBACK: Most scientists see global climate change as due partly to human intervention. For example, the burning of fossil fuels increases atmospheric greenhouse gases, which results in global warming (p. 28). How might humans continue to adjust in the face of warmer temperatures? How might these temperatures change the physical environment?SECTION: What Is Globalization, and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?

An archaeological team decides to hire a cultural anthropologist to interview villagers nearby the excavation site. This cultural anthropologist will work with locals to turn the site into an appealing and accessible tourism destination for visitors, thus providing a new source of income for the community. The cultural anthropologist's approach can BEST be described as

-applied. -FEEDBACK: More than half of anthropologists today work in various kinds of applied anthropology. This means they use anthropological methods and insights to solve problems and help make people's lives better (p. 9).SECTION: What Is Anthropology?

April is excited to see a display of arrowheads and other stone tools in a local museum. She wants to learn more about some of the tools. Which type of anthropologist should she contact?

-archaeologist -FEEDBACK: Archaeologists excavate and analyze material remains left behind by humans (p. 16).SECTION: Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?

Augusto is a farmer who encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human. Which type of anthropologist should he call?

-biological anthropologist -FEEDBACK: Biological anthropologists study human physical forms, past and present (p. 14).SECTION: Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?

Quality ethnographic writing should include which of the following perspectives?

-both emic and etic -FEEDBACK: The emic perspective seeks to understand how the people being studied by the anthropologist view the world. The etic perspective describes the anthropologist's take on local behavior and beliefs, facilitating cultural comparison. SECTION- How Do Anthropologists Get Started Conducting Fieldwork? / Analysis

The process of fieldwork alters the character of

-both the anthropologist and the study community. -FEEDBACK: The concept of mutual transformation refers to the fact that all fieldwork necessarily alters both the study community and the anthropologist. Openness to this mutual transformation leads to more successful fieldwork experiences. SECTION- How Do Anthropologists Get Started Conducting Fieldwork? / Skills and Perspectives

Claudia is frustrated because, having just arrived at her field site, she is having a hard time convincing people to sit down for an interview with her. To reassure her, it would be most appropriate to say, "Don't worry, you just haven't had enough time to

-build rapport." -FEEDBACK: Rapport is defined as "relationships of trust and familiarity with members of the community we study." Key informants are often helpful in establishing community rapport. SECTION: How Do Anthropologists Get Started Conducting Fieldwork? / Strategies-

Charles is interested in studying access to paved sidewalks, bike paths, and jogging trails as a means of encouraging fitness in his study community. As a first step in his research, he would most likely create a map of the community's

-built environment. -FEEDBACK: The built environment refers to "the intentionally designed features of human settlement, including buildings, transportation and public service infrastructure, and public spaces." SECTION: How Do Anthropologists Get Started Conducting Fieldwork? / Mapping

Dumbledore, a pet Doberman, barks three times every day when the mail carrier comes by the house. Which term is MOST applicable to the dog's communication?

-call system -FEEDBACK: Call systems are "sounds and gestures that are prompted by environmental stimuli" (p. 111). They do not constitute full languages, although they are very effective at communicating an animal's (or human's) state.SECTION: What Is Language and Where Does It Come From?

Nancy Scheper-Hughes is identified in the chapter as an engaged anthropologist. Which of the following challenges has she sought to address through her work in Brazil?

-child mortality -FEEDBACK: Scheper-Hughes studied causes of and reactions to what she calls "mortal selective neglect" of infants in Brazilian favelas. Her work has led to improvements in child mortality in the areas she has studied. SECTIONS- Introduction / Engaged Anthropology / How Are Fieldwork Strategies Changing in Response to Globalization?

The nineteenth-century theory of unilineal cultural evolution held that, of all the world's cultures, Western cultures were the most

-civilized. -FEEDBACK: Unilineal cultural evolution theorized that all societies progress from savagery, through barbarism, to civilization. This theory is no longer accepted but represents an early effort to categorize human societies. Not surprisingly, the inventors of this theory saw themselves as entirely civilized (p. 46)!SECTION: How Has the Culture Concept Developed in Anthropology?

Writing assignments in college courses give students opportunities to practice writing in an academic tone. This tone is considered a reflection of the prestige language in vogue in society at a given time. It is also very different from the language you'd use when conversing at a party or via text message. What term BEST describes your ability to navigate these different linguistic situations?

-code switching -FEEDBACK: Code switching is defined as "switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context" (p. 128).SECTION: How Do Systems of Power Intersect with Language and Communication?

Fatima lives in rural Morocco. Before her sister's wedding, she will decorate the bride's hands and feet with henna, a temporary dye used to make elaborate tattoos. She goes on YouTube and Instagram to study the latest henna designs from around the world and chooses a few that are stylish and modern but also traditional enough to satisfy their elders. Her research BEST represents what perspective?

-cosmopolitanism -FEEDBACK: Cosmopolitanism is one significant effect of globalization on culture. With the increasing availability of digital and social media worldwide, people's outlook broadens as they consider their place within a global, and not merely local, reality (p. 63).SECTION: How Is Globalization Transforming Culture?

A company is interested in building a new factory in Bolivia and wants to know how to ensure positive interactions between workers and management. Which type of anthropologist should the company contact?

-cultural anthropologist -FEEDBACK: Cultural anthropology is "the study of people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together" (p. 19). Cultural anthropologists can be found in many positions in and outside of academia, including the business sector, nonprofits, and government work.SECTION: Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?

When the French government banned the use of religious symbols in schools in 2004, it focused not merely on people's individual beliefs, but also sought to shape national society by creating new rules within an established

-cultural institution. -FEEDBACK: Cultural institutions include schools, medical and legal systems, media, and religious establishments, all of which promote ideas considered central to culture. These are key sites of enculturation and therefore are often the subjects of heated debate related to the values, norms, well-being, and future of society (pp. 50-51).SECTION: How Are Culture and Power Related?

In the United States, people drive on the right side of the road, whereas in Great Britain people drive on the left. This is an example of a difference in

-cultural norms. -FEEDBACK: Norms regulate behavior by establishing ideas about what is considered "normal" and appropriate behavior. Norms may be informal or formal. Driving norms, for example, are made into formal laws and enforced through policing and fines (p. 39).SECTION: What Is Culture?

The handshake as a form of greeting in the United States is an example of a

-cultural symbol. -FEEDBACK: The handshake itself is simply a behavior. Americans and others attach meaning to the handshake, however, thus making it a cultural symbol (p. 41).SECTION: What Is Culture?

Debates about privacy in post-September 11 American society are fundamentally debates about

-cultural values. -FEEDBACK: "Cultures promote and cultivate a core set of values--fundamental beliefs about what is important, what makes a good life, and what is true, right, and beautiful" (p. 40).SECTION: What Is Culture?

Anthropologists researching the unwritten Mexicano (or Nahuatl) languages of central Mexico have worked with native speakers for decades in order to compile a complete dictionary and grammar. To do this work, it is MOST likely that these anthropologists specialize in

-descriptive linguistics. -FEEDBACK: Descriptive linguistics is a specialization within the study of language and culture that focuses on documenting the vocabulary and grammatical systems of new or unwritten languages (p. 113). Having the skills of a descriptive linguist can be very helpful when learning any new language!SECTION: What Is Language and Where Does It Come From?

According to quantitative studies of gender-based language differences, men tend to interrupt women more often than the reverse. Men are also more likely to use speech acts such as contradictions and criticisms. Which of the following ideas do these findings BEST support?

-dominance model -FEEDBACK: The dominance model posits that language demonstrates and maintains gender-based power differentials in society (p. 122). Other sociolinguists prefer the difference model, which looks to childhood patterns of play and interaction as a source of gender-based differences in language.SECTION: How Do Systems of Power Intersect with Language and Communication?

Despite experiences of discrimination early on, Italians, Irish, and eastern European immigrants got incorporated into the category of "white" fairly quickly in the early twentieth century. One of the MAIN reasons for this had to do with

-economic incentives and government-sponsored programs. -FEEDBACK: U.S. government programs designed to help soldiers reintegrate into society after World War II created unique opportunities for immigrants to gain education, buy houses, and become part of the expanding middle class. These opportunities created opportunities for people of Eastern and Southern European background (as well as Irish) to in effect become white. Obstacles remained in place for many veterans of color, however (pp. 173-175).SECTION: How Is Race Constructed in the United States?

In Samoan villages, parents do not use "baby talk" with infants and expect children to run simple errands when needed. These practices are BEST described as part of the Samoan system of

-enculturation. -FEEDBACK: All humans begin learning culture from birth as we observe and interact with the world around us (p. 37).SECTION: What Is Culture?

Francisco returned from 18 months of fieldwork in Mongolia and is now writing the introduction to his new ethnography. By describing his language training, how long he spent doing research, and his prior experience as a Peace Corps volunteer, he is most likely striving to establish

-ethnographic authority. -FEEDBACK: When anthropologists write or create films or presentations based on their research, questions of authority and trust are paramount. What right do they have to share the information they have gathered or the conclusions they have drawn? These are issues that anthropologists strive to address early on by discussing their credentials, time engaged in research, and rapport with study participants. SECTION: How Do Anthropologists Write Ethnography?

Ana has started a project comparing ethnographic data about educational techniques in Lesotho to data about educational techniques in New York City. This process is known as

-ethnology. -FEEDBACK: Cultural anthropologists analyze and compare ethnographic data across cultures in a process called ethnology (p. 19).SECTION: Through What Lenses Do Anthropologists Gain a Comprehensive View of Human Cultures?

The Nazi regime used forms of material power such as political coercion and military brute force, but it also created generalized agreement among the German population about the "dangers" of Jews, Roma, and other groups. This type of societal agreement allowed the horrors of the Holocaust to take place and can BEST be described as

-hegemony. -FEEDBACK: Hegemony works at the level of ideas and beliefs. It is a form of power that might not require the threat of force but can often work alongside it or help legitimize its use. In this way, hegemony refers to a type of power that is exercised by the dominant group to protect its interests and position in society (p. 51).SECTION: How Are Culture and Power Related?

Researchers who have determined that English, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian evolved from an earlier language called Proto-Germanic are MOST likely specialists in which area of linguistics?

-historical linguistics -FEEDBACK: Historical linguists trace the origins of language and the human language continuum. They also explore how languages continue to evolve today (pp. 112-113).SECTION: What Is Language and Where Does It Come From?

Bedouin women living on the margins of society in Egypt are often illiterate but maintain rich traditions of oral poetry and song. Anthropologists point out that political and socioeconomic conditions, not a lack of interest in modern life, have shaped Bedouin women's current realities. This explanation is based on a perspective of

-historical particularism. -FEEDBACK: Historical particularism focuses on understanding the conditions that give rise to cultural beliefs, behaviors, practices, and traditions. Unlike unilineal cultural evolution, it does not see entire cultures as "primitive" or "civilized" but instead examines how a group's history, and circumstances outside the group itself, have influenced its present. Franz Boas was among the first to recognize the importance of cultural history in determining current belief and behavior (p. 46).SECTION: How Has the Culture Concept Changed in Anthropology?

What is an anthropologist MOST likely to study?

-how minority residents of a small town work together to resist discriminatory policies -FEEDBACK: Anthropologists often, though not always, study the lives of marginalized groups and the challenges they face in their local communities. They are far less likely to analyze economic, political, or psychological trends across entire nations or continents, although they acknowledge how these affect their participants' lives. As the textbook states, "To examine people's lives comprehensively, anthropologists consider the structures that empower and constrain those people, both locally and globally. At the same time, anthropologists seek to understand the 'agency' of local people; in other words, the central role of individuals and groups in determining their own lives, even in the face of overwhelming structures of power" (p. 12). They do not, however, study dinosaurs, despite this common misperception!SECTION: What Is Anthropology?

Former President Barack Obama had a white mother from Kansas and a black father from Kenya. His race is commonly described as African American or black. This is MOST closely an example of what concept?

-hypodescent -FEEDBACK: Cultures that practice hypodescent assign children of racially "mixed" unions to the group designated as subordinate (p. 169). SECTION: How Is Race Constructed in the United States?

The concept of race that most people are familiar with today emerged

-in the 1400s, with European colonial expansion. -FEEDBACK: As European colonial powers explored and took over territories in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas, they used the concept of race to classify and rank people. This was the birth of the modern, and very adaptable, notion of race, which often intersects with exclusionary attitudes toward culture or religion as well (p. 150).SECTION: Introduction

A hundred years ago in the United States, most college-age adults envisioned living and working near the town where they grew up. Today, many more college-age adults envision living and working in a location away from the town where they grew up. Which key dynamic of globalization BEST explains this phenomenon?

-increasing migration -FEEDBACK: Migration as a result of globalization can occur between countries or within a country. Enhanced communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization have made it possible to visit and communicate with family and friends from greater distances, therefore making it easier for individuals to pursue lives farther away from family and friends (pp. 21, 24).SECTION: What Is Globalization, and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?

Anthropologists are ethically bound to let those we study know why we are studying them, and to obtain their permission to do so. Which term summarizes this obligation?

-informed consent -FEEDBACK: Informed consent is a key means of protecting research subjects. Proper informed consent ensures that those we study are made aware of the purpose of our study, any risks involved, and any benefit to them. It also allows subjects the agency to determine whether they want to participate. SECTION: What Moral and Ethical Concerns Guide Anthropologists in Their Research and Writing? / Obtain Informed Consent

New York City public schools have been found to have highly disparate funding allocations, giving more money per student to schools in neighborhoods with mainly white students. This is BEST characterized as an example of

-institutional racism that perpetuates historic modes of discrimination. -FEEDBACK: Institutional racism is defined as "patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems." Through the funding structure, the New York City public schools are perpetuating the long-term effects of school segregation (pp. 182-183).SECTION: What Is Racism?

The idea of hypodescent (similar to the belief in racial difference on which it is based) can be said to be a "human construct" MOSTLY because

-it is based on ideology rather than on phenomena proved to exist in nature. -FEEDBACK: Hypodescent, similar to race, eugenics, and myriad other forms of racism, are all human or social constructs that cannot be biologically proven. They persist in part because they have come to form part of the hegemonic ideas that shape people's everyday thinking (p. 169).SECTION: How is Race Constructed in the United States?

If you were investigating why the thumbs-up and the "okay" hand signals used in North America are considered rude gestures in certain other parts of the world, you would be engaging in a comparative study of what?

-kinesics -FEEDBACK: "Kinesics, the study of the relationship between body movements and communication, explores all the facial expressions, gestures, and postures that convey messages with or without words" (p. 114).SECTION: What Is Language and Where Does It Come From?

In Spain, morning lasts from the time people get up until about 2:00 p.m., when they eat the main meal of the day. In the United States, morning lasts from the time people get up until about noon, when they eat lunch. This means that the concept of morning adapts to different

-mental maps of reality. -FEEDBACK: A mental map of reality divides aspects of reality into categories and assigns meaning to those categories. Time and people are often subject to categorization through mental maps of reality (p. 42). However, as the example illustrates, having a similar label for a category does not guarantee a similar meaning!SECTION: What Is Culture?

Emily, who was born in New Jersey to Korean parents, meets a group of students at her college freshman orientation. After she introduces herself as being from Newark, one of her peers says, "But where are you really from?" Their comment could be considered an example of

-microaggression -FEEDBACK: Microaggressions are "common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone's race, gender, sexual orientation, or religion" (p. 182). For people of immigrant heritage in the United States, microaggressions can take the form of "symbolic deportation," or implying that they do not really belong in the country. These interactions have been shown to produce negative cumulative psychological effects on their targets.SECTION: What Is Racism?

Andrew wants to understand the life experiences of people who farm organic coffee in the highlands of Guatemala and the people who sell and drink it at boutique coffee shops in Portland, Oregon. In order to conduct his project, he is MOST likely going to need to do

-multi-sited ethnography. -FEEDBACK: With the intensification of key dynamics related to globalization, anthropologists have had to adapt their research strategies. One way that they have done this is to conduct fieldwork in more than one place, using "multi-sited" research to understand how people are connected through migration, production, or communication (p. 29).SECTION: How Is Anthropology Changing Today?

Curtis wants to study how teachers in an urban elementary school feel about administrators such as the principal and superintendent. He wants to use a hidden camera in the teachers' lounge to capture teacher comments. This study would best be described as

-not ethical because there is no plan for obtaining informed consent. -FEEDBACK: Curtis's study would not be permissible as anthropological fieldwork because it fails to obtain informed consent from the participants. SECTION: What Moral and Ethical Concerns Guide Anthropologists in Their Research and Writing?

Carlos is an anthropologist who wants to learn more about American college student culture. He decides to enroll in a college, take classes, live in a dorm, and interact with students. This ethnographic technique is best known as

-participant observation. -FEEDBACK: Participant observation is a hallmark of ethnographic research wherein the anthropologist not only observes the lives of those he studies, but also actively participates in the cultural behaviors and rituals he observes. This participation affords an improved understanding of actions and their motivations. SECTION: The Professionalization of Social Scientific Data Gathering and Analysis

What can be seen by the naked eye?

-phenotype -FEEDBACK: Phenotype refers to "the way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form (both visible and invisible) as a result of the interaction of genotype with environmental factors, such as nutrition, disease, and stress." (p. 154). Genotype refers to inherited genetic factors that influence human traits. Lab testing is required to determine genotype.SECTION: Do Biologically Separate Races Exist?

What is an example of nativism?

-policies providing more social services to native-born citizens than to immigrants -FEEDBACK: Nativistic societies favor certain long-term inhabitants over new immigrants. Nativism continues to serve as a significant force behind immigration policy debates today (p. 173).SECTION: How is Race Constructed in the United States?

Rania has been doing ethnographic fieldwork with members of a Hmong-speaking community in Wisconsin who have helped her compose and revise interview questions. This collaboration is an example of what ethnographic technique?

-polyvocality -FEEDBACK: Today, anthropologists strive to include participants' voices in their writing and research processes, reflecting the collaborative nature of ethnographic fieldwork and a concern for transparency in how peoples and cultures are depicted to outside audiences. SECTION- How Do Anthropologists Write Ethnography?

To say that "there is no biological basis for race" can MOST accurately be restated as

-race involves ideas and observations separate from biology. -FEEDBACK: Racial classifications have highlighted factors such as observed skin color, geographic origin, and even clothing style. None of these link to consistent biological or genetic patterns. To conclude that "race does not exist," however, would erase the very real consequences of racial ideologies and racist actions that have sustained race as a divisive and discriminatory tool in various societies (pp. 151-152).SECTION: Introduction

Early European settlers to North America believed themselves to be intellectually superior to Native Americans, and thus destined to rule them. This is an example of

-racial ideology. -FEEDBACK: Racial ideology is defined as "a set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal" (p. 186). In short, racial ideology allows societal acceptance of racism.SECTION: What Is Racism?

Anthropological descriptions of cultural groups often include discussions of the role of the anthropologist herself in conducting the research. This provides important context to the reader and is a concept known as

-reflexivity. -FEEDBACK: Reflexivity is defined as "a critical self-examination of the role of the anthropologist and an awareness that who one is affects what one finds out." SECTION: The Professionalization of Social Scientific Data Gathering and Analysis

Concerned about the impacts of European settlement, Boas and his students rapidly gathered ethnographic material from Native American groups so that they could learn as much as possible about them. This type of study is known as

-salvage ethnography. -FEEDBACK: Salvage ethnography as an early form of fieldwork was utilized in response to concerns about Native American populations being devastated by the westward expansion of European settlers. These early projects led to anthropology's four-field approach. SECTION: Franz Boas: Fieldwork and the Four-Field Approach

Imagine that you decide to study your workplace as an anthropologist. In your final analysis, you describe the owner and founder as "the brain" of the organization, the manager as the "heart and lungs," and the employees as "the muscular system." You note that each of these "parts of the body" has to do its job and if not, it must be repaired or replaced for the business to keep working smoothly. Your anthropological perspective is BEST described as

-structural functionalism. -FEEDBACK: Structural functionalism was popular from 1920-1960, especially among British anthropologists. They purposefully ignored the influence of outside factors such as history and environment, focusing instead on how societal "structures," such as economy, religion, and politics, each played a "function" in maintaining group equilibrium. "These anthropologists viewed human societies as living organisms, and through fieldwork they sought to analyze each part of the 'body' " (p. 47).SECTION: How Has the Culture Concept Changed in Anthropology?

Imagine that you are driving in Taiwan. You arrive at a red, eight-sided sign. Even though you may not understand what is written on the sign, you know that it is telling you to stop. The sign itself is an example of a cultural

-symbol. -FEEDBACK: In essence, a symbol is something that stands for something else (p. 41). The eight-sided red stop sign is a nearly universal traffic symbol that people around the world understand simply by its shape, color, and location.SECTION: What Is Culture?

What is an example of colonialism?

-the control of one country over other territories -FEEDBACK: Examples of colonialism (p. 158) include British control over the American colonies prior to the American Revolution and Belgian control over Rwanda in the 1900s, leading to genocide in that country in 1994.SECTION: How Is Race Constructed Around the World?

In human history, culture has played an important role in the physical evolution of the human body. Which example BEST illustrates this?

-the development of stone tools -FEEDBACK: Contrary to what many may assume, cultural adaptations have had an evolutionary impact on human development. The development of hand axes and choppers 2.5 million years ago enabled human ancestors to include more meat in their diets and provide more protein for brain development (p. 59).SECTION: How Much of Who You Are Is Shaped by Biology, and How Much by Culture?-

When did anthropology arise as a scientific discipline?

-the mid-1800s -FEEDBACK: Anthropology arose in the mid-1800s (p. 8) as breakthroughs in transportation and communication led scholars to ask questions about similarities and differences between the humans they encountered.SECTION: What Is Anthropology?

The "invisible knapsack" is Peggy McIntosh's metaphor for

-the unearned and often unrecognized advantages held by white people. -FEEDBACK: In her article, "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack," Peggy McIntosh described the unearned advantages that white people share, even though many may not be aware of them. These advantages include going shopping without being followed or harassed by security; seeing people of your "race" widely represented in the news; not being asked to be a spokesperson for the entirety of your race; and even the ability to find bandages in your skin tone (p. 179).SECTION: How Is Race Constructed in the United States?

American gun culture is shaped by major economic, political, and social forces present in the United States. According to Clifford Geertz, the BEST way to study this culture is to use

-thick description. -FEEDBACK: According to Geertz, thick description allows the anthropologist to not only describe a cultural activity, but also analyze the layers of meaning surrounding it (pp. 48-49). As the chapter introduction discusses, gun culture is embedded in systems of meaning and action relating to gender, economics, race, and politics in the United States (p. 35).SECTION: Introduction and How Has the Culture Concept Changed in Anthropology?

How many racial categories did the 1850 U.S. Census make available?

-three -FEEDBACK: Compared with the 2010 census, the 1850 census had far fewer racial identity categories: White, Black, and Mulatto (p. 170). Respondents weren't allowed to mark their own answers either. Instead, census takers determined race based on appearance. Why might this have been problematic?SECTION: How Is Race Constructed in the United States?

Which key dynamic of globalization is at work when Andre sends a text message and becomes concerned when he does not receive an immediate response?

-time-space compression -FEEDBACK: Time-space compression is a theory that considers the role of new communication and transportation technologies in speeding up our senses of time and place. Rapid communication and global travel are key components of globalization (p. 20).SECTION: What Is Globalization, and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?

What research idea BEST represents one that might deal with epigenetics?

-tracking the long-term effects of radiation exposure on infants living near the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident -FEEDBACK: Epigenetics deals with understanding how the environment into which a person is born affects the expression of genes that they pass on to the next generation. In other words, epigenetics is concerned with how cultural issues, such as nutrition, stress, disease, social inequality, or migration, may shape personal or group genetics. Anthropologists increasingly draw on epigenetics to illuminate connections between culture and biology (p. 58).SECTION: How Much of Who You Are Is Shaped by Biology, and How Much by Culture?

Increasingly, anthropologists and activists are drawing attention to whiteness in examining race and racism. By referring to whiteness as an "unmarked category" they MOST likely mean that it has been

-treated as a default identity against which other groups are measured. -FEEDBACK: "Popular conversations about race and racism tend to focus on the experiences of people of color. Whiteness is typically ignored, perhaps taken for granted. But analyzing race in the United States requires a careful look at whiteness. Anthropologists refer to 'white' as an unmarked category, one with tremendous power but that typically defies analysis and is rarely discussed" (p. 179).SECTION: How Is Race Constructed in the United States?

A hydroelectric dam is built in Haiti to provide electric power to those who can afford it. The Haitian citizens who had lived in the valley where the dam is built are relocated to a mountainous location where it is very difficult for them to make a good enough living to afford electricity. Which key dynamic of globalization does this story BEST illustrate?

-uneven development -FEEDBACK: While globalization has been beneficial to many people, those benefits have not been equally spread throughout the human population. Some of the benefits of globalization have come at the expense of others. Uneven development is the key dynamic of globalization that refers to this concept (p. 24).SECTION: What Is Globalization, and Why Is It Important for Anthropology?

What is an effect of coltan mining in Congo?

-violent conflict in Congo -FEEDBACK: Coltan is "essential for storing and conducting electricity in nearly every digital device sold around the world. Eighty percent of the world's coltan supply is mined in the Congo" (p. 5). The sourcing of coltan in Congo makes digital technology possible, but has also brought war and inhumane working conditions to the Congolese.SECTION: Introduction

During fieldwork, conversational pauses or things unsaid by respondents can convey important meaning. Which term is used in your chapter to describe these elements of a story that are not told or seen, or key details omitted from a conversation?

-zeros -FEEDBACK: Identifying zeros can be just as important to ethnographic interpretation as can listening to spoken words. SECTION- How Do Anthropologists Get Started Conducting Fieldwork? / Skills and Perspectives