mind body health COPY, Chapter 13- Marriage and family + Readings COPY, Health Test Chapter 11 COPY, Chapter 11 - Relationships and Health COPY, Chapter 11: Relationships and Health COPY, Faith, Spirituality and Religion (CH.14) COPY, Marriage/ Famil...
Central nervous system
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Chinease physicians
4000 years ago noted that physical illness often followed espisodoes of frustration. Egyptians prescribed good cheer and potimistic attitude
Lymphocytes
A class of white blood cells that consist of small and large lymphocytes. The small lymphocytes bear variable cell-surface receptors for antigen and are responsible for adaptive immune responses. There are two main classes of small lymphocyte—B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Large granular lymphocytes are natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity.
stress
A nonspecific response of the body to any demand, a force which induces distress or strain upon both the emotional and physical makeup, any challenge to homeostasis, a biological/biochemical process that begins in the brain and spreads through the nervous system, causing hormone release and eventually exerting an effect on the immune system. types of stress physical related to environmental pollution, constant noise, injury, infection, excess exercise, phychological way of reacting toward anything that is threatening us, real or imagined, psychosocial interpersonal relationships.conflics or lack thereof
immune system
A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response
Phagocytes
A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes
Hypothalamus
Activates the brains communication with the rest of the body Releases neurohormones ( catecholamines, corticosteroids, endorphins) that bind withreceptorson lymphocytes thereby alatering the immune response and suppresses NK cells. endorphins, natural lpain killers, depleted with chronic stress, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) initially provides energy but with chronic stimulus suppresses immune response
ACC
Anterior cingulated cortex pain center of brain directly influenced by emotions, ex, person with a broken heart feels significant pain in the chest area
Antigens
Anything recognized by a T or B lymphocyte. Anything the stimulates an immune response.
peptides
Chains of amino acids that can function as neurotransmitters or hormones
Three areas of research
Chapt 1 pg 6
Candace Pert
Discovered that receptors for neuropeptides existed on cell walls on both the brain and the immune system demonstrating the close association between the brain and immunity
Cytokines
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division. The brain and the immune system both produce cytokines which alert the other system of a potential threat. i.e. dear brain perceives a threat or infection, immune system perceives a threat. The mind and its emotions, therefore, impact immunity.
Researchers
Dr. Robert Ader, Candace Pert, David Felten, Dr, Dean Ornish, Norman Cousins (wk 1 lecture Immunity and Stress
J. Edwin Blalock allowing them to influence each other
First branch of research - immune and the endocrine system shared both mediators and receptors
500 B.C.
Hippocrates counseled that curing a patient required knowlege of the whole body and mind
600 A.D.
In India, the Astangahrandaya Sustrasthan demonstrated a strong relationship between mental state and disease
Immune system
Is not autonomous and does not regulate itself. Pg 5
Endorhins
NATURAL BODY SUBSTANCE SIMILAR TO MORPHINE
Dr. Candace Pert
Pionnered neuropeptie research
Rene Descartes
Rene Descartes hypothesized that there were two separate substances in the world Matter which behaved according to physical laws (body) and Spirit which was dimensionless and immaterial (mind) 1600;s
David Bohm
Reptitive nature of thought could alter brain chemistry then it loops back and continues to impact various cells
Corticosteriods
Steroid anti-inflammatory used for pain relie
Mind and longevity
Swedish study showed centarians were more responsible capable relaxed easy going emotionally stable and less prone to anxiety.
Two way communication system
The immune system is mobilized and cytokines send signals to the CNS and the brain. At the same time the brain produces it own cytokines, signaling the CNS and immune system to start the release of powerful brain chemicals that let us know we are sick.
Arthritis
Try very hard to be nice to people, anger suppression, inner turmoil, excessibely conscientious, fearful of criticism, frequently depressed, battling poor self esteem
Serotonin
a neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep,arousal,and mood. appears in lower than normal levels in depressed persons
helper T cells
activate b cells or t cells
Acute triggers
acute stress, outbursts of anger or sadness disrupt immune function
Catecholamines
adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine with roles as hormones and neurotranmitters, leads to problems like hypertension and other diseases
changes in brain/spinal cord
affect immune systems function goes both
Cytotoxic T cell
aka killer T cells first to recognize threat other body cells are infected recognize specific antigens. Complicated and requires co stimulator cytokines. Much research in this area perhaps cytokines are enzymes ?
non specific defenses
barriers, skin, mucous membranes, secretions, tears, saliva, mucus, body processes, coughing, sneezing, vomiting
granular
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
Natural Killer
bodies surveillance against tumor cells
neuropeptides
body chemicals that act directly on the nervous system 70 + endorphins, enkephalins, glucocorticoids, adrenaline. allow communication between the brain, immune system and endocrine system. Influence cellular development, growth, immunity, recruitment of cytokines, inflammation and tissue repair. intercellular messengers found in nervous system, gi tract and pancreas. Dr. Canace Pert (neurophrmacologist) pioneered the research.
immune function
can be altered by psychoactive drugs , alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, herion, nicotine
Immune response
can be trained
Dental cavities
chronic stress increases the level of bacteria in saliva (that would be decreasing the immunoglobulins normally found in saliva )
Dr. Israel Rosenfield
connections between nerve cells and constantly being changed based upon our experiences. Recategorize our memories/learned behavior depending on situation, constantly reshape what enters our brain assign new meaning to it.
lymphatic system organs
contain nerve endings
mucosal/local immunity
defense proteins (antibodies) produced in tissues underlying the linings of the digestive and respitory tracts
neurotransmitters
direct transfer of signals from one cell to another through the receiptors
nonspecific immune defenses
do not target a specific pathogen . phagocytes, cells that engulf/consume invaders, interferons proteins secreted by infected cels that limit the harmful effectsof viruses, inflammortory response redness warmth swellling.
infectious disease
ex, herpes, simplex virus, fever blisters/cold sores
Macrophages
firs on the scene during an infection, circulate in tissue, scavengers that engulf and digest invading icroorganizms, work with monocytes circulate in blood, secrete monokines,immune system directors, create protein molecules called proinflammatory cytokines, interferon gamma, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha, fight viruses, tumors and other threats.
Dr. G F. Solomon
first referred to psychoneuroimmunology in emotions, immunity and disease
Brain
focal lpoint of organization, contains by weight 90% of the CNS, brain extends via the spinal cord, contained in the bone, skull and spinal vertebrae, nerves branch out sensory and motor, composed of nerve cells and nerve fiber. gray matter (nerve cells) white matter ( myelinated nerve cells and nerve fibers) spinal nerves, all nerves that supply the rest of the body
Leonard Derogatis
found that breast cancer patients who showed little emotion had a higher death rate
Claude Bernard
found that making a lesion in or close to the hypothalamus, he could produce diabetes in a normal animal indicates link between stress, anxiety and diabetes
Eustress
good stress promotes productivity, facilitates our efforts, exhilarating
T cells
have receptors for hormones and neurtransmitters
Religion and spirituality
help people cope with stress, 78% of Americans and 90% of older adults felt comfort and support from it. gave greater life satisfaction, happiness, well being, optimisms and hope. religious involvement showed a decreased rate of high rishky behaviors like cigarette smoking, alcoholism drug use and risky sexual activitiy, drinking wile driving and failure to use seatbelts.
Anamnestic response
helps recall invaders previously encountered triggers special memory cells, result of actively acquired immunity i.e.natural infection or vaccination
Psychoneuroimmunology
how brain affects the body's immune cells and how theimmune system can be affected by behavior psychosicial factor, central nervous system, immune system, disease
Dr. Robert Koch
identified that germs caused anthrax in sheep. Theorized that there was one germ for each disease.
Dr. Hans Selye
identified the fight/flight response to stress. Defined stress as a nonspecific response of the body to any demand
thymus
imm cell prodution
lymph nodes
imm cell storage
100 A.D to 200 A.D.
in Greece, Galen observed that melancholic women tended to develop breast cancer
Three areas of research
interation between the nervous system, immune system and neuroendrocine system, Psychosocial components that influence immunity and their effects on health/disease. Influence of immunity on phychological disorders and behavior.
behavorial medicine
interdisciplinary field that focuses on developing and integrating behavorial and biomedcal knowledge to promote health and reduce illness
prospective cohort study
is a cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals (cohorts) who differ with respect to certain factors under study, to determine how these factors affect rates of a certain outcome
CNS
linked to both the bone marrow and thymus and splen & lymph nodes
thymus gland
located behind stemum, develops t cell lmphocytes
Limbic system
loose network of lower brain structures and pathways which produce emotions, physical responses accompany the emotion
agranular
lymphocytes andmonocytes, Tcell, B cell, NK cell
Antibody mediated immunity
lymphocytes produce antibodies, that travel to target and neutralize specific pathogen
Dr. Rudolf Virchow
maintained that the while germs contributed so did environment , heredity, nutrition, phyhological, state, pre exising health and s tress
Pregnancy related problems
major emotional setbacks, particularly in the third trimester can result in premature delivery and low birth weight
Functions of the brain
masterminds nerve impulses, sends info to various parts of the body, controls voluntary processes, direction of movement, strength, coordination of muscle movements, controls perception through smell, touch , sight, hearing, taste. controls automatic, vital functions, breathing, heart rate, digestion, bowels, bladder, blood pressure, release of hormones, cognitive center of body, generation of ideas, memory storage (hippocampus) emotions experienced and originated
B cells
mature in bone marrow "B" produce defensice proteins called antibodies, facilitate cell mediated immunity.
Allergies and asthma
most common antibody produced in an allergy is immunoglobuline E (IgE), Stress increases the level of IgE, Asthma stressors are feelings of frustration and conflict.
Chronic Pain and Emotion-Immunity connection
most significant improvement with mind body treatments. Prolonged tense muscles + pain, they are more susceptible to injury
NK cells
natural killer cells, destroy other cells without being stimulated by a specific antigen, hunt down cancer cells.
Chronic factors
negative personalty traits linked to illness
Antigens
pathogen produces proteins called non - self antogens
Cell mediated immunity
phagocytes engulf/partially digest pathogens, then T cells destroy both the phagocyte and pathogen. Macrophages engulf and partially digest retaining the nonself antigens that alert T cells to destroy.
Reseptors
proteins with 3D folding patterns that provide a site where cells of all types receive most of their information about their surroundings.
old age stressors
reduced income, progressive loneliness, death of friends and family and being forsaken by children, isolation being placed in nursing homes, poor declining health, loss of mobility, physical disability, perception of uselessness
glucocorticoids
regulate mood, sexual behavior, sleep and food intake
enkphalins
regulate pain relief
adrenaline
regulates fear
Retirement
research shows that retirement, loss of an active role in society, bereavement and depression increase stress and that weakens the immune system, not old age.
lymphocytes
respond to and produce hormones and neuro transmitters. specilized WB's concentrate in lymph, store in white pulp of spleen
Cells
routinely cells of the body degrade internal cellular proteins (deteriorates, incorrectly folded, normal cell metabolism broken into short peptides which eventually appear on the cell surface.
Thyroid hormones
secreted by the thyroid gland and reglates body metabolism and growth. either of the two hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyroine.
immune cells
send signals to the CNS via hormones
suppresor t cells
shut down immune system when no longer needed
Ligand
signaling molecule that fits into the receptor site and influences the behavior of the cells
Organs
subservient to the brain. they will sacrifice themselvves to keep the brain alive
endorphins
supply pain relief and happiness, natural, morphinelike chemicals, natural lpain killer, produce a sense of calm, happiness well being, gather in the amygdala pleasure center. sweets trigger the most endorphins. Bind to natural killer cells decreasing their ability to search and destroy invadors.
lymphatic system
system of vessels transporting lymph fluid throughout body. lymph nodes filter lymph fluid contain phagocytes and lymphocytes develop in bone marrow
components of pscho0neuroimmunology
the brain, emmotions produced by the brain, chemical produced bythe brain, the immune system, defense against infection, lymphocytes, (wk 1 lecture)
Criticisms of mind - body medicine
the complexity of the immune system contributes to complex studies designed to unravel it. The ccomplexity of conducting research involves biohehavioral systems, endocrine, measures, immune indicators and health outcomes. Many times it is difficult to isolate these components from each other . many parts to consider when designing a study or interpreting one.
emmotions
trigger the release of hormones adrenaline, noradrenaline, endorphins, glucocorticoids, prolactin, growth hormone
spleen
two sectkons, white pulp stores lymphcytes, red pulp filters and strores blood
Stress
weakens the immune system for one day whereas pleasurable events enhance the immune system for three days.
Leukocydtes
white blood cells WBC agranular and granular
Dr. Robert Ader's
work provided a foundation for the field of mind body research