ACU Psyc 241 Exam 2

The Stroop effect demonstrates

How automatic processing can interfere with intended processing

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for _____ memories.

remote

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

retrieval cues

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

schema

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

The primary effect of chunking is to

stretch the capacity of STM.

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

B.F. Skinner and Behaviorism

(nurture) language development is based on familiar learning principles such as association, imitation, and reinforcement

The multiple-choice question is an example of a ________ test.

recognition

Episodic Buffer

A component added to Baddeley's original working memory model that serves as a "backup" store that communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory. (It holds information longer and has greater capacity than the phonological loop or visuospatial sketch pad.)

generate-and-test technique

A problem-solving strategy in which the solver enumerates (generates) possible solutions and then tries each to see if it constitutes a solution.

How to study effectively: Elaborate

A process that helps transfer the material you are reading into LTM. EX: Thinking about what you are reading and giving it meaning by relating it to other things that you already know.

Be able recognize properties of language

A system of communication using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio

Flashbulb Memory

An important cultural event that people tend to remember because of an emotional reaction (i.e. 9/11, Pearl Harbor)

Chunk

Any meaningful unit; digits, words, positions, or people's faces.

Know how chunking can improve STM.

Chunking increases the number of digits that can be remembered through repetition by grouping multiple digits together to form a single chunk.

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?

Classical Conditioning

Know the relationship between classical conditioning and implicit memory

Classical conditioning can create implicit (not conscious) memories Sensitization and habituation

Know what George Miller contributed to STM

He wrote a book about how most people can hold 7 +/- 2 (5-9) chunks of information in their short term memory.

Effortful Recall

Effortful recall is simply increasing the difficulty surrounding new information one seeks to learn. This forces the brain to reconstruct schemas and previously processed information, engraving it deeper in memory. A simple example of this is using fill-in-the-blank flash cards when studying for a test, and as you go, removing more and more words from the card so that you not only have to memorize the answer, but the words surrounding it as well.

Know what episodic memory is

Episodic Memory- memory for personal events; involves mental time travel; no guarantee of accuracy

Distinguish episodic and semantic memory

Episodic memories involve personal events while semantic involves facts

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Explicit vs. Implicit memories

Explicit are conscious ("I explicitly remember what happened.") while implicit memories are not conscious (conditioning, priming).

Be able to identify a semantic memory.

General knowledge and facts

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

_______ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit

Know the defining characteristics of implicit memory

Implicit memory is not conscious and includes procedures Repetition Priming- presentation of one stimulus affects performance on that stimulus when it is presented again

Your text describes that an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

Know the difficulties of having short term memory problems.

It becomes difficult to remember recent events.

Know how the central executive is involved in working memory.

It is involved in listening recall and backwards digit span (how many digits a person can remember).

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Know the emphasis of working memory.

Its emphasis is the functional role in complex cognition/ how information is perceived.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Be able to name learning activities working memory is involved in.

Language and listening comprehension, following directions, learning vocabulary, note taking, reasoning and complex learning

Property of Language: Complexity

Language consists of a series of small components that can be combined to form larger units. For example, words can be combined to create phrases, which in turn can create sentences, which themselves can become components of a story.

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

Observable behavior

Know what persistence of vision is.

Persistence of Vision: retention of the perception of light Caused by iconic memory

Describe how personal significance can make semantic memories easier to remember

Personal significance can make semantic memories easier to remember because you're tying together facts with personal experiences

Know the structure components of memory

Phonological Loop Central Executive Visuospatial Sketchpad Episodic Buffer

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has ____ memory.

Poor short-term

Know what difference between procedural, semantic, and working

Procedural- memory of actions and procedures; not consciously aware of how to do them Semantic- memory of general knowledge and facts Working- the part of short-term memory that is concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is more likely to ____

Produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce long term memories.

Randomization

Rather than learning new bits of information or skills systematically, one should learn them in random orders rather than straightforward ones. An excellent example of this comes from baseball. When hitters practice hitting different types of pitches in numbered sets, they do not learn as well as those who practice hitting them with no particular order assigned to them.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

Relaxed

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

Repeating it over and over

Know what Repetition Priming is

Repetition Priming- presentation of one stimulus affects performance on that stimulus when it is presented again

When does priming occur?

Repetition priming occurs when a stimulus and response are repeatedly paired.

_________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

Information remains in sensory memory for

Seconds or a fraction of a second

Know what sensory memory is and be able to give an example of it.

Sensory Memory- the retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation It holds large amounts of information for short periods of time Collects information, holds information for initial processing, fills in the blanks Iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory are example (seeing a street sign fly by)

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ________ memory.

Short-term

Define phoneme

Smallest unit of sound

The role of working memory on reading processing

Strong readers have strong working memory. Reading becomes an automatic task, lowering the demand for decoding, and increasing space for comprehension Must hold words, phrases, sentences, main idea in working memory to make since of what you are reading

Take Breaks

Taking a break from studying helps in memory consolidation. Ex: If you are frustrated with a math problem, take a few minutes to do another assignment and then comeback to it later, when you might have better insight.

cognitive load

The amount of a person's cognitive resources needed to carry out a particular cognitive task. (Too many complex tasks will overwhelm the cognitive load)

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

organization

The goal of organizing material is to create a framework that helps relate some information to other information to make the material more meaningful and therefore strengthen encoding. Ex: In math, building new knowledge on top of previously learned knowledge.

Know the function of the hippocampus

The hippocampus is responsible for one's ability to encode new long-term memories

Avoid "Illusions of Learning"

The illusion of learning tricks people into thinking we know information because we can find it on a page, while in actuality we cannot grasp the info. i.e.: Instead of studying directly from the textbook, make notecards and quizzes that ask you questions out of order.

Central Executive

The part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad. The "traffic cop" of the working memory system.

Phonological Loop

The part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information. See also Central executive; Visuospatial sketch pad; Working memory.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

The part of working memory that holds and processes visual and spatial information.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

The phonological loop

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on...

The visuospatial sketch pad.

Property of Language: Rule-based Nature

There are rules in a language that specify the permissible ways for arranging words and phrases.

Spaced Practice

This simply means spacing out studying sessions. It has been proven that those revisit information 4 times with a week in between score much better on tests than those who revisit the information 4 times in a day. An easy way to use this effect is to go over powerpoint slides at spaced intervals of days or weeks prior to taking a test.

interleaved practice

This strategy involves switching back and forth between types of information learned rather than studying one type continuously. An easy way to use this effect is to, when you have multiple exams in a week, study for the first one for an hour, then the next one for an hour, and repeat as necessary.

Varied Practice

This strategy involves transferring learning from one situation and applying it to another. For example, someone who shoots free throw, layups, and three pointers when practicing basketball will be a better free throw shooter than someone who just practices free throws.

Know how working memory differs from short term memory.

Working memory can manipulate information while STM stores it briefly

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...

a sequence of actions.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Research shows that __________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is

how information is perceived

Scene schema is

knowledge of what a given scene typically contains (kitchen, classroom)

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ______ of words.

meaning

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it.

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________ memory.

procedural

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of __________ memories

recent and remote

Asking people to recall the most influential events happened during their college careers show that _____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information.