MNGT Book Test 3

__ refers to applying motivational theories to the structure of work to improve motivation, productivity, and satisfaction.

Job design

__ refers to incorporating high-level motivators, such as achievement, recognition, and opportunities for growth, into the work.

Job enrichment

__ are an important consideration for motivation because performing their components may provide intrinsic rewards that meet employees' needs.

Jobs

___ lets hourly administrative personnel work remotely or work hours of their own choosing and gives movers and warehouse workers control over their start and end times.

Johnson Storage & Moving

____is based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences.

Reinforcement theory

___ are considered to perform better in situations of intermediate favorability.

Relationship-oriented leaders

Changing is the ______stage of OD, when change agents teach people new behaviors and skills and guide them in using them in the workplace.

"intervention"

____ are judgments about what caused a person's behavior—either characteristics of the person or of the situation.

Attributions

___ refers to leadership by individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher-order ethical values, and who empower and inspire others with their openness and authenticity.

Authentic leadership

___ is the belief that power and status differences should exist within an organization.

Authoritarianism

___ refers to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior.

Behavior modification

__ stems from the authority to punish or recommend punishment.

Coercive power

____ is a psychological discomfort that occurs when two attitudes or an attitude and a behavior conflict.

Cognitive dissonance

__ is the term used by researchers at The Ohio State University to describe the extent to which a leader is sensitive to subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and establishes mutual trust.

Consideration

___ emphasize the needs that motivate people.

Content theories

___ is the generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization.

Creativity

___ means thinking independently and being mindful of the effect of one's behavior on achieving goals.

Critical thinking

_____, an open innovation approach used by Fiat, Oscar de la Renta, and many other companies, taps into ideas from around the world and lets thousands or hundreds of thousands of people participate in the innovation process, usually via the Internet.

Crowdsourcing

___ refers to innovations in products, services, or processes that radically change competition in an industry, such as the advent of streaming video or e-books.

Disruptive innovation

___ are problems or opportunities that provide motivation to change.

Driving forces

A person's ___ is the expectancy that putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance.

E → P expectancy

____ theory is a modification of the needs hierarchy and proposes three categories of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth.

ERG

______includes the components of self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.

Emotional intelligence

__&__ are recent motivational trends that focus less on extrinsic rewards and more on creating a work environment that enables people to achieve intrinsic rewards and meet higher-level needs.

Employee empowerment and engagement

__ has been one of the hottest topics in management in recent years.

Employee engagement

__ is the delegation of power and authority to subordinates in an organization.

Empowerment

One self-management system is based on five steps:

Empty your head, decide the next action, get organized, perform a weekly review, then do what needs to be done

__ is an emotional and mental state in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.

Engagement

__focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others.

Equity theory

__proposes that motivation depends on individuals' expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.

Expectancy theory

__ is power that results from a leader's special knowledge or skill in the tasks performed by subordinates.

Expert power

___ involves designing the organization to encourage creativity and the initiation of new ideas.

Exploration

__ refers to withholding positive rewards and essentially ignoring undesirable behavior.

Extinction

___ are given by another person, such as a manager, and include pay increases, promotions, and praise.

Extrinsic rewards

In ____, the suitability of a leader's style is determined by whether the situation is considered favorable or unfavorable to the leader.

Fiedler's contingency theory

____ is a technique for determining which forces drive a proposed change and which forces restrain it.

Force-field analysis

Alan Mulally applied both skilled management and good leadership in his turnaround of

Ford Motor Company.

___ proposes that specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when the goals are accepted by subordinates and these subordinates receive feedback to indicate their progress toward goal achievement.

Goal-setting theory

The top-secret ___ lab is an example of a skunkworks.

Google X

___ means being unpretentious and modest rather than arrogant and prideful.

Humility

___ is the effect a person's actions have on the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior of others.

Influence

__ is the term that describes the extent to which a leader is task oriented and directs subordinates' work activities toward goal accomplishment.

Initiating structure

____ is a leadership style characterized by values such as inclusion, collaboration, relationship building, and caring.

Interactive leadership

___ are the satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action.

Intrinsic rewards

___ is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of organizational goals.

Leadership

The ___is a two-dimensional leadership model that measures the leader's concern for people and concern for production to categorize the leader in one of five different leadership styles.

Leadership Grid

___&___reflect two different sets of qualities and skills that provide different benefits for the organization.

Leadership and management

___ is power that stems from a manager's formal position in an organization and the authority granted by that position.

Legitimate power

One effective approach in today's environment is ____, which is characterized by an almost complete lack of ego (humility), coupled with a fierce resolve to do what is best for the organization (will).

Level 5 leadership

___ defines whether an individual places the primary responsibility for his successes and failures within himself or on outside forces.

Locus of control

___ refers to a tendency to direct one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for personal gain.

Machiavellianism

___ promotes stability and efficient organizing to meet current commitments, whereas ___ often inspires engagement and organizational change to meet new conditions.

Management leadership

The most well-known content theory is ___, which proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs—physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization—that exist in a hierarchical order.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

___ is the arousal of enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.

Motivation

___ is defined as the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.

Organizational change

____ refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success.

Organizational citizenship

____ refers to loyalty to and engagement with one's work organization.

Organizational commitment

____ is the expectancy that high performance of a task will lead to the desired outcome.

P → O expectancy

____ is the cognitive process that people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

Perception

____ are errors in perceptual judgment that result from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process.

Perceptual distortions

____ is the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.

Personality

__ is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior.

Positive reinforcement

___ is the potential ability to influence the behavior of others.

Power

___, including goal-setting theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory, explain how people select behaviors with which to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful.

Process theories

__ refers to the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following an undesirable behavior.

Punishment

___results from characteristics that command subordinates' identification with, respect and admiration for, and desire to emulate the leader.

Referent power

__is anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited.

Reinforcement

___ are barriers such as a lack of resources or inadequate employee skills.

Restraining forces

___ results from the authority to bestow rewards.

Reward power

____ refers to uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role.

Role ambiguity

___ refers to incompatible demands of different roles, such as the demands of a manager's superiors conflicting with those of the manager's subordinates.

Role conflict

____ means being conscious of the internal aspects of one's nature, such as personality traits, beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and perceptions, and appreciating how your patterns affect other people.

Self-awareness

____ is an individual's strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome.

Self-efficacy

_____ is the ability to engage in self-regulating thoughts and behavior to accomplish all your tasks and handle difficult or challenging situations.

Self-management

___ proposes that an individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from thoughts, beliefs, and observations of other people's behavior.

Social learning theory

____ refers to the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then attribute generalizations about the group to the individual.

Stereotyping

___ are natural talents and abilities that have been supported and reinforced with learned knowledge and skills.

Strengths

____ is a physiological and emotional response to stimuli that place physical or psychological demands on an individual and create uncertainty and lack of personal control when important outcomes are at stake.

Stress

___are considered to perform better in either highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations.

Task-oriented leaders

___ refers to a change in production processes—how the organization does its work.

Technology change

____ assessment measures a person's preferences for introversion versus extroversion, sensation versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

____ is the stage in which people are made aware of problems and the need for change.

Unfreezing

__ are distinguishing personal characteristics, such as intelligence, self-confidence, energy, and independence.

Traits

The behavior pattern referred to as ____ behavior is characterized by extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work.

Type A

___ managers can be powerful forces for innovation and change, but they can also create high stress for themselves and others.

Type A

___ behavior is a behavior pattern that reflects few of the Type A characteristics and includes a more balanced, relaxed approach to life.

Type B

__means failing to consider the possibilities beyond what one is told, accepting others' ideas without thinking.

Uncritical thinking

___ is the value of outcomes (rewards) to the individual.

Valence

___ and "at risk" pay have become key motivational tools, although these practices have been criticized in recent years for rewarding the wrong types of behavior.

Variable compensation

___ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them.

Vicarious learning

__ means altering jobs to increase both the quality of employees' work experience and their productivity.

Work redesign

___ can be caused by both task demands and interpersonal demands.

Work stress

The ____ proposes that certain types of needs, including the need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power, are acquired during an individual's lifetime of experiences.

acquired needs theory

An __ is a person who is an independent, critical thinker but is passive in the organization.

alienated follower

Surveys suggest that job satisfaction levels are at an

all-time low.

An ____means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and the systematic implementation of innovations.

ambidextrous approach

Two basic behaviors identified as important for leadership are

attention to tasks and attention to people.

An ___ is a cognitive and affective evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way.

attitude

Managers apply ___, called negative reinforcement, when they remove an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved.

avoidance learning

The ___ is the biggest factor in determining whether people feel motivated and engaged at work.

behavior of managers

Every organization must

change and innovate to survive.

A ___ is a leader who has the ability to inspire and motivate people to transcend their expected performance, even to the point of personal sacrifice.

charismatic leader

Three basic principles for self-management are

clarity of mind, clarity of objectives, and an organized system.

Primerica Inc., a large insurance and financial products company, is led by co-CEOs who have different, yet

complementary, personalities.

A __ is a follower who participates actively in the organization but does not use critical thinking skills.

conformist

A ____ is a model of leadership that describes the relationship between leadership styles and specific situations.

contingency approach

Many people aren't willing to change unless they perceive a

crisis.

All behaviors are motivated by something, such as the

desire to fulfill needs for money, recognition, friendship, or a sense of accomplishment.

Unfreezing requires ______, which uses a change agent—an OD specialist who contracts with an organization to help managers facilitate change.

diagnosing problems

People often see the same thing in

different ways.

Many different styles of leadership can be

effective

An __ is a critical, independent thinker who actively participates in the organization.

effective follower

Leaders can accomplish nothing without

effective followers.

An ___ is a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes.

emotion

The concept of _____suggests that people can catch emotions from those around them, so good managers try to express positive emotions at work.

emotional contagion

A survey found that 32 percent of an employee's desire to stay with a company or leave depends on the

employee's trust in management.

Researchers at the University of Michigan used the terms __&___ to describe the same two basic leadership behaviors.

employee-centered leaders and job-centered leaders

The Big Five personality factors are dimensions that describe an individual's

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

People can be driven to act by fear, but good managers avoid the use of ___to motivate people because this approach damages employee commitment and performance in the long run.

fear tactics

The ____ is the idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need; thus, people may move down as well as up the needs hierarchy.

frustration-regression principle

The ___ error is a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another person's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors.

fundamental attribution

PricewaterhouseCoopers applied a bottom-up approach, using an American Idol-style contest to encourage employee ideas for new services at the

giant accounting and consulting firm.

Both leadership and management are important to organizations, and people can learn to be

good leaders as well as good managers.

The ____ occurs when a perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one characteristic, either favorable or unfavorable.

halo effect

Using a____ means that several departments, such as marketing, research, and manufacturing, work closely together to develop new products.

horizontal linkage model

One element of Herzberg's two-factor theory, ___, focuses on lower-level needs and involves the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, including working conditions, pay, and company policies.

hygiene factors

An ___ is a person who sees the need for change and is passionately committed to making it happen.

idea champion

An ____ is an organizational program that provides a safe harbor where employees can generate and develop ideas without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.

idea incubator

In addition, managers use a variety of techniques to smooth the

implementation process.

Empowering employees involves giving them

information, knowledge, power, and rewards.

To increase____, managers develop an internal culture, philosophy, and structure that encourage entrepreneurial activity.

innovation

An ___ says characteristics of the individual caused the person to behave in a certain way, whereas an _____ places the cause on aspects of the situation.

internal attribution; external attribution

Leaders use a wide range of ___, and people who use a wider variety of tactics are typically perceived as having greater power.

interpersonal influence tactics

In addition to providing appropriate extrinsic rewards, effective managers try to help people achieve

intrinsic rewards from their work.

The __ is a model of job design that considers core job dimensions, individuals' critical psychological states, and employee growth-need strength.

job characteristics model

Most companies are moving away from simplified jobs and are using__,__,___ to provide employees with greater variety, stimulation, and satisfaction.

job rotation, job enlargement, and job enrichment

A positive attitude toward one's job is called

job satisfaction.

The ___ asserts that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated, and unreinforced or negatively reinforced behavior tends to be inhibited.

law of effect

The ___ is the idea that the single most important factor that can boost motivation, positive emotions, and perceptions during a workday is making progress toward meaningful goals.

making progress principle

Giving people more control over their work schedules and opportunities to contribute ideas are two ways that

managers meet people's higher-level needs.

Managers create an environment that promotes engagement by providing employees with a sense of

meaning, a sense of connection, and a sense of competence and growth.

Women leaders typically score significantly higher than men on abilities such as _____—skills that are based on humility and authenticity and are particularly suited to today's organizations.

motivating others, building relationships, and developing others

Herzberg's second factor, ____, influences job satisfaction based on fulfilling higher-level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunities for personal growth.

motivators

A ____ is a disparity between actual and desired performance.

need for change

A ___ is a situational variable that counteracts a leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors.

neutralizer

A_____provides financial resources from which individuals or teams can draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses.

new-venture fund

One structural mechanism that promotes entrepreneurship is the _____, which is a unit separate from the mainstream organization that is responsible for initiating and developing innovations.

new-venture team

Some companies, such as Procter & Gamble and Rovio, creator of the Angry Birds game, extend the search for and commercialization of innovative ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization—a process called

open innovation.

The attitudes and behaviors of leaders shape the conditions that determine how well employees can do their jobs; thus, leaders play a tremendous role in the

organization's success.

All leaders use power to influence people and accomplish

organizational goals.

A __ is one who exhibits neither critical independent thinking nor active participation.

passive follower

Hallmark Cards used the MBTI assessment to increase managers' self-awareness and enable them to understand how their

patterns of behavior affect others.

Both leaders and followers can tap into other sources of power, including

personal effort, networks of relationships, and access to or control over information.

People experience both ____ of happiness, pride, love, and relief, as well as ____ of anger, anxiety, sadness, envy, and disgust.

positive emotions negative emotions

Stress can sometimes be a ___, but too much stress is harmful to individuals and the organizations where they work.

positive force

A person high in authoritarianism is typically concerned with

power and status, obeys established authority, and sticks to conventional values.

A follower who has qualities of all four follower styles, depending on which fits the prevalent situation, is called a

pragmatic survivor.

Successful ______ depends on cooperation, both within the organization and with customers and others outside the organization.

product and service innovation

A ____ is a change in the organization's products or services, such as the Whirlpool two-oven range or the Amazon Kindle Fire.

product change

Both charismatic and transformational leaders provide followers with an inspiring vision, an attractive, ideal future that is credible yet not

readily attainable.

At the _____, people have incorporated new values, attitudes, and behaviors into their everyday work and the changes become institutionalized in the culture.

refreezing stage

Individual differences among people, including personality traits, attitudes, emotions, and characteristics such as self-confidence and self-efficacy influence how people

relate to others and behave at work.

When managers see a need, they want to make changes to fill it, but they may be frustrated because employees seem to

resist change for no apparent reason.

Understanding oneself is essential for being a good manager, but _____ is not easy to achieve.

self-awareness

Self-efficacy is related to ___, which means general assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.

self-confidence

J. K. Rowling demonstrated ___ with her belief that she could publish her first book about Harry Potter despite repeated rejections.

self-efficacy

There are many legitimate reasons why people resist change, such as

self-interest, uncertainty, or lack of trust.

The___ is the tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures.

self-serving bias

Four problem-solving styles are

sensation-thinking, intuitive-thinking, sensation-feeling, and intuitive-feeling.

A ___ is a leader who serves others by working to fulfill followers' needs and goals, as well as to achieve the organization's larger mission.

servant leader

A ____ exists when the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals that of another's.

situation of equity

One contingency approach is the___, which links the leader's behavioral style with the readiness level of followers.

situational model

A substitute for leadership is a ___ that makes a leadership style redundant or unnecessary.

situational variable

A variation of the new-venture team is a _____, a separate informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas.

skunkworks

Two valuable ways to enhance self-awareness are

soliciting feedback and self-assessment, including introspection.

Managers have direct control over many of the things that cause

stress for employees.

In general, a ___ style fits a low-readiness follower, and a ____ style fits a higher-readiness follower.

task-oriented leader; relationship leader

Individuals can apply a variety of techniques to alleviate the ill effects of stress, and managers can implement initiatives in

the workplace to help solve the problem of skyrocketing workplace stress.

OD practitioners recommend a ____ approach for changing people's attitudes and behavior.

three-stage

A __ is one in which people are satisfied, productive, and engaged in creating the future for themselves and their organization.

thriving workforce

The support of ___ is crucial to the successful implementation of a change.

top executives

A ____ clarifies subordinates' roles and task requirements, initiates structure, provides rewards, and displays consideration for followers.

transactional leader

A ___ is distinguished by a special ability to bring about innovation and change by creating an inspiring vision, shaping values, building relationships, and providing meaning for followers.

transformational leader

A significant influence on leadership styles in recent years is the

turbulence and uncertainty of the environment.

Soccer player Landon Donovan spent many hours in introspective conversations with family and friends to increase his

understanding of himself.

Two components of thriving employees are__&__, which managers can promote through empowering people and creating the conditions for employee engagement.

vitality and learning

Although interactive leadership is associated with ____ of leading, both men and women can be effective interactive leaders.

women's style