MNGT Book Test 3
__ refers to applying motivational theories to the structure of work to improve motivation, productivity, and satisfaction.
Job design
__ refers to incorporating high-level motivators, such as achievement, recognition, and opportunities for growth, into the work.
Job enrichment
__ are an important consideration for motivation because performing their components may provide intrinsic rewards that meet employees' needs.
Jobs
___ lets hourly administrative personnel work remotely or work hours of their own choosing and gives movers and warehouse workers control over their start and end times.
Johnson Storage & Moving
____is based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences.
Reinforcement theory
___ are considered to perform better in situations of intermediate favorability.
Relationship-oriented leaders
Changing is the ______stage of OD, when change agents teach people new behaviors and skills and guide them in using them in the workplace.
"intervention"
____ are judgments about what caused a person's behavior—either characteristics of the person or of the situation.
Attributions
___ refers to leadership by individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher-order ethical values, and who empower and inspire others with their openness and authenticity.
Authentic leadership
___ is the belief that power and status differences should exist within an organization.
Authoritarianism
___ refers to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior.
Behavior modification
__ stems from the authority to punish or recommend punishment.
Coercive power
____ is a psychological discomfort that occurs when two attitudes or an attitude and a behavior conflict.
Cognitive dissonance
__ is the term used by researchers at The Ohio State University to describe the extent to which a leader is sensitive to subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and establishes mutual trust.
Consideration
___ emphasize the needs that motivate people.
Content theories
___ is the generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization.
Creativity
___ means thinking independently and being mindful of the effect of one's behavior on achieving goals.
Critical thinking
_____, an open innovation approach used by Fiat, Oscar de la Renta, and many other companies, taps into ideas from around the world and lets thousands or hundreds of thousands of people participate in the innovation process, usually via the Internet.
Crowdsourcing
___ refers to innovations in products, services, or processes that radically change competition in an industry, such as the advent of streaming video or e-books.
Disruptive innovation
___ are problems or opportunities that provide motivation to change.
Driving forces
A person's ___ is the expectancy that putting effort into a given task will lead to high performance.
E → P expectancy
____ theory is a modification of the needs hierarchy and proposes three categories of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth.
ERG
______includes the components of self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
Emotional intelligence
__&__ are recent motivational trends that focus less on extrinsic rewards and more on creating a work environment that enables people to achieve intrinsic rewards and meet higher-level needs.
Employee empowerment and engagement
__ has been one of the hottest topics in management in recent years.
Employee engagement
__ is the delegation of power and authority to subordinates in an organization.
Empowerment
One self-management system is based on five steps:
Empty your head, decide the next action, get organized, perform a weekly review, then do what needs to be done
__ is an emotional and mental state in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization.
Engagement
__focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others.
Equity theory
__proposes that motivation depends on individuals' expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.
Expectancy theory
__ is power that results from a leader's special knowledge or skill in the tasks performed by subordinates.
Expert power
___ involves designing the organization to encourage creativity and the initiation of new ideas.
Exploration
__ refers to withholding positive rewards and essentially ignoring undesirable behavior.
Extinction
___ are given by another person, such as a manager, and include pay increases, promotions, and praise.
Extrinsic rewards
In ____, the suitability of a leader's style is determined by whether the situation is considered favorable or unfavorable to the leader.
Fiedler's contingency theory
____ is a technique for determining which forces drive a proposed change and which forces restrain it.
Force-field analysis
Alan Mulally applied both skilled management and good leadership in his turnaround of
Ford Motor Company.
___ proposes that specific, challenging goals increase motivation and performance when the goals are accepted by subordinates and these subordinates receive feedback to indicate their progress toward goal achievement.
Goal-setting theory
The top-secret ___ lab is an example of a skunkworks.
Google X
___ means being unpretentious and modest rather than arrogant and prideful.
Humility
___ is the effect a person's actions have on the attitudes, values, beliefs, or behavior of others.
Influence
__ is the term that describes the extent to which a leader is task oriented and directs subordinates' work activities toward goal accomplishment.
Initiating structure
____ is a leadership style characterized by values such as inclusion, collaboration, relationship building, and caring.
Interactive leadership
___ are the satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action.
Intrinsic rewards
___ is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of organizational goals.
Leadership
The ___is a two-dimensional leadership model that measures the leader's concern for people and concern for production to categorize the leader in one of five different leadership styles.
Leadership Grid
___&___reflect two different sets of qualities and skills that provide different benefits for the organization.
Leadership and management
___ is power that stems from a manager's formal position in an organization and the authority granted by that position.
Legitimate power
One effective approach in today's environment is ____, which is characterized by an almost complete lack of ego (humility), coupled with a fierce resolve to do what is best for the organization (will).
Level 5 leadership
___ defines whether an individual places the primary responsibility for his successes and failures within himself or on outside forces.
Locus of control
___ refers to a tendency to direct one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for personal gain.
Machiavellianism
___ promotes stability and efficient organizing to meet current commitments, whereas ___ often inspires engagement and organizational change to meet new conditions.
Management leadership
The most well-known content theory is ___, which proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs—physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization—that exist in a hierarchical order.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
___ is the arousal of enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.
Motivation
___ is defined as the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.
Organizational change
____ refers to work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success.
Organizational citizenship
____ refers to loyalty to and engagement with one's work organization.
Organizational commitment
____ is the expectancy that high performance of a task will lead to the desired outcome.
P → O expectancy
____ is the cognitive process that people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.
Perception
____ are errors in perceptual judgment that result from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process.
Perceptual distortions
____ is the set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.
Personality
__ is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior.
Positive reinforcement
___ is the potential ability to influence the behavior of others.
Power
___, including goal-setting theory, equity theory, and expectancy theory, explain how people select behaviors with which to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful.
Process theories
__ refers to the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following an undesirable behavior.
Punishment
___results from characteristics that command subordinates' identification with, respect and admiration for, and desire to emulate the leader.
Referent power
__is anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited.
Reinforcement
___ are barriers such as a lack of resources or inadequate employee skills.
Restraining forces
___ results from the authority to bestow rewards.
Reward power
____ refers to uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role.
Role ambiguity
___ refers to incompatible demands of different roles, such as the demands of a manager's superiors conflicting with those of the manager's subordinates.
Role conflict
____ means being conscious of the internal aspects of one's nature, such as personality traits, beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and perceptions, and appreciating how your patterns affect other people.
Self-awareness
____ is an individual's strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome.
Self-efficacy
_____ is the ability to engage in self-regulating thoughts and behavior to accomplish all your tasks and handle difficult or challenging situations.
Self-management
___ proposes that an individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from thoughts, beliefs, and observations of other people's behavior.
Social learning theory
____ refers to the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category and then attribute generalizations about the group to the individual.
Stereotyping
___ are natural talents and abilities that have been supported and reinforced with learned knowledge and skills.
Strengths
____ is a physiological and emotional response to stimuli that place physical or psychological demands on an individual and create uncertainty and lack of personal control when important outcomes are at stake.
Stress
___are considered to perform better in either highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations.
Task-oriented leaders
___ refers to a change in production processes—how the organization does its work.
Technology change
____ assessment measures a person's preferences for introversion versus extroversion, sensation versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving.
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
____ is the stage in which people are made aware of problems and the need for change.
Unfreezing
__ are distinguishing personal characteristics, such as intelligence, self-confidence, energy, and independence.
Traits
The behavior pattern referred to as ____ behavior is characterized by extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work.
Type A
___ managers can be powerful forces for innovation and change, but they can also create high stress for themselves and others.
Type A
___ behavior is a behavior pattern that reflects few of the Type A characteristics and includes a more balanced, relaxed approach to life.
Type B
__means failing to consider the possibilities beyond what one is told, accepting others' ideas without thinking.
Uncritical thinking
___ is the value of outcomes (rewards) to the individual.
Valence
___ and "at risk" pay have become key motivational tools, although these practices have been criticized in recent years for rewarding the wrong types of behavior.
Variable compensation
___ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them.
Vicarious learning
__ means altering jobs to increase both the quality of employees' work experience and their productivity.
Work redesign
___ can be caused by both task demands and interpersonal demands.
Work stress
The ____ proposes that certain types of needs, including the need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power, are acquired during an individual's lifetime of experiences.
acquired needs theory
An __ is a person who is an independent, critical thinker but is passive in the organization.
alienated follower
Surveys suggest that job satisfaction levels are at an
all-time low.
An ____means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and the systematic implementation of innovations.
ambidextrous approach
Two basic behaviors identified as important for leadership are
attention to tasks and attention to people.
An ___ is a cognitive and affective evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way.
attitude
Managers apply ___, called negative reinforcement, when they remove an unpleasant consequence once a behavior is improved.
avoidance learning
The ___ is the biggest factor in determining whether people feel motivated and engaged at work.
behavior of managers
Every organization must
change and innovate to survive.
A ___ is a leader who has the ability to inspire and motivate people to transcend their expected performance, even to the point of personal sacrifice.
charismatic leader
Three basic principles for self-management are
clarity of mind, clarity of objectives, and an organized system.
Primerica Inc., a large insurance and financial products company, is led by co-CEOs who have different, yet
complementary, personalities.
A __ is a follower who participates actively in the organization but does not use critical thinking skills.
conformist
A ____ is a model of leadership that describes the relationship between leadership styles and specific situations.
contingency approach
Many people aren't willing to change unless they perceive a
crisis.
All behaviors are motivated by something, such as the
desire to fulfill needs for money, recognition, friendship, or a sense of accomplishment.
Unfreezing requires ______, which uses a change agent—an OD specialist who contracts with an organization to help managers facilitate change.
diagnosing problems
People often see the same thing in
different ways.
Many different styles of leadership can be
effective
An __ is a critical, independent thinker who actively participates in the organization.
effective follower
Leaders can accomplish nothing without
effective followers.
An ___ is a mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes.
emotion
The concept of _____suggests that people can catch emotions from those around them, so good managers try to express positive emotions at work.
emotional contagion
A survey found that 32 percent of an employee's desire to stay with a company or leave depends on the
employee's trust in management.
Researchers at the University of Michigan used the terms __&___ to describe the same two basic leadership behaviors.
employee-centered leaders and job-centered leaders
The Big Five personality factors are dimensions that describe an individual's
extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.
People can be driven to act by fear, but good managers avoid the use of ___to motivate people because this approach damages employee commitment and performance in the long run.
fear tactics
The ____ is the idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need; thus, people may move down as well as up the needs hierarchy.
frustration-regression principle
The ___ error is a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another person's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors.
fundamental attribution
PricewaterhouseCoopers applied a bottom-up approach, using an American Idol-style contest to encourage employee ideas for new services at the
giant accounting and consulting firm.
Both leadership and management are important to organizations, and people can learn to be
good leaders as well as good managers.
The ____ occurs when a perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one characteristic, either favorable or unfavorable.
halo effect
Using a____ means that several departments, such as marketing, research, and manufacturing, work closely together to develop new products.
horizontal linkage model
One element of Herzberg's two-factor theory, ___, focuses on lower-level needs and involves the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, including working conditions, pay, and company policies.
hygiene factors
An ___ is a person who sees the need for change and is passionately committed to making it happen.
idea champion
An ____ is an organizational program that provides a safe harbor where employees can generate and develop ideas without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.
idea incubator
In addition, managers use a variety of techniques to smooth the
implementation process.
Empowering employees involves giving them
information, knowledge, power, and rewards.
To increase____, managers develop an internal culture, philosophy, and structure that encourage entrepreneurial activity.
innovation
An ___ says characteristics of the individual caused the person to behave in a certain way, whereas an _____ places the cause on aspects of the situation.
internal attribution; external attribution
Leaders use a wide range of ___, and people who use a wider variety of tactics are typically perceived as having greater power.
interpersonal influence tactics
In addition to providing appropriate extrinsic rewards, effective managers try to help people achieve
intrinsic rewards from their work.
The __ is a model of job design that considers core job dimensions, individuals' critical psychological states, and employee growth-need strength.
job characteristics model
Most companies are moving away from simplified jobs and are using__,__,___ to provide employees with greater variety, stimulation, and satisfaction.
job rotation, job enlargement, and job enrichment
A positive attitude toward one's job is called
job satisfaction.
The ___ asserts that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated, and unreinforced or negatively reinforced behavior tends to be inhibited.
law of effect
The ___ is the idea that the single most important factor that can boost motivation, positive emotions, and perceptions during a workday is making progress toward meaningful goals.
making progress principle
Giving people more control over their work schedules and opportunities to contribute ideas are two ways that
managers meet people's higher-level needs.
Managers create an environment that promotes engagement by providing employees with a sense of
meaning, a sense of connection, and a sense of competence and growth.
Women leaders typically score significantly higher than men on abilities such as _____—skills that are based on humility and authenticity and are particularly suited to today's organizations.
motivating others, building relationships, and developing others
Herzberg's second factor, ____, influences job satisfaction based on fulfilling higher-level needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunities for personal growth.
motivators
A ____ is a disparity between actual and desired performance.
need for change
A ___ is a situational variable that counteracts a leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors.
neutralizer
A_____provides financial resources from which individuals or teams can draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses.
new-venture fund
One structural mechanism that promotes entrepreneurship is the _____, which is a unit separate from the mainstream organization that is responsible for initiating and developing innovations.
new-venture team
Some companies, such as Procter & Gamble and Rovio, creator of the Angry Birds game, extend the search for and commercialization of innovative ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization—a process called
open innovation.
The attitudes and behaviors of leaders shape the conditions that determine how well employees can do their jobs; thus, leaders play a tremendous role in the
organization's success.
All leaders use power to influence people and accomplish
organizational goals.
A __ is one who exhibits neither critical independent thinking nor active participation.
passive follower
Hallmark Cards used the MBTI assessment to increase managers' self-awareness and enable them to understand how their
patterns of behavior affect others.
Both leaders and followers can tap into other sources of power, including
personal effort, networks of relationships, and access to or control over information.
People experience both ____ of happiness, pride, love, and relief, as well as ____ of anger, anxiety, sadness, envy, and disgust.
positive emotions negative emotions
Stress can sometimes be a ___, but too much stress is harmful to individuals and the organizations where they work.
positive force
A person high in authoritarianism is typically concerned with
power and status, obeys established authority, and sticks to conventional values.
A follower who has qualities of all four follower styles, depending on which fits the prevalent situation, is called a
pragmatic survivor.
Successful ______ depends on cooperation, both within the organization and with customers and others outside the organization.
product and service innovation
A ____ is a change in the organization's products or services, such as the Whirlpool two-oven range or the Amazon Kindle Fire.
product change
Both charismatic and transformational leaders provide followers with an inspiring vision, an attractive, ideal future that is credible yet not
readily attainable.
At the _____, people have incorporated new values, attitudes, and behaviors into their everyday work and the changes become institutionalized in the culture.
refreezing stage
Individual differences among people, including personality traits, attitudes, emotions, and characteristics such as self-confidence and self-efficacy influence how people
relate to others and behave at work.
When managers see a need, they want to make changes to fill it, but they may be frustrated because employees seem to
resist change for no apparent reason.
Understanding oneself is essential for being a good manager, but _____ is not easy to achieve.
self-awareness
Self-efficacy is related to ___, which means general assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.
self-confidence
J. K. Rowling demonstrated ___ with her belief that she could publish her first book about Harry Potter despite repeated rejections.
self-efficacy
There are many legitimate reasons why people resist change, such as
self-interest, uncertainty, or lack of trust.
The___ is the tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures.
self-serving bias
Four problem-solving styles are
sensation-thinking, intuitive-thinking, sensation-feeling, and intuitive-feeling.
A ___ is a leader who serves others by working to fulfill followers' needs and goals, as well as to achieve the organization's larger mission.
servant leader
A ____ exists when the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals that of another's.
situation of equity
One contingency approach is the___, which links the leader's behavioral style with the readiness level of followers.
situational model
A substitute for leadership is a ___ that makes a leadership style redundant or unnecessary.
situational variable
A variation of the new-venture team is a _____, a separate informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas.
skunkworks
Two valuable ways to enhance self-awareness are
soliciting feedback and self-assessment, including introspection.
Managers have direct control over many of the things that cause
stress for employees.
In general, a ___ style fits a low-readiness follower, and a ____ style fits a higher-readiness follower.
task-oriented leader; relationship leader
Individuals can apply a variety of techniques to alleviate the ill effects of stress, and managers can implement initiatives in
the workplace to help solve the problem of skyrocketing workplace stress.
OD practitioners recommend a ____ approach for changing people's attitudes and behavior.
three-stage
A __ is one in which people are satisfied, productive, and engaged in creating the future for themselves and their organization.
thriving workforce
The support of ___ is crucial to the successful implementation of a change.
top executives
A ____ clarifies subordinates' roles and task requirements, initiates structure, provides rewards, and displays consideration for followers.
transactional leader
A ___ is distinguished by a special ability to bring about innovation and change by creating an inspiring vision, shaping values, building relationships, and providing meaning for followers.
transformational leader
A significant influence on leadership styles in recent years is the
turbulence and uncertainty of the environment.
Soccer player Landon Donovan spent many hours in introspective conversations with family and friends to increase his
understanding of himself.
Two components of thriving employees are__&__, which managers can promote through empowering people and creating the conditions for employee engagement.
vitality and learning
Although interactive leadership is associated with ____ of leading, both men and women can be effective interactive leaders.
women's style