MIS 3320 Exam 2
User Goal steps
1. Identify all users 2. Interview them 3. Create list of use cases 4. Verify the list with the users
Human-computer interaction (HCI)
A field of study concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of user interaction with computer systems, human-oriented input and output technology, and psychological aspects of user interfaces
Object in Implementation
A thing - it will be a record in a database
Importance of Feedback
Always give user feedback but in an appropriate manner, some visual or audio response by the system in response to a user action
Association Class
Association that is treated as a class, often required in order to capture attributes for the association
Merge symbol
At least two arrows flowing into diamond and one flowing down
3 Amigos
Booch, Rumbaugh, Jacobson created UML
Aggregation
Component parts also exist as individual objects apart from the total (whole-part, has a)
Interface design guidelines
Consistency Shortcuts and sequency feedback closure error handling reversal control ease
Attributes
Descriptive pieces of information about things or objects
Used-centered design
Design techniques that embody the view that the user interface appears to be the entire system Focuses early and throughout the project on the users and their work
Importance of error handling
Don't allow the system to crash (nor allow "dirty data")
Why would one create a brief description?
Gives enough detail for very simple use cases, especially when system to be developed is a small, well-understood application
Multiplicity
Measure of the number of links in a particular association between a thing (object) and one or more other things (aka cardinality in ERD)
Brief description
Summary of the flow of activities
Purpose of Verbs
Tell us associations and what an object does
Actors
Tells the actual users
Exceptions conditions
Tells what prevents the use case from completing
Object
Things you think about first in designing a program and the units of code that are eventually derived from the process
Purpose of Nouns
Used in descriptions of a domain, class names, objects, attributes
Activity Diagram
Used to model business processes and use cases
Actor (stick man)
anyone/thing that interacts with the system
User goal technique
ask users what they NEED the system to do
ERD object
entity
Temporal event
event that occurs as a result of reaching a point of time
How do you represent repetition in an activity diagram?
loop
Action in activity diagram
oval
Can a class inherit from more than one class?
yes
Importance of affordance
A control that should suggest it's functionality (appearance suggests function)
Cascading style sheet
A simple mechanism for adding style (fonts, colors, spacing) to web documents/applications
When association class is needed
Additional attributes & associations that don't pertain to all other classes exist
Importance of reversal of actions
Allow "undo" or "redo"
Benefits of electronic reports
Allow flexibility in the organization and presentation of information Drill-down capability
Dashboard
An easy to read, often single page, real-time user interface, showing a graphical presentation of the current status and historical trends of an organization's or computer appliances key performance indicators to enable instantaneous and informed decisions to be made at a glance
Critical success factors
An element that is necessary for an organization or project
Preconditions
Any object/system that must be available before the use case
Aggregate Function
Apply one or more to summary report Avg, min, max, count
User story template
As a <role played>, I want to <goal> so that <reason>.
Primary Key
Attribute that the value of which uniquely identifies an individual thing or object Key chosen by the database designer to define relationships by being used as an FK in other tables
Swimlane in Activity Diagram
Box with small box section at top for the title Contains activities performed by a single agent
Domain Model Class Diagram
Can illustrate more complex issues about classes and associations, can include only classes from the problem domain
Class
Category or classification of a set of objects or things, each object belongs to a class- table in database
Concrete Class
Class that allows individual objects or instances to exist
Abstract Class
Class that only exists in a model so subclasses can inherit from it
Composition
Component parts cannot exist as individual objects apart from the aggregate (whole-part, has a)
Inheritance
Concept that specialization classes inherit characteristics of the generalization class Allows subclasses to share characteristics of their superclass
What are the design guidelines for printed and electronic reports?
Control break - no repeating values, allows user to see data clearly and quickly Drill-down capability
CRUD
Create, read, update, delete Tool for use case identification
Acceptance criteria example
Customer lookup must be by name or by account number
How do you represent a condition in an activity diagram?
Decision (diamond with arrow flowing in and at least two flowing out)
Usability
Degree to which system is early/easy to learn and use
Importance of visibility
Don't hide features from a user, let them know it exists and is available
How is a generalization/specialization relationship modeled in a DCD?
Entities with a line and an arrow linking super to sub class
Control Break
Feature of a report that doesn't have repeating values and allows user to see data clearly and quickly Spacing/separation of data by category Must first sort data by field that you want to do control break Ex: sort by team, position, number
What is the symbol for an ending activity in an activity diagram?
Filled in circle with circle around it (TARGET)
Generalization-specialization
Hierarchical relationship with inheritance (superclass/subclass) Used to structure or rank things from more general to more special
Class in Implementation
It will be a table in the database (equivalent to an entity in an ERD)
Importance of consistency
Layout, location, font, font-size across all forms should be consistent
How is composition modeled in a DCD?
Line with closed diamonds connecting super to sub class
Join symbol
Line with two arrows flowing down on top and one on bottom flowing down
Postconditions
Object/associations created/updated during the use case
Loop symbol
One arrow flowing down on top of line and one below flowing down
Decision symbol
One arrows flowing down into diamond with at least two flowing out
Importance of shortcuts
Provide support to experienced users Ex: ctrl + C
Detailed- report
Report that contains specific information on business transactions
Exception-report
Report that provides details or summary information about transactions or operating results that fall outside a predefined normal range of values
Summary-report
Report that summarize detail or recap periodic activity
What are the three things that have to be defined in the cross tab?
Rows Columns What data you want to analyze
Dialog
Sequence of interactions between the user and the system
Flow of activities
Shows interactions between user and system with swimlanes
Importance of reduction in short-term memory load
So you can see customer info (carry ID AND the name forward)
Importance of closure
Start, walk-through, notify when done
Crosstab
Two-dimensional report Have to define three things Similar to pivot tables
Key performance indicators (KPI)
Type of quantitative performance measurement, used to evaluate and quantify success
Class Diagram
UML diagram consisting of classes and associations among the classes
Use Case Diagram
UML model used to illustrate use cases & their relationships to users
Use Case- Scenario
Unique path through this use case
Use Case
activity that the system performs in response to a request by a user
How do you represent sequence in an activity diagram?
an arrow flowing to another process
Association class
associated that is treated like a class; required to capture attributes for the association
Automation (rectangle)
box between software & actors
ERD multiplicity
cardinality
Association (line)
depicts usage relationship between actor & use case
External event
event that occurs outside the system , usually initiated by an external agent
triggering event
external, temporal, state, tells what sets off the event
Acceptance criteria
feature that must be present in the final system for the user to be satisfied
What is the symbol for a starting activity in an activity diagram?
filled in circle
Parts of a user story
focus on who,what, and why for each function
Use Case Description- NAME
gives title
Event decomposition
identify use cases by determining the business events to which the system must respond
Related use cases:
includes or extends, gives info on related events needed by user
symbol for a transition/activity edge in an activity diagram
line with arrow
Fork in an activity diagram
line with one arrow on top flowing down and two on bottom flowing down
How is aggregation modeled in a DCD?
line with open diamonds connecting super to sub class
User Story
one short sentence in the everyday language of the end user that states what a user does a part of his or her work
ERD association
relationship
UML (unified modeling language)
the standard set of diagrams & model constructs used in system development
Stakeholders
those who have a vested interest in the creation of the system
<<includes relationship>>
when one use case includes another use case (dashed arrow)
State event
when something happens inside the system that triggers some process