MMC 3702 Exam 3

Woody Guthrie

- Forerunner to Bob Dylan (folk music). -Dylan was very influenced by him. -His death in 1967 was the only thing that ended up bringing Dylan out of seclusion from motorcycle accident, when Dylan did a tribute concert for him.

Motown

- The most important black owned label, -Started by Berry Gordy Jr. -Has been called The Sound of Young America and the music was intended to target young African Americans, -Label is also called Hitsville USA. -Hometown is in Detroit; 2648 West Grand Blvd. -From 1961-71, had over 110 Top Ten hits. -They were the main battle vs. the British invasion. -Difference from soul of Memphis was the cleaner content and delivery.

Folk Revival

-1950s, continued into the 60s. -Rock n' roll was for teenagers, folk music was for college students, the intellectual and maybe liberals. -Ex: "Goodnight, Irene" by Pete Seeger with the Weavers in 1950, #1 (originally by Lead Belly).

"Kokomo"

-1988, #1 hit -Written by Mike Love. -First #1 hit in 22 years. -Their biggest hit ever, and Brian Wilson had nothing to do with it.

Atlantic Records

-1st place discussed where soul developed. -Based in NYC, 1946. -Record company started by Ahmet and Nesuhi Ertegun. (Both born in Istanbul). -Recorded Ray Charles, Sam Cooke among others.

"Like a Rolling Stone"

-6-minute song that elevated Dylan's status as an American icon. -Possibly rocks greatest song ever. - Book was written about the song and Dylan's decision to go electric. -Widely altered the attitudes about what a pop song could convey. -Michael Boomfield (guitar) and Al Kooper on 'accidental" organ. .

The Freewheelin' (Bob Dylan album)

-Album by Bob Dylan that took 6 months to complete. -Technically his second album, but many people regard it as his first. -Songs had very strong social, and political meaning, which was unusual subject matter for the time. -Write about subjects such as nuclear fear, racial murder, integration, anti-war, hateful society and after the holocaust.

Tom Dowd

-American recording engineer and producer for Atlantic Records. -Credited for innovating the multitrack recording method. -Very influential in creating the sound of the second half of the 20th century.

Queen of Soul

-Aretha Franklin -Signed by Wexler, and he took her to Muscle Shoals. -She was previously signed by Columbia but none of her records did very well. -She disappeared in the middle of recording session, supposedly bc of a drunken argument between her husband and a band member. They fled to NY and hid out for several weeks. -So successful for Muscle Shoals that they became her regular band; they would fly the band out to NY to work with her when she was so busy. -Big hits such as: "Do Right Woman, Do Right Man," "Respect," "Chain of Fools," "You Make Me Feel Like a Natural Woman."

Smiley Smile (album)

-BB album released in 1967. -Alternative album to Smile released after Brian Wilson couldn't finish the original album. -Under-produced, didn't even crack the top 40. -Poorly received by the public.

Brian Wilson

-Beach Boys mastermind and song writer. -He was a weirdo and had issues with drugs, insecurity and nervous breakdowns. -Became somewhat of a recluse in his later years. -He was impacted by Phil Spector, the wall of sound and often used the wrecking crew. Also a fan of "back to mono." -Biggest competitors were the Beatles. -Dec. 1964, he lost it in the middle of tour, and would become a recluse for the rest of his career.

I'm Not There (film)

-Biographical tribute film of Bob Dylan. -Six actors depict different facets of Dylan's persona. -Actors: Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett, Marcus Carl Franklin, Richard Gere, Heath Ledger, and Ben Whishaw.

The Never Ending Tour

-Bob has been on solo tour, more-or-less since the late 1980s. -On Oct. 8, 2010 he performed at the O'Connell Center. Prof says he had to walk out of the concert bc of the music Bob was playing.

Sam Cooke

-Born in 1931 in Clarksdale, Mississippi. -Singer that was the leader of the Soul Stirrers which was the most popular group of the gospel era. -He got a record deal with Specialty Records in LA and worked with his producer Bumps Blackwell. -Song "Change is Gonna Come" (1963) was his first and only socially-conscious song and came to exemplify the Civil Rights Movement. -He had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts from 1957-64. -He was shot to death at age 33 by the manager of the Hacienda hotel in LA (Dec. 11, 1964).

Otis Redding

-Born in Dawson, GA but grew up in Macon, GA. -Quit school when he was 15 to join Little Richard's backup band called the Upsetters; began as an imitator of his idol Little Richard. - An unscheduled recording session with Stax completely changed the trajectory of his career. - He is now considered one of the major figures in soul music and one of the greatest singers of all time in popular music. -He helped to craft the sound of R&B. -Nicknamed Mr. Pitiful bc he begged so much in all of his songs. -Originally sang "Respect" before Aretha. -Only soul act along with Booker T. & the M.G.s that performed at Monterey 1967; they were extremely well received. -Had some issues with throat and ended up getting throat surgery. -2 days later he died when his brand new plane crashed, and Steve Cropper was left to finish his songs. -Songs include: "These Arms of Mine," "I've Been Loving You Too Long," "Tramp," and "(Sittin' on) the Dock of the Bay" which was released posthumously.

Pet Sounds (album)

-Brian Wilson's Magnum Opus Beach Boys album (1966). -One of the most enduring and celebrated albums in rock history (#10 US; #2 UK). -The album was moody, noncommercial and came as a severe shock to the public. -Sophisticated piece of art that dealt with unusual topics such as aging and growing pains. -Went against the grain, against the typical practice, and it was deep. -Mike and Brian fought over this album and its songs.

Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton

-Brother and sister that started Stax recording. -Ran studio out of Memphis Tennessee. -The sister took a second mortgage out on her home to start the business. -They found many artists such as Rufus Thomas, Otis Redding, Booker T. & the M.G.s and Isaac Hayes.

Sam & Dave

-Brothers signed to Atlantic but sent to Stax. - They were the embodiment of soul. -Song "Soul Man." -They worked very hard on stage and had call-and-response vocals with a lot of gospel overtones. -They did not speak to one another off-stage for 13 years. Sam did not approve of Dave's addiction to Heroin. -Their songs were all written and produced by a Stax songwriting team; Isaac Hayes and David Porter.

Marvin Gaye

-Called the Prince of Motown and the Prince of Soul. -In DC he formed a group called The Markey's. -Over his career he had 40 hits. -When his musical partner Tammie Terrell collapsed on stage and then died of a brain tumor, he was in seclusion and nearly quit music. -Though he was a hit-making machine, Gaye was a troubled man and his music began to reflect his neuroses at the end of the 60s. -"What's Going On" album very political and called "the greatest and most important album in Motown history." Gaye went on strike until Motown released it. -Later made one of the most sexual albums ever called, Let's Get it On. -Comeback began when he signed to Columbia Records in 1982; won first two Grammys for "Sexual Healing." -Murdered when his father shot him.

The Hawks (The Band)

-Canadian bar band that became Bob Dylan's back up band. -Leader was Levon Helm, the only American; he couldn't stand the booing so went home. -The were Dylan's neighbors in Woodstock when they changed their name to The Band. -Lived in a house called "Big Pink" where they recorded "the Basement Tapes."

Dennis Wilson & Carl Wilson

-Dennis: Only Beach Boys that actually surfed. He drowned in 1983. -Carl: Baby brother of the Wilsons. He became the leader on stage and in the studio after Brian was MIA. When he died in 1998 that was kind of the end of the BB.

Bringing It All Back Home (album)

-Dylan's first electric album. He was reclaiming rock n roll for America. -Split between electric and acoustic sounds. -The electric music made the folk artists angry. They hated it. -The acoustic side was abstract and personal. - This album had one of the first music videos ever ("Subterranean Homesick Blues").

Murry Wilson

-Father of Brian, Dennis and Carl Wilson. -Didn't have a good relationship with Brian Wilson, he tormented Brian a lot. Much like Elvis and the Colonel's relationship. -Ex: He hit Brian with a 2x4, resulting in the permanent hearing loss in his right ear. -He was the manager of the BB until Brian fired him in 1964.

Motown Charm School

-Finishing school for Motown fun by Maxine Powell who was the finishing instructor, a fashion designer, and consultant. -She taught the girls proper etiquette. -Part of Motown's artistic development. -Most of the artists were from inner-cities and never had proper training of how to act, Maxine Powell would teach them how to conduct themselves in a "widespread socially-acceptable" way.

"I Got a Woman"

-First hit by Ray Charles; 1955, #1 R&B. -Originally a gospel tune called "It Must Be Jesus" by the Southerntones, which he changed the tempo and the lyrics to secularize it and make it a hit.

Beatniks

-Folk music revival began with the Beatniks. -It was the cool 50s youth culture, associated with coffee houses, private parties, open-air concerts, and college campus concerts. -They were the forerunners of the hippies.

Joan Baez

-Folk singer that introduced Bob Dylan to her audience and has a huge impact on his career. -Dylan met her and Hammond after a performance at Gerde's Folk City, Greenwich Village 1962.

James Brown

-Godfather of soul. -The hardest working man in show business. The man with the plan. Soul Brother no. 1 & Mr. Sex Machine. -He was very poor when he was young. -He started the gospel quartet, The Avons, and later turned to secular music and renamed to the Famous Flames. He outshone the other flames. -Honed his amazing stage show through the "chitlin' circuit." -Fined his band when they played poorly. -"Live at the Apollo" is the album that made him famous (recorded against the label King's wishes). -In the late 60's he became a bit more militant about being black. Ex. Song "Say it Loud I'm Black and Proud." -Did 300 performances per year. -More hot 100 hits than anyone who never had a #1. -Brown and Dylan reclaimed America's music.

Steve Cropper

-Guitarist and songwriter for Booker T. and the M.G's a Stax recording group. -He got the part by hanging around the Stax theater. -Booker T. and the M.G's was one of the first interracial groups that were more widely accepted. -Worked with Otis Redding in Stax to work on some new songs. When Redding died, he was left to finish them.

Wilson Pickett

-He had a notoriously volatile personality. -Mother was baddest woman alive, used to hit him with all sorts of things. Left to live with his father in Detroit. -He joined up with the Falcons; he made such a hit with this group that he could go solo. -Was signed with Atlantic and sent to Stax recording. -"In the Midnight Hour" was his first big hit for Atlantic. -Eventually rejected from Stax and sent to Muscle Soles Alabama. -Song "Land of 1000 Dances" covered by many.

Ray Charles

-He was completely blind by the time he was 7 from glaucoma. Sent to Florida school of death and bling in St. Augustine, which is where he learned to play the piano. -He's credited with secularizing gospel. -They called him "The Genius." -Contracted under Atlantic Records. -He put many styles together and somehow made it work. - He was in a band called the Florida playboys and this is when he started wearing sunglasses.

Dan Penn

-Him and Spooner Oldham were seasoned studio musicians and songwriters at FAME; wrote many of the hits in 1960s. -Wrote "Dark End of The Street" and it was the quintessential soul song, and it was covered by many including James Carter, Aretha Franklin and Clarence Carter. -He wrote several songs for Aretha.

Newport Music Festival

-In 1963-64 Dylan was the darling of Newport. -In 1965 Bob Dylan went electric at this festival and the fans hated it. People were shocked. Dylan was booed very loudly. -He was accused of betraying folk music. -He returned to Newport in 2002 and wore a disguise.

The Traveling Wilburys

-In 1988, Bob Dylan was a member of this super-band for a bit. -Made up of Dylan, George Harrison, Tom Petty, Roy Orbison, and Jeff Lynne.

Rolling Thunder Revue

-Launched in 1976-78 by Dylan. The tour was to promote his album, Desire, during his "gypsy" phase. -The cast included old friends. -He often performed in white face. -Stopped at Florida Field in 1976.

Robbie Robertson

-Lead guitarist and primary songwriter of The Hawks/The Band. -One of greatest guitarists ever according to the Rolling Stone. -Later became a film track producer, working with Scorsese a lot.

Bruce Johnston

-Man who became Brian's permanent stage replacement on tour with the Beach Boys. -He's stayed with them ever since.

Live at Royal Albert Hall

-May 17, 1966 Dylan with the Hawks on stage in Manchester, England. -Heckler yelled "Judas! I'll never listen to your music again!" to which Dyland responded "I don't believe you... you're a liar!" and turned to his band and said "play it f**king loud!" as they went into the final song of the night "Like a Rolling Stone." -This was the first bootleg concert recording.

Spooner Oldham

-Memphis/Muscle Shoals creative musical force. -Along with Dan Penn, they wrote several hits of the 60s, like "When a Man Loves a Woman" by Percy Sledge, and "I Never Loved a Man" by Aretha Franklin. -Organist at FAME studios.

The Wrecking Crew

-Most of the Beach boys stuff was recorded with them. -They were the group that helped to create Spector's wall of sound.

The Vandellas

-Motown musical group lead by singer Martha. -Had more than 20 hits on the billboard chart during their career. -Songs: "Dancing in the Street" (1964) #2, and "(Love is Like a) Heat Wave" (1964) #1.

Brother Records

-Music label launched by the Beach Boys after a long association with Capitol Records. -Then went to work on "Smile."

Dreamgirls (movie)

-Musical and movie that is very much based on The Supremes. -Film stars Jamie Foxx (Berry Gordy), Beyonce (Diana Ross), and Jennifer Hudson (Florence Ballard).

The Temptations

-Musical group known for being just as influential to soul as The Beatles were to pop and rock. -Have done tons of different genres of music and known for their choreography, flashy suits and harmonies. -Were originally the Eldens and they have always had at least 5 male singers, all capable of being lead singer. -Grew out of two rival acapella groups. -The 'quintessential" Motown vocal group. -Made up of: Paul Williams, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams and Melvin Franklin. -"My Girl" (1966) #1 Pop.

Wilson Phillips

-Musical group that contained daughters of Brian Wilson. -"Hold On" hit in 1999.

Electro Theramin

-Musical instrument that is the most dominant instruments in the Beach Boys "Good Vibrations" track. -The idea to use this weird instrument came from Brian's mother.

Mike Love

-Oldest and most disenting member of the Beach Boys. -Wrote "Kokomo" and it was the biggest song of the Beach Boys career EVER. -Hated the Pet Sounds album and the constant change in direction Brian Wilson brought to the group. -He said to Brian "who's going to listen to this stuff?" -In 1968 he wasn't part of the song "Friends" because he was into meditation and traveled to India with the Beatles. -He had licensed the name The Beach Boys for touring (until 2011).

Booker T. and the M.G's

-One of the first interracial groups to be more widely accepted. -Producer was Chips Moman -Jones and Cropper formed the backbone of the Memphis sound. -They were the "house band" for Stax. Members: - Steve Cropper; boiling Memphis guitar -Booker T. Jones; organ -Donald Dun (nicknamed Duck); bass. -Al Jackson, Jr.; fatback drums. -One of most imitated and respected groups of all time. -Their cover for album McLemore Avenue is very similar to Abbey Road.

Jerry Wexler

-Producer and Talent recruiter for Atlantic Records. -He helped recruit Aretha Franklin for Muscle Shoals, along with other artists that he sent from Atlantic to Muscle Shoals (Wilson Pickett for example). -He is credited for turning Aretha Franklin's career around after she had little success with Columbia.

Tom Wilson

-Producer that helped Dylan with a lot of his early work. -Last collaboration with Dylan was "Like a Rolling Stone" -Replaced John Hammond as Dylan's producer in 1963.

John Hammond

-Record producer, musician, critic, A&R rep. -Talent scout that discovered Bob Dylan, Billie Holiday, Leonard Cohen, Bruce Springsteen among others.

Stax

-Recording stuido run by Jim Stewart and Estelle Axton in 1960. Axton took out a second mortgage on her house to help Stewart. -In Memphis, Tennessee and nicknamed Soulsville USA. -Studio for Rufus Thomas, William Bell, and Eddie Floyd. -Their big break came from working with Rufus Thomas and led to Stax and Atlantic working together. -Al Bell ran Stax into bankruptcy.

The Basement Tapes (album)

-Recordings of Bob Dylan and The Band later released by Columbia Records. -Recordings made in the basement of the Big Pink during Dylan's time of seclusion. -They spent dope-fueled afternoons making music they never thought would be released or listened to.

Endless Summer (album)

-Song that made Brian Wilson come back out of seclusion. -Started the comeback of the Beach Boys after Smile was a flop. -It was a covers album and reached #1 in 1974.

Smile (album)

-Started in 1967, it became the most delayed rock album in rock n roll history. -Legendary status as one of the great lost works of 60s pop music. -The album was a very personal statement for Brian and that was part of the problem. -It was originally to be called Dumb Angel and it was meant to be a teenage symphony to god. -Finally released in 2011. -It was a weird album, and all about the elements, with songs about Fire, Water, Air and Earth. -In 2004 Brian re-recorded and released his own version of Smile, which failed to crack the top 20.

Berry Gordy, Jr.

-Started the Motown music label. -Former auto worker in Detroit, he was a bankrupt record store owner before becoming an entertainment empire. -He involved himself in every decision big and small within the organization. -He contracted background musicians so that they could only do music for Motown -Contracted The Supremes, Martha and the Vandellas, the Marvelettes, Smokey Robinson, and The Temptations.

The Supremes

-Starting in 1964 they blew out all the other girls groups and at one point they even battled the Beatles for popularity. -Opened the door for black female artists. -They had 12 number 1 hits (1964-67) -Made up of Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard and Diana Ross. -Diana Ross was the face of the group and she became a problem so they eventually broke up. Diana Ross then went on to have a solo career (she had 4 number one hits).

Muscle Shoals

-Studio in Alabama and it made the area an R&B mecca (later became a rock n roll mecca too). -About an hour or so east of Memphis. -Rick Hall built studio in Florence, AL (right next to Muscle Shoals) and called it FAME (Florence Alabama Music Enterprises). -Four session musicians called the Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, left FAME Studios to create their own studio.

Jan & Dean

-Surf rock group that worked with Brian Wilson to create some songs (although record companies eventually said they couldn't do this). -Brian was so prolific he gave them songs such as "Sidewalk Surfin'" and "Surf City." -They sounded very similar to the Beach Boys for this reason

The Funk Brothers

-The house band for Motown. -This group performed on just about every song Motown released over the 20 year period. -Movie made about them in 2002 called "Standing in the Shadows of Motown."

The Ventures

-The most definitive surf rock band. -Mostly instrumental. -They wrote the opening theme for Hawaii Five-O. -Many people say their song "Walk, Don't Run" (1960) #2, was the first surf rock song. -They also recorded with the wrecking crew.

Blonde on Blonde (album)

-Third of the electric phase albums. -It was the first double album in rock history. -This is considered one of Dylan's best. -The albums charting did not reflect its importance.

Highway 61 Revisited (album)

-This is the moment that Dylan truly became a rocker. -It's one of rock's towering achievements. _Effort to reclaim rock n roll. -Dylan actually had to fight Columbia for the album name. -"Desolation Row" (11 minute song) said to be highest achieving song up to this point. -Contains "Like a Rolling Stone," possibly the greatest rock song ever.

"Good Vibrations"

-Track by the BB (1966) #1 hit. -Released it as a "taster" for their next LP, and it became their biggest hit up to that point. - It was nicknamed "a pocket symphony." -It was the most expensive record in rock history at the time it was created; it took six months, three studios and hundred of miles of tape. -Radical for the time; the track used an electro-theramin. as the most dominant instruments.

Ahmet and Nesuhi Ehrtigan

-Turkish men that started Atlantic Records. -Father was first Turkish Ambassador to US, so they traveled around the world and lived in many different places.

Smokey Robinson

-Was VP of Operations at American Records and he was one of the very few successful recording artists to succeed as a music-business executive. -He said he didn't really want the job, but he did it and very well. -Leader of a group called The Miracles; they had Motowns first million dollar selling song, "Shop Around" (1961), and they had 26 top 40 hits. -Contracted with Motown records. -He wrote most of his songs including "Tears of a Clown" (1970) #1. -"Smokey Robinson is America's greatest living poet." - Bob Dylan

Isaac Hayes

-Was originally a writer, but he had always really wanted to be a solo artist. -Him and David Porter wrote most of the songs for Sam & Dave. -People making the movie "Shaft" wanted him to write the soundtrack for the movie and said they would give him a tryout for the lead role (never ended up giving him the part). -The soundtrack album propelled him into becoming an international star.

Surf Music

Type of music that is representative of California culture. The early Beach Boys are an exemplary member from this genre, but before them it was mostly instrumental. Helped to start the "California Myth"

Holland-Dozier-Holland

_Eddie Holland, Lamont Dozier and Brian Holland. -Group of writers that wrote, produced and musically arranged for Motown. -Hit making machine. -Helped define the Motown song in the 60s.