MIS 3320 Exam 2

User Goal steps

1. Identify all users 2. Interview them 3. Create list of use cases 4. Verify the list with the users

Human-computer interaction (HCI)

A field of study concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of user interaction with computer systems, human-oriented input and output technology, and psychological aspects of user interfaces

Object in Implementation

A thing - it will be a record in a database

Importance of Feedback

Always give user feedback but in an appropriate manner, some visual or audio response by the system in response to a user action

Association Class

Association that is treated as a class, often required in order to capture attributes for the association

Merge symbol

At least two arrows flowing into diamond and one flowing down

3 Amigos

Booch, Rumbaugh, Jacobson created UML

Aggregation

Component parts also exist as individual objects apart from the total (whole-part, has a)

Interface design guidelines

Consistency Shortcuts and sequency feedback closure error handling reversal control ease

Attributes

Descriptive pieces of information about things or objects

Used-centered design

Design techniques that embody the view that the user interface appears to be the entire system Focuses early and throughout the project on the users and their work

Importance of error handling

Don't allow the system to crash (nor allow "dirty data")

Why would one create a brief description?

Gives enough detail for very simple use cases, especially when system to be developed is a small, well-understood application

Multiplicity

Measure of the number of links in a particular association between a thing (object) and one or more other things (aka cardinality in ERD)

Brief description

Summary of the flow of activities

Purpose of Verbs

Tell us associations and what an object does

Actors

Tells the actual users

Exceptions conditions

Tells what prevents the use case from completing

Object

Things you think about first in designing a program and the units of code that are eventually derived from the process

Purpose of Nouns

Used in descriptions of a domain, class names, objects, attributes

Activity Diagram

Used to model business processes and use cases

Actor (stick man)

anyone/thing that interacts with the system

User goal technique

ask users what they NEED the system to do

ERD object

entity

Temporal event

event that occurs as a result of reaching a point of time

How do you represent repetition in an activity diagram?

loop

Action in activity diagram

oval

Can a class inherit from more than one class?

yes

Importance of affordance

A control that should suggest it's functionality (appearance suggests function)

Cascading style sheet

A simple mechanism for adding style (fonts, colors, spacing) to web documents/applications

When association class is needed

Additional attributes & associations that don't pertain to all other classes exist

Importance of reversal of actions

Allow "undo" or "redo"

Benefits of electronic reports

Allow flexibility in the organization and presentation of information Drill-down capability

Dashboard

An easy to read, often single page, real-time user interface, showing a graphical presentation of the current status and historical trends of an organization's or computer appliances key performance indicators to enable instantaneous and informed decisions to be made at a glance

Critical success factors

An element that is necessary for an organization or project

Preconditions

Any object/system that must be available before the use case

Aggregate Function

Apply one or more to summary report Avg, min, max, count

User story template

As a <role played>, I want to <goal> so that <reason>.

Primary Key

Attribute that the value of which uniquely identifies an individual thing or object Key chosen by the database designer to define relationships by being used as an FK in other tables

Swimlane in Activity Diagram

Box with small box section at top for the title Contains activities performed by a single agent

Domain Model Class Diagram

Can illustrate more complex issues about classes and associations, can include only classes from the problem domain

Class

Category or classification of a set of objects or things, each object belongs to a class- table in database

Concrete Class

Class that allows individual objects or instances to exist

Abstract Class

Class that only exists in a model so subclasses can inherit from it

Composition

Component parts cannot exist as individual objects apart from the aggregate (whole-part, has a)

Inheritance

Concept that specialization classes inherit characteristics of the generalization class Allows subclasses to share characteristics of their superclass

What are the design guidelines for printed and electronic reports?

Control break - no repeating values, allows user to see data clearly and quickly Drill-down capability

CRUD

Create, read, update, delete Tool for use case identification

Acceptance criteria example

Customer lookup must be by name or by account number

How do you represent a condition in an activity diagram?

Decision (diamond with arrow flowing in and at least two flowing out)

Usability

Degree to which system is early/easy to learn and use

Importance of visibility

Don't hide features from a user, let them know it exists and is available

How is a generalization/specialization relationship modeled in a DCD?

Entities with a line and an arrow linking super to sub class

Control Break

Feature of a report that doesn't have repeating values and allows user to see data clearly and quickly Spacing/separation of data by category Must first sort data by field that you want to do control break Ex: sort by team, position, number

What is the symbol for an ending activity in an activity diagram?

Filled in circle with circle around it (TARGET)

Generalization-specialization

Hierarchical relationship with inheritance (superclass/subclass) Used to structure or rank things from more general to more special

Class in Implementation

It will be a table in the database (equivalent to an entity in an ERD)

Importance of consistency

Layout, location, font, font-size across all forms should be consistent

How is composition modeled in a DCD?

Line with closed diamonds connecting super to sub class

Join symbol

Line with two arrows flowing down on top and one on bottom flowing down

Postconditions

Object/associations created/updated during the use case

Loop symbol

One arrow flowing down on top of line and one below flowing down

Decision symbol

One arrows flowing down into diamond with at least two flowing out

Importance of shortcuts

Provide support to experienced users Ex: ctrl + C

Detailed- report

Report that contains specific information on business transactions

Exception-report

Report that provides details or summary information about transactions or operating results that fall outside a predefined normal range of values

Summary-report

Report that summarize detail or recap periodic activity

What are the three things that have to be defined in the cross tab?

Rows Columns What data you want to analyze

Dialog

Sequence of interactions between the user and the system

Flow of activities

Shows interactions between user and system with swimlanes

Importance of reduction in short-term memory load

So you can see customer info (carry ID AND the name forward)

Importance of closure

Start, walk-through, notify when done

Crosstab

Two-dimensional report Have to define three things Similar to pivot tables

Key performance indicators (KPI)

Type of quantitative performance measurement, used to evaluate and quantify success

Class Diagram

UML diagram consisting of classes and associations among the classes

Use Case Diagram

UML model used to illustrate use cases & their relationships to users

Use Case- Scenario

Unique path through this use case

Use Case

activity that the system performs in response to a request by a user

How do you represent sequence in an activity diagram?

an arrow flowing to another process

Association class

associated that is treated like a class; required to capture attributes for the association

Automation (rectangle)

box between software & actors

ERD multiplicity

cardinality

Association (line)

depicts usage relationship between actor & use case

External event

event that occurs outside the system , usually initiated by an external agent

triggering event

external, temporal, state, tells what sets off the event

Acceptance criteria

feature that must be present in the final system for the user to be satisfied

What is the symbol for a starting activity in an activity diagram?

filled in circle

Parts of a user story

focus on who,what, and why for each function

Use Case Description- NAME

gives title

Event decomposition

identify use cases by determining the business events to which the system must respond

Related use cases:

includes or extends, gives info on related events needed by user

symbol for a transition/activity edge in an activity diagram

line with arrow

Fork in an activity diagram

line with one arrow on top flowing down and two on bottom flowing down

How is aggregation modeled in a DCD?

line with open diamonds connecting super to sub class

User Story

one short sentence in the everyday language of the end user that states what a user does a part of his or her work

ERD association

relationship

UML (unified modeling language)

the standard set of diagrams & model constructs used in system development

Stakeholders

those who have a vested interest in the creation of the system

<<includes relationship>>

when one use case includes another use case (dashed arrow)

State event

when something happens inside the system that triggers some process