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Central nervous system

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Chinease physicians

4000 years ago noted that physical illness often followed espisodoes of frustration. Egyptians prescribed good cheer and potimistic attitude

Lymphocytes

A class of white blood cells that consist of small and large lymphocytes. The small lymphocytes bear variable cell-surface receptors for antigen and are responsible for adaptive immune responses. There are two main classes of small lymphocyte—B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Large granular lymphocytes are natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity.

stress

A nonspecific response of the body to any demand, a force which induces distress or strain upon both the emotional and physical makeup, any challenge to homeostasis, a biological/biochemical process that begins in the brain and spreads through the nervous system, causing hormone release and eventually exerting an effect on the immune system. types of stress physical related to environmental pollution, constant noise, injury, infection, excess exercise, phychological way of reacting toward anything that is threatening us, real or imagined, psychosocial interpersonal relationships.conflics or lack thereof

immune system

A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response

Phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes

Hypothalamus

Activates the brains communication with the rest of the body Releases neurohormones ( catecholamines, corticosteroids, endorphins) that bind withreceptorson lymphocytes thereby alatering the immune response and suppresses NK cells. endorphins, natural lpain killers, depleted with chronic stress, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) initially provides energy but with chronic stimulus suppresses immune response

ACC

Anterior cingulated cortex pain center of brain directly influenced by emotions, ex, person with a broken heart feels significant pain in the chest area

Antigens

Anything recognized by a T or B lymphocyte. Anything the stimulates an immune response.

peptides

Chains of amino acids that can function as neurotransmitters or hormones

Three areas of research

Chapt 1 pg 6

Candace Pert

Discovered that receptors for neuropeptides existed on cell walls on both the brain and the immune system demonstrating the close association between the brain and immunity

Cytokines

Division of the cytoplasm during cell division. The brain and the immune system both produce cytokines which alert the other system of a potential threat. i.e. dear brain perceives a threat or infection, immune system perceives a threat. The mind and its emotions, therefore, impact immunity.

Researchers

Dr. Robert Ader, Candace Pert, David Felten, Dr, Dean Ornish, Norman Cousins (wk 1 lecture Immunity and Stress

J. Edwin Blalock allowing them to influence each other

First branch of research - immune and the endocrine system shared both mediators and receptors

500 B.C.

Hippocrates counseled that curing a patient required knowlege of the whole body and mind

600 A.D.

In India, the Astangahrandaya Sustrasthan demonstrated a strong relationship between mental state and disease

Immune system

Is not autonomous and does not regulate itself. Pg 5

Endorhins

NATURAL BODY SUBSTANCE SIMILAR TO MORPHINE

Dr. Candace Pert

Pionnered neuropeptie research

Rene Descartes

Rene Descartes hypothesized that there were two separate substances in the world Matter which behaved according to physical laws (body) and Spirit which was dimensionless and immaterial (mind) 1600;s

David Bohm

Reptitive nature of thought could alter brain chemistry then it loops back and continues to impact various cells

Corticosteriods

Steroid anti-inflammatory used for pain relie

Mind and longevity

Swedish study showed centarians were more responsible capable relaxed easy going emotionally stable and less prone to anxiety.

Two way communication system

The immune system is mobilized and cytokines send signals to the CNS and the brain. At the same time the brain produces it own cytokines, signaling the CNS and immune system to start the release of powerful brain chemicals that let us know we are sick.

Arthritis

Try very hard to be nice to people, anger suppression, inner turmoil, excessibely conscientious, fearful of criticism, frequently depressed, battling poor self esteem

Serotonin

a neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep,arousal,and mood. appears in lower than normal levels in depressed persons

helper T cells

activate b cells or t cells

Acute triggers

acute stress, outbursts of anger or sadness disrupt immune function

Catecholamines

adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine with roles as hormones and neurotranmitters, leads to problems like hypertension and other diseases

changes in brain/spinal cord

affect immune systems function goes both

Cytotoxic T cell

aka killer T cells first to recognize threat other body cells are infected recognize specific antigens. Complicated and requires co stimulator cytokines. Much research in this area perhaps cytokines are enzymes ?

non specific defenses

barriers, skin, mucous membranes, secretions, tears, saliva, mucus, body processes, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

granular

basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

Natural Killer

bodies surveillance against tumor cells

neuropeptides

body chemicals that act directly on the nervous system 70 + endorphins, enkephalins, glucocorticoids, adrenaline. allow communication between the brain, immune system and endocrine system. Influence cellular development, growth, immunity, recruitment of cytokines, inflammation and tissue repair. intercellular messengers found in nervous system, gi tract and pancreas. Dr. Canace Pert (neurophrmacologist) pioneered the research.

immune function

can be altered by psychoactive drugs , alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, herion, nicotine

Immune response

can be trained

Dental cavities

chronic stress increases the level of bacteria in saliva (that would be decreasing the immunoglobulins normally found in saliva )

Dr. Israel Rosenfield

connections between nerve cells and constantly being changed based upon our experiences. Recategorize our memories/learned behavior depending on situation, constantly reshape what enters our brain assign new meaning to it.

lymphatic system organs

contain nerve endings

mucosal/local immunity

defense proteins (antibodies) produced in tissues underlying the linings of the digestive and respitory tracts

neurotransmitters

direct transfer of signals from one cell to another through the receiptors

nonspecific immune defenses

do not target a specific pathogen . phagocytes, cells that engulf/consume invaders, interferons proteins secreted by infected cels that limit the harmful effectsof viruses, inflammortory response redness warmth swellling.

infectious disease

ex, herpes, simplex virus, fever blisters/cold sores

Macrophages

firs on the scene during an infection, circulate in tissue, scavengers that engulf and digest invading icroorganizms, work with monocytes circulate in blood, secrete monokines,immune system directors, create protein molecules called proinflammatory cytokines, interferon gamma, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha, fight viruses, tumors and other threats.

Dr. G F. Solomon

first referred to psychoneuroimmunology in emotions, immunity and disease

Brain

focal lpoint of organization, contains by weight 90% of the CNS, brain extends via the spinal cord, contained in the bone, skull and spinal vertebrae, nerves branch out sensory and motor, composed of nerve cells and nerve fiber. gray matter (nerve cells) white matter ( myelinated nerve cells and nerve fibers) spinal nerves, all nerves that supply the rest of the body

Leonard Derogatis

found that breast cancer patients who showed little emotion had a higher death rate

Claude Bernard

found that making a lesion in or close to the hypothalamus, he could produce diabetes in a normal animal indicates link between stress, anxiety and diabetes

Eustress

good stress promotes productivity, facilitates our efforts, exhilarating

T cells

have receptors for hormones and neurtransmitters

Religion and spirituality

help people cope with stress, 78% of Americans and 90% of older adults felt comfort and support from it. gave greater life satisfaction, happiness, well being, optimisms and hope. religious involvement showed a decreased rate of high rishky behaviors like cigarette smoking, alcoholism drug use and risky sexual activitiy, drinking wile driving and failure to use seatbelts.

Anamnestic response

helps recall invaders previously encountered triggers special memory cells, result of actively acquired immunity i.e.natural infection or vaccination

Psychoneuroimmunology

how brain affects the body's immune cells and how theimmune system can be affected by behavior psychosicial factor, central nervous system, immune system, disease

Dr. Robert Koch

identified that germs caused anthrax in sheep. Theorized that there was one germ for each disease.

Dr. Hans Selye

identified the fight/flight response to stress. Defined stress as a nonspecific response of the body to any demand

thymus

imm cell prodution

lymph nodes

imm cell storage

100 A.D to 200 A.D.

in Greece, Galen observed that melancholic women tended to develop breast cancer

Three areas of research

interation between the nervous system, immune system and neuroendrocine system, Psychosocial components that influence immunity and their effects on health/disease. Influence of immunity on phychological disorders and behavior.

behavorial medicine

interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavorial and biomedcal knowledge to promote health and reduce illness

prospective cohort study

is a cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome

CNS

linked to both the bone marrow and thymus and splen & lymph nodes

thymus gland

located behind stemum, develops t cell lmphocytes

Limbic system

loose network of lower brain structures and pathways which produce emotions, physical responses accompany the emotion

agranular

lymphocytes andmonocytes, Tcell, B cell, NK cell

Antibody mediated immunity

lymphocytes produce antibodies, that travel to target and neutralize specific pathogen

Dr. Rudolf Virchow

maintained that the while germs contributed so did environment , heredity, nutrition, phyhological, state, pre exising health and s tress

Pregnancy related problems

major emotional setbacks, particularly in the third trimester can result in premature delivery and low birth weight

Functions of the brain

masterminds nerve impulses, sends info to various parts of the body, controls voluntary processes, direction of movement, strength, coordination of muscle movements, controls perception through smell, touch , sight, hearing, taste. controls automatic, vital functions, breathing, heart rate, digestion, bowels, bladder, blood pressure, release of hormones, cognitive center of body, generation of ideas, memory storage (hippocampus) emotions experienced and originated

B cells

mature in bone marrow "B" produce defensice proteins called antibodies, facilitate cell mediated immunity.

Allergies and asthma

most common antibody produced in an allergy is immunoglobuline E (IgE), Stress increases the level of IgE, Asthma stressors are feelings of frustration and conflict.

Chronic Pain and Emotion-Immunity connection

most significant improvement with mind body treatments. Prolonged tense muscles + pain, they are more susceptible to injury

NK cells

natural killer cells, destroy other cells without being stimulated by a specific antigen, hunt down cancer cells.

Chronic factors

negative personalty traits linked to illness

Antigens

pathogen produces proteins called non - self antogens

Cell mediated immunity

phagocytes engulf/partially digest pathogens, then T cells destroy both the phagocyte and pathogen. Macrophages engulf and partially digest retaining the nonself antigens that alert T cells to destroy.

Reseptors

proteins with 3D folding patterns that provide a site where cells of all types receive most of their information about their surroundings.

old age stressors

reduced income, progressive loneliness, death of friends and family and being forsaken by children, isolation being placed in nursing homes, poor declining health, loss of mobility, physical disability, perception of uselessness

glucocorticoids

regulate mood, sexual behavior, sleep and food intake

enkphalins

regulate pain relief

adrenaline

regulates fear

Retirement

research shows that retirement, loss of an active role in society, bereavement and depression increase stress and that weakens the immune system, not old age.

lymphocytes

respond to and produce hormones and neuro transmitters. specilized WB's concentrate in lymph, store in white pulp of spleen

Cells

routinely cells of the body degrade internal cellular proteins (deteriorates, incorrectly folded, normal cell metabolism broken into short peptides which eventually appear on the cell surface.

Thyroid hormones

secreted by the thyroid gland and reglates body metabolism and growth. either of the two hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyroine.

immune cells

send signals to the CNS via hormones

suppresor t cells

shut down immune system when no longer needed

Ligand

signaling molecule that fits into the receptor site and influences the behavior of the cells

Organs

subservient to the brain. they will sacrifice themselvves to keep the brain alive

endorphins

supply pain relief and happiness, natural, morphinelike chemicals, natural lpain killer, produce a sense of calm, happiness well being, gather in the amygdala pleasure center. sweets trigger the most endorphins. Bind to natural killer cells decreasing their ability to search and destroy invadors.

lymphatic system

system of vessels transporting lymph fluid throughout body. lymph nodes filter lymph fluid contain phagocytes and lymphocytes develop in bone marrow

components of pscho0neuroimmunology

the brain, emmotions produced by the brain, chemical produced bythe brain, the immune system, defense against infection, lymphocytes, (wk 1 lecture)

Criticisms of mind - body medicine

the complexity of the immune system contributes to complex studies designed to unravel it. The ccomplexity of conducting research involves biohehavioral systems, endocrine, measures, immune indicators and health outcomes. Many times it is difficult to isolate these components from each other . many parts to consider when designing a study or interpreting one.

emmotions

trigger the release of hormones adrenaline, noradrenaline, endorphins, glucocorticoids, prolactin, growth hormone

spleen

two sectkons, white pulp stores lymphcytes, red pulp filters and strores blood

Stress

weakens the immune system for one day whereas pleasurable events enhance the immune system for three days.

Leukocydtes

white blood cells WBC agranular and granular

Dr. Robert Ader's

work provided a foundation for the field of mind body research