Mindtap Chapter 4

____ is the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data. ____ is the unethical representation of someone else's ideas or words as one's own.

Fraud; Plagiarism

What is the primary cause of research fraud in academia?

The competitive nature of an academic career

You may learn more about your food intake.

Benefits

Research ethics involves:

Coming to a consensus regarding appropriate conduct in research

What is one solution to the dilemma of clinical equipoise?

Compare treatments when there is uncertainty about which treatment is best.

Adopted by the World Medical Association

Declaration of Helsinki

You will be asked to complete a questionnaire about food. You will also be asked to keep a food diary for one week.

Description of Procedures

Developed in response to Nazi atrocities

Nuremburg Code

Ethics is the study of:

Proper action

The National Research Act mandates that:

Protection of human participants is upheld

Which of the following are accurate statements about the publication process that Dr. Hernandez might share with her students? Check all that apply.

The process of peer review involves carefully scrutinizing every aspect of research from justification to data analysis. Researchers may commit fraud because of the pressures to "publish or perish." Reference citations must be included if someone else's work has merely influenced your own.

What is one major reason why researchers use nonhumans as subjects?

To conduct research that is impossible to conduct using human participants

Which statements are consistent with the APA guidelines? Check all that apply.

Allows researchers to dispense with informed consent under certain specific circumstances Requires researchers to take reasonable steps to minimize harm, should it occur Permits psychologists to offer reasonable inducements, including money, for research participation Requires that psychologists inform potential participants of their right to refuse to participate in research and their right to withdraw from the research at any time

In the context of a research study, how does error differ from fraud?

An error is an honest mistake.

Summarizes the principles set forth by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research

Belmont Report

You will be paid $15 in cash.

Costs and Economic Considerations

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's requirements for the use of nonhumans in research can be found in the:

Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals

What term best applies to the APA's work in this area?

Guidelines

In a study involving deception, which APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct principle is most compromised?

Informed consent

Another general ethical principle is "informed consent"; that is, participants must be informed of any potential risks and benefits of the study and be given the opportunity to freely decide whether they want to participate in the study.

Informed consent is violated.

A research study involves viewing television programming that is violently graphic in nature. Participants are not told that the study will involve viewing such images.

Informed consent may be violated.

According to the APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010), what characterizes informed consent?

Informed consent should be obtained using reasonably understood language.

Institutions that conduct research with animals have an animal-use review board called an:

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

Chantelle is studying how teenage mothers interact with their toddlers. She pays them $250 to allow her to tape their interactions for two hours. Why is this approach problematic?

It might put undue pressure on the mothers to participate.

One of the general ethical principles is "no harm"; that is, the researcher is obligated to protect participants from physical or psychological harm. In Hauner et al.'s study, what is the potential harm?

Long-term fear reaction to common smells

Dr. Hernandez is a psychology professor who is also heavily involved in research at her university. She frequently coordinates the experiences of students in introductory psychology classes as they participate in research studies and has discussions about any preconceptions they might have about research experiments. At an info session, Dr. Hernandez outlines the major ethical considerations at each step of the research process. What _____ techniques may be used with which research subjects How subjects are _____ What _____ may be used What _____ may be used _____ studies are carried out How _____ are analyzed How results are _____

Measurement Selected Research strategies Research designs Data Reported

Incorporated deception in instructing participants to use electric shocks to punish other individuals when they made errors during a learning task

Milgram

The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between beliefs about food and dietary patterns.

Overview

What impact did the Milgram study have on participants?

Participants left the study feeling ashamed and embarrassed.

Which actions are considered safeguards for preventing fraud? Check all that apply.

Peer review Possible suspension Replication

Which ethical guideline regarding animal research is upheld in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA 2002, 2010)?

Psychologists must perform animal surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia.

If you have any questions about this study, you may contact Professor Brown at [email protected] or 555-555-1212.

Questions and Further Information

What is one of the seven basic Institutional Review Board (IRB) criteria for studies involving human subjects?

Reasonable Risk in Relation to Benefits

Which of the following statements are consistent with the APA guidelines with regard to nonhuman subjects? Check all that apply.

Researchers must proceed rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain, when an animal's life must be terminated. Researchers using animals in research are subject to oversight by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.

What three basic principles regarding the protection of human subjects are identified in the Belmont Report?

Respect, beneficence, and justice

Which research proposal would most likely be classified as a Category I proposal by the IRB?

The motivation for criminal behavior using anonymous mail surveys

In adults who are not diagnosed with eating disorders, eating off of a larger dinner plate has been found to increase the amount eaten. A clinical psychologist would like to conduct the study with clients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa—that is, clients who repeatedly binge on large amounts of food and then purge, commonly through vomiting—to see whether the same effect is found.

The no-harm principle is being violated and is a concern.

There is research indicating that stress can lead to depressed mood. A researcher plans to give participants a stressful task—public speaking—to induce depression.

The no-harm principle is being violated and is a concern.

Why did the Milgram obedience study bring the questionable treatment of human participants to the forefront?

The participants experienced shame and embarrassment for having behaved inhumanely toward others.

What is the primary purpose of the peer review process?

To evaluate the quality and contributions of a research study

Which research assistant is engaging in active deception?

Trey, who tells study participants the experiment focuses on eye functioning, when in fact it is on sexual attraction

Involved the deliberate withholding of the cure for syphilis, even when a cure became available

Tuskegee

You may withdraw from the study at any time, without penalty.

Voluntary Participation