mod 26-30

skinner box

(operant chamber) box containing or bar or key in which animals could manipulate to get food or water and a device to record the responses of how often the bar is pressed

extinction

diminished learned behavior

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, allows you to learn techniques to control certain responses

primary reinforcers

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (drinking more water if you have a headache)

aversive conditioning

a negative response, used to help a person give something up

Reinforcement schedules

a pattern that defines how often the desired response will be reinforced

positive punishment

gets rid of an aversive stimulus (spray barking dog with water, getting grounded)

BF Skinner

graduate in psychology, modern behaviorism, operant conditioning

shaping

guiding closer to the desired behavior

discrimination

learned ability to distinguish between learned stimuli, adaptive (guard dog your heart may race, but a guide dog it will not)

learned food aversion

learned association between certain foods

conditioned response

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

instrumental learning

learning based on the consequences of responding, we learn based on the response we get

observational learning

learning by observing others

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

positive reinforcement

increases response when presented with positive stimuli (reward)

John Garcia

challenged the idea that all associations can be learned equally well, discovered taste aversion

higer-order conditioning

conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, weaker response (dog bark triggers to when you were bit by a dog)

chaining

operant conditioning in which complex behavioral sequence is learned

secondary reinforcers

stimulus that reinforces a behavior after being associated with a primary reinforcer

negative reinforcement

strengthens a response by removing something unpleasant (seat belt ringing in car if you don't put it on right away)

Edward Tolman

studied rats in mazes to show evidence of cognitive processes, cognitive map

aqusition

the initial learning of response, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response (after extinction)

instictive drift

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

omission training

to see different enforcement of other behavior

unconditioned stimulus

unlearned stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response

unconditioned response

unlearned, naturally occurring response

operant conditioning

voluntary learned behavior, it it shaped

classical conditioning

we link two or more stimuli together to produce as response

Robert Koelling

with Garcia, studied taste aversion

negative punishment

withdraw rewarding stimulus (taking phone away)

Albert Bandura

pioneered observational learning

John Watson

psychologist who came up with the ideas of behaviorism (psychology should be objective with the studying of behavior)

Variable Interval (VI)

reinforcement after different range of TIMES, ex. post office

Variable Ratio (VR)

reinforcement after different ranges in number of responses, best way to get addicted

Fixed Interval (FI)

reinforcement after set amount of TIME

Fixed Ratio (FR)

reinforcement after set number of response

partial-reinforcement effect

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in the slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement (salesperson only gets commission sometimes)

continous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Robert Rescorla

showed that animal can learn the predictability of an event

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

Edward Thorndike

behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another doing so

conditioned stimulus

originally neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response

Ivan Pavlov

researcher who explored classical conditioning won a nobel prize

generalization

responding to stimuli similar to that of learned (conditioned) stimuli

token economy

reward system

law of effect

rewarded behavior tends to recur

generalized reinforcers

secondary reinforcers paired with primary reinforcers