mod 26-30
skinner box
(operant chamber) box containing or bar or key in which animals could manipulate to get food or water and a device to record the responses of how often the bar is pressed
extinction
diminished learned behavior
biofeedback
a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, allows you to learn techniques to control certain responses
primary reinforcers
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (drinking more water if you have a headache)
aversive conditioning
a negative response, used to help a person give something up
Reinforcement schedules
a pattern that defines how often the desired response will be reinforced
positive punishment
gets rid of an aversive stimulus (spray barking dog with water, getting grounded)
BF Skinner
graduate in psychology, modern behaviorism, operant conditioning
shaping
guiding closer to the desired behavior
discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between learned stimuli, adaptive (guard dog your heart may race, but a guide dog it will not)
learned food aversion
learned association between certain foods
conditioned response
learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
instrumental learning
learning based on the consequences of responding, we learn based on the response we get
observational learning
learning by observing others
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
positive reinforcement
increases response when presented with positive stimuli (reward)
John Garcia
challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well, discovered taste aversion
higer-order conditioning
conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, weaker response (dog bark triggers to when you were bit by a dog)
chaining
operant conditioning in which complex behavioral sequence is learned
secondary reinforcers
stimulus that reinforces a behavior after being associated with a primary reinforcer
negative reinforcement
strengthens a response by removing something unpleasant (seat belt ringing in car if you don't put it on right away)
Edward Tolman
studied rats in mazes to show evidence of cognitive processes, cognitive map
aqusition
the initial learning of response, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response (after extinction)
instictive drift
the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
omission training
to see different enforcement of other behavior
unconditioned stimulus
unlearned stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response
unconditioned response
unlearned, naturally occurring response
operant conditioning
voluntary learned behavior, it it shaped
classical conditioning
we link two or more stimuli together to produce as response
Robert Koelling
with Garcia, studied taste aversion
negative punishment
withdraw rewarding stimulus (taking phone away)
Albert Bandura
pioneered observational learning
John Watson
psychologist who came up with the ideas of behaviorism (psychology should be objective with the studying of behavior)
Variable Interval (VI)
reinforcement after different range of TIMES, ex. post office
Variable Ratio (VR)
reinforcement after different ranges in number of responses, best way to get addicted
Fixed Interval (FI)
reinforcement after set amount of TIME
Fixed Ratio (FR)
reinforcement after set number of response
partial-reinforcement effect
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in the slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement (salesperson only gets commission sometimes)
continous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Robert Rescorla
showed that animal can learn the predictability of an event
cognitive map
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
Edward Thorndike
behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so
conditioned stimulus
originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response
Ivan Pavlov
researcher who explored classical conditioning won a nobel prize
generalization
responding to stimuli similar to that of learned (conditioned) stimuli
token economy
reward system
law of effect
rewarded behavior tends to recur
generalized reinforcers
secondary reinforcers paired with primary reinforcers