Modern Asia Terms
cultural and civilization (friedberg)
lack of common heritage (immense diversity in Asia) S: a liberal factor that mitigates against instability
limited war
new strategic post cold war belief that proxy wars between regimes would be the norm.
Neo-Realism/ Offensive Realism & Asia
-what kept order in Asia during the Cold War: bipolarity -likely impact of end of CW & China's Rise: Chinese expansionism -role of regional institutions: instruments of Chinese sphere of influence -asia's future will resemble: America's past -Mearsheimer
balance of power
Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.
Tepperman
-731 unit: imperial J unit conducting chemical weapons experiments on ppl in Manchuria -> abe gaffe in 731 plane. -history role in Asia + explains why on brink of several conflicts. -many reasons for Asian countries to cooperate but they arent (ex: SK & J) - islands, fear of J militariasm -J should apologize & everyone should seek to resolve grievances but not likely. -politicians stir pot -also exploit the past for POLITICAL ENDS.
Why Asia is headed for Peace
-Asian IR is different. Dont focus on balance of power so much, but rather informal hierarchical bandwagoning - Kang -China's smile diplomacy -omnibalancing -US never left the region. - Cha (who argues against Bett's retrenchment idea). Continued leadership -> peace. -trilateral cooperation: first wave scholars like Betts, Calder, Bracken and Friedberg all make assumptions re: US-J-C front, & assumed conflict and instability. However, this turned out to be a relatively stable relationship. -geography: Asia evolved to break down geographically between two poles (maritime coalition vs continental coalition). - Ross. all these are competing and complementary args for peace.
China & IR importance
-China is the only country that has the potential to challenge the US on all great power metrics (economy, technology, military etc) -China is the world's big power that came outside the post-WW2 order -how the intl system deals w/ China will inform how we study IR for the next few generations.
New Type of Great Power Relationship
-Chinese strategy -US accepted to avoid Thucydides Trap (of inevitable conflict) -Allow China to make great power gains -Is this why we have strategic competition over responsible stakeholders? YES -understanding by the YS & China that they would share pwr (bigemony)
Nanjing Massacre/Rape of Nanjing
-D: episode of mass murder & mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-38). -S: historical tensions that impede better relations -one of the issues allegedly under-addressed by J textbooks.
Katz
-Dokdo (SK), Takeshima (J), Liancourt (US) -BGN ∆d online status to Liancourt + contested territories from previous SK designations -> SK & J media flurry -had to clarify no policy shift + no J bias. -MEDIA as driver bc couldnt calm SK or J media. -states treat sovereign issues seriously
Why Korea?
-Korea was more than Korea, strategic vs intrinsic -Fear of Domino theory -War brought US to Asia, almost by accident -Had strategic value - valued because you don't want enemy to have it (versus intrinsic value - resources, value in itself)
What Ripe for Rivalry Got Wrong
-Predicted wrong: Asia with different its political economy, culture, history and demographics may or may not function like Europe -realist argument largely based on hard power capabilities & multipolar assumption, but ∆s in distribution of power don't necessarily correlate w/ ∆ in influence (Cha) -Assessing trends rather than net assessments -Filling in Areas where US was not -wrongly assumed economic growth translated to political leadership.
Campbell and Ratner "The China Reckoning"
-Rather than becoming a force for greater openness, consistent growth has served to LEGITIMIZE the CCP and its state-led economic model. -CCP wants to maintain econ control: consolidating SOEs & pursuing industrial policies focusing on critical sectors. restricted mkt access.
Island Chains strategy
-US designed but China uses it for its strategy. -us conceptions of defense.
Liberalism
-anarchy & self-help -greater potential for cooperation through humanity -4 strains: commercial/economic, democratic, epistemic, regulatory
Bracken
-everyone panic! -everyone is building missiles and no one can stop them. -US cant guarantee security, cant rely on previous security order -globalization cant save Asia Ripe for Rivalry
linkages (friedberg)
-lot of intraregional linkages will mitigate competitive elements -trade, economy, investment S: a liberal factor that mitigates against instability
instrumental historical enmity vs historical effects
-tactical vs real. instrumental historical enmity: historical effects: emotion, hatred..... ???
Classical Realism/ Defensive Realism & Asia
-what kept order in Asia during the Cold War: US military presence. -likely impact of end of CW & China's Rise: multipolar rivalry. -role of regional institutions: adjuncts to balance of pwr (effective on if there is prior balance of pwr). -asia's future will resemble: Europe's past. -Friedberg
Liberalism & Asia
-what kept order in Asia during the Cold War: interdependence induced by rapid economic growth. -likely impact of end of CW & China's Rise: multipolar stability due to expansion of capitalism & commerce. -role of regional institutions: building economic & security regimes to promote free trade and manage disputes arising from growing interdependence. -asia's future will resemble: no avl arg
Constructivism & Asia
-what kept order in Asia during the Cold War: norms diffused through ASEAN -likely impact of end of CW & China's Rise: multipolar stability through socialization of Cold War rivals (Acharya) OR benign hierarchy (Kang). -role of regional institutions: norm-setting & community building through habits of dialogue & informal institutions. -asia's future will resemble: Asia's past
Ripe for Rivalry Factors
-wide disparities in levels of economic/military power among nations -different political systems (democratic to totalitarian) -historical animosities -lack of international institutions
Shambaugh's Analysis
1. Systemic factors - structural factors that impact all states. ex: distribution of power. 2. subregional factors - affect specific states. ex: territorial disputes. 3. functional issues - transnational issues that can affect some or all states. ex: terrorism, climate change. 4. fixed characteristics - geography. 5. history - lingering animosities. ex: comfort women, yasukuni shrine. 6. norms - norms that operate in the region. ex: state behavior.
Security Dilemma
A dilemma that arises when efforts that states make to defend themselves cause other states to feel less secure. This dilemma can lead to arms races and war due to fear of being attacked.
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
An international organization linking together the 10 most important countries of Southeast Asia.
Friedberg, "Ripe for Rivalry"
Arg: Asia will be MULTIPOLAR like pre WW2 Europe S: -exemplifies "Europe's past is Asia's future" [parallels] -multipolarity -lack of democracy/no uniform form of governing -mix of rich & poor countries -low economic integration (trade, investment etc) -nationalism (pre-WW1 Europe & Asia 1990s) -weak institutions (no institutions to help mediate issues) -due to similarities, will lead to multipolar war -Liberal factors can mitigate against instability: nature of state, linkages, culture and civilization
Klare
Args: -rapid arms race/heightened defense spending caused: Econ growth, fear of RC, lack of regional integration, unchecked balance of power. -calls for regional military cooperation -poses a serious risk for US defense & global security Ripe for Rivalry
Def & Off Realism significance contd:
China's Taiwan, A2/AD and South China Sea strategy shows how hard it is to differentiate between the two.
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
D: S:
Realism
D: -basic causal argument: Anarchy -> Self-Help -> SD -power as a means to SURVIVAL -states must be concerned about how much relative pwr they hold. -power as ZERO-SUM. -force is the ultimate arbiter. -peace is achieved through balance of power.
Boxing Day Tsunami (2004)
D: 9.1 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra which affected 14 countries, killed nearly 230k people and left nearly 1.7 million people homeless. S: countries turned to the US to coordinate the post-tsunami aid effort. -China response was "slow, feeble and parochial" ($60mil + 1 med team) vs strong US-coordinated response (core group + aircraft, ships, personnel + $350mil relief package + US commitment of additional $600 mil). -Cha: shows how US is still Asia's regional benefactor, because despite the Ripe for Rivalry school's predictions, countries still turned to the US for leadership. Ripe for Rivalry looked at capabilities but not influence or leadership
Commodore Matthew Perry
D: A navy commander who in 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years. S: instrument by which the US was able to open Japan. Notable also for use of gunboat diplomacy & influence on Mahan. His actions in Japan paved the way for the Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854), an unequal treaty w/ a most favored nation clause and which opened 2 ports to American ships.
Truman Doctrine (1947)
D: American foreign policy to counter USSR geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. S: shows how postwar American policy was not focused on Asia -- esp not on continental Asia. -sought to expand democracy and free and fair elections to select countries of interest.
The Asian Paradox
D: Asia is a region of significant economic growth and intraregional trade but it is STILL mired in security tensions. S: This defies the [economic] LIBERAL international expectation that (1) similar economic values proliferate; (2) nations trade together; (3) international institutions bridge nations together, regulate dialogue, create rules and increase transparency/predictability THEN => relations will improve and security tensions will diminish. -this is not the case in Asia largely bc HISTORICAL TENSIONS tied largely to Japanese colonialism and WW2. -Asia is a model for the future but cannot separate itself from its past. -a key focus of many second wave scholars.
smile diplomacy
D: China's rise and charm offensive. Peace and prosperity in region -> peace and prosperity at home -> good for the CCP. S: idea that we get peace because of China's rise and charm offensive. States accommodate and engage with China, & there is no challenge to the system. -situational and dispositional attribution; influence and soft pwr. -see Beijing Model -Shambaugh
TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership)
D: DEFUNCT PROPOSED TRADE AGREEMENT between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam, and the United States signed on 4 February 2016, which was not ratified as required and did not take effect. After the United States withdrew its signature, the agreement could not enter into force. S: liberal institutionalism + econ interdependence attempt + failure. -set the global parameters for trade. -supposed to maintain Asia's peace by integrating many nations.
9-Dash Line
D: Demarcation line used by the PRC for their claims of the major part of the South China Sea. S: includes sig chains like the Paracel and Spratly Islands. *see SCS. -China is building manmade islands in the area. Disagrees with Hague tribunal dismissing its claims.
Ripe for Rivalry school
D: FIRST WAVE OF POST COLD WAR SCHOLARS: Early 1990s, Western realist analysts predicted dire scenarios for Asia, increased arms racing and power politics, while Asian experts express optimism about its future. -School predicted that Asia would be the next region of great power conflict after the end of the cold war (Focused on realist variables) -Scholars envisioned a return of power politics after decades when conflict in Asia was dominated by Cold War tension between US-Soviet Union -Return of arms race and major conflict among Asian countries: Japanese rearmament, increased Chinese adventurism spurred by China's rising power, conflict over Taiwan, missile attacks from North Korea against against South Korea, Japan or US S: -most IR theory is derived from the European experience: cause of WWI, WW2, Cold War, US soviet relations etc. -Asia (China, India, Japan, Russia) never been primary focus, but economic, military and diplomatic power is rivaling that of Europe -Friedberg, Betts, Klare, Bracken -recounted by Kang
Beijing Model (aka the Beijing Consensus)
D: FOIL to the Washington Consensus with less emphasis on state affairs. Innovation and experimentation; sustainable and equitable development; global integration w/ national self determination (the authoritarian clause -- integration w/o subscription to norms) S: theme of how to explain asia's peace: China's smile diplomacy.
China as Buddha
D: NEOLIBERAL PERSPECTIVE on China's Rise. The international system deals w/ China's rise by EMBEDDING IT into the postwar neoliberal order (institutions, growth within rules of the current system). S: predicts China is "fat and happy" like Buddha within the current international order, making it not cost-effective to overturn it. Thus, China is a status quo power likely to exhibit more regionally-compliant behavior. -> Zoellick hope.
Korean War (1950-1953)
D: North Korean government established by the USSR invaded South Korea, which had a government established by the US. US under leadership of General Douglas MacArthur pushed the North out of the South. Despite Chinese warnings not to invade the North, the US invaded in an attempt to unify Korea; pushed back to 38th parallel S: Korean War turned US's core principals on Asia policy on its head. -flipped 3 major principles: no ground war in Asia, no diverting resources from Europe, look for opportunity of PRC (split Chinese from soviets). -proxy war between US and USSR. -nature of NK's attack = a premeditated, all out invasion, which angered truman. -Korean war about more than just Korea. It was the first place the Cold War turned hot + the first time a place in Asia had STRATEGIC VALUE to the US.
Defensive Realism
D: Realists who posit that aggressive expansion as promoted by offensive realists upsets the TENDENCY OF STATES TO CONFORM TO THE BALANCE OF POWER theory, thereby decreasing the primary objective of the state, which they argue is ENSURING ITS SECURITY. -basically, states seek to increase their power & satisfy their aims but recognize their POTENTIAL LIMITS. S: posits that China is "somewhere between Godzilla and Buddha" seeking to gain control of their immediate environment, expand into maritime Asia and expel the US to become a dominant regional power.
Betts "Wealth, Power and Instability"
D: Ripe for Rivalry Scholar -BALANCE FOR PWR IN ASIA UP FOR GRABS: sub system is multipolar: US, USSR, China & J. China is the biggest threat to equilibrium. -CHANCES OF INSTABILITY ARE HIGHER bc: greater potential for miscalculation when power distribution is in flux; war when disagree on powers; historic dyads: have all experienced war historically. -HOW TO STABILIZE: re-establish bipolarity; hegemony: one power should be hegemon; bigemony; omnibalancing; offshore balancing; US as offshore balancer
Yasukuni Shrine
D: Shinto shrine located in Tokyo, Japan dedicated to those who died in service to the Emperor of Japan in wars from 1867-1951. S: The shrine enshrines World War 2 soldiers and war criminals. -every time a politician visits the shrine, it is seen by South Korea and China as honoring war criminals -> [theme] historical tension hurting Asian relations. -amplification of the textbook issue where events not favorable to Japan are downplayed.
Treaty of Paris (1898)
D: Spain relinquished Cuba claim, Spain ceded US control of Puerto Rico & Guam (& basically the Phillippines) -> US emerges as a world player with a foothold into the Caribbean. S: beginning of the US's land presence in Asia.
South China Sea disputes (includes the Spratly Islands archipelago)
D: The South China Sea disputes involve both island and maritime claims among several sovereign states within the region, namely Brunei, the Republic of China (ROC), Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. S: Extremely busy shipping route that facilitates estimated trillions of USD dollars of global trade annually. -China is building manmade islands in the area. -potential oil/gas reserves. -prev subject of post war pessimism, which predicted these conflicts would star an arms race. -[theme]: territorial dispute/historical tension hindering relations. -ASEAN hasn't been able to take a unified stand against China bc financial inducements. -US has a weak negotiating position, but this poses a security risk if unaddressed.
situational attribution
D: The situation compels them to resolve historical issues/act S: why some resolution attempts don't work, because victims perceive them not to be genuine, but rather strategic, in nature. (Example: Japan threatened by security threat in South China Sea)
Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964)
D: US 5 star general, field marshal of the Philippine Army S: hated Europe-first policy + Salutary Neglect. -fought in the Korean War to push Kim Il-Sung's troops to the 38th parallel, and was fired by Truman for wanting to go further. -opposed to losing China
Dean Acheson
D: US Secretary of State under President Harry Truman (1949-1953). S: Acheson played a key role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War. -viewed Asia as "remote and nebulous" and as a distraction to more important affairs. His views were enshrined in his National Press Club Speech of 1949.
George Kennan
D: US diplomat notable for his "Long Telegram" communique re: the USSR. S: introduced the Containment doctrine into American lexicon, which outlines how the US must actively stop Soviet expansion, esp in Europe. -believed there were 5 main power centers in the world: US, J, G, Britain, USSR. -advocated for pullout of Korea and Taiwan. -focus on MARITIME perimeter (Japan, Australia, Philippines) -truman not applicable to China bc underdeveloped & no capacity to pwr project & unattractive partner to ussr
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
D: US federal law prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years; renewed in '92. Made permanent in 1902. S: First significant law restricting immigration into the US. -emphasizes racism aspect of "why is asia so remote from US thinking?" question. bc it is culturally different.
Salutary Neglect
D: US policy towards Asia (under Dean Acheson) up until 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea. S: during this period, the US history of engagement in Asia was characterized by STRATEGIC AND SECURITY AMBIVALENCE -US interests in Asia were PERIPHERAL -- economics, missionary, but not security. maritime but not continental. -US disinterest in carving out spheres of influence in Asia. -US cared more about communism in EUROPE than Asia. -most obvious examples of US's lack of strategic interest in Asia = its nonintervention/little action re sig strategic events in Korea (1910), Manchuria (1932) and China (1949).
Alfred Thayer Mahan
D: US strategist and naval officer. S: posited that colonial spheres of interest where detrimental to US market access/economic interests. Mahan was a leading voice for the maritime power argument for US power projection strategy in Asia. -see open door policy
Japanese-Korean Forced Labor Dispute
D: When Japan colonized Korea in 1910-1945, Koreans were forced to work for the Japanese war effort. These are now the subject of compensation disputes between former laborers and related J companies. S: -2 court cases against Mitsubishi & Nippon Steel. -Japan is not accepting these South Korean court rulings, saying the issue was resolved by '60s aid/1965 treaty between the SK & J government. -On Jan 9, a SK district court decided to freeze Nippon Steel's local assets. -theme: historical animosity preventing relations improvement. -theme: dispositional vs situational apology.
Offshore Balancing
D: When a great power leaves regional powers responsibility for maintaining the status quo (realist strategy) S: Shows what happens when a great power relinquishes power -applied to the US, this could stabilize Europe, according to Betts. US puts weight on one side or the other to stabilize -US cannot dominate the region militarily. -US commitments are vague (esp in Taiwan).
Stag Hunt
D: a situation in which hunters must decide whether to collaborate with each other for a bigger prize or act on their own smaller yet more guaranteed prize S: always advantageous to act alone, rather than w/ rest of group, bc you will achieve minimum success. -realist definition for why China rises, and how they could rise alone.
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
D: agreement that formally ended the Russo-Japanese War. S: Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations and won a Nobel Peace Prize and this was the first instance of strategic intervention by the US in Asia.
China as Godzilla - Offensive Realism
D: anarchic nature of the international system is responsible for aggressive behavior. -goal: survival under anarchy -how to maximize security: maximize relative pwr. -how states respond to threats: let some other state pay the costs. -value of conquest: it pays; balancing slow & inefficient. -proponents: Mearsheimer, Schweller S: predicts that although China is largely abiding by international norms/rules now (w/ a few exceptions) it actually wants to change the status quo (revisionism). -China wants to push US out of Asia & pacify regional neighbors. -China as a power maximizer.
dispositional attribution
D: assuming that another [state's] behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones. S: why some resolution attempts WORK, because victims perceive them TO BE genuine, not strategic, in nature (Example: Obama visiting memorial of Hiroshima Nuclear Meltdown victims)
relative gains
D: benefits reaped by all parties involved / conditions in which some participants in cooperative interactions benefit more than others = liberal position
Spanish-American War (1898)
D: conflict fought between Spain and the US in 1898 after the explosion of the USS Maine. S: led to 1898 Treaty of Paris where Spain relinquished Cuba claim, Spain ceded US control of Puerto Rico & Guam (& basically the Phillippines) -> US emerges as a world player with a foothold into the Caribbean. -stepping stone to China and market access.
regional benefactor (cha)
D: country willing and able to provide for region's public good S: Cha says this shows Bush's Asia policy has worked, bc although China is building its military capabilities, pressing for FTAs and increasingly occupying central positions in various intl orgs IT DOES NOT MEAN A NEW PWR TRANSITION IS TAKING PLACE where China replaces US as regional benefactor. -see boxing day tsunami
gunboat diplomacy
D: diplomacy as an offensive front. -ex: opening of Japan by Matthew Perry.
Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)
D: discussion between senior leaders of Japan and the US re: the positions of the 2 nations in East Asian affairs, esp re: the status of Korea & the Philippines in the aftermath of Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War. S: Japan got Korea, US got the Philippines which it used as the basis for its future empire. Teddy Roosevelt got Noble Peace Prize and Korea was miffed at being the object of this deal.
East China Sea Dispute
D: dispute over uninhabited islands in the East China Sea -- the Senkaku or Diaoyu Islands --claimed by China, Taiwan and Japan. D: see Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands
Japanese-South Korean Agreement on Comfort Women (2015)
D: final solution with understanding that statue would be removed; re-affirmation of Kono sentiments; Prime Minister Abe statement; $8.3 million gov fund. S: -apology types; historical tension stuff.
Dokdo/Takeshima Islands (aka the Liancourt Rocks)
D: group of small islets in the Sea of Japan. S: South Korea currently controls them, but Japan also claims sovereignty over them. -[theme]: territorial dispute/historical tension hindering relations. -for South Koreans (and perhaps the Japanese) it is deeply embedded in their national consciousness and internalized by the citizens.
Peter Parker
D: medical missionary in China after it opened. S: typifies Christian missionary experience in China.
Anti-Access/Area Denial (A2/AD)
D: military strategy to prevent US from entering or overtaking East Asia by submarines & missiles. S: both an offensive & defensive realist strategy for China to maintain its regional hegemony.
Washington Naval Conference (1922)
D: multinational arms agreement called by the US to limit the naval arms race and work out security agreements in the Pacific Arena (US, Britain, France, & Japan). S: set out naval ratios for capital ships: 5(US and Britain), 3(Japan) and 1.67(France and Italy). The US's motivation was still mainly economic. -shows US control of Asia was strictly maritime and commercial.
zero sum power (absolute gains)
D: one country's acquisition of power implies another country's proportional loss of power. = the realist position
Megumi Yokota
D: one of the most notorious Japanese citizens abducted by North Korea. S: in 2002 Kim Jong Ill admitted to abducting 13 Japanese citizens, although J believes it was actually 17. some have returned, others believed to have died (like MY). -this is a major obstacle preventing improvement in J-NK relations (historical animosity).
White Man's Burden
D: poem written by Rudyard Kipling in 1899, in which he argued for the US to pursue empire, esp in regards to the Philippines. S: Applied to Asia, it is a cultural image in which the US will civilize Asian countries.
Group of two ("G2") Idea
D: proposed informal special relationship between the PRC & the US focused on engaging China directly, not containing it S: promotes centrality of Sino-US relations, potential cooperation between the two nations to tackle key global problems moving forward, US as foregoing containing China, and the idea that China is central to the US global agenda. -bigemony relationship.
open door policy
D: protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. S: kept China as whole as possible so as to not restrict US market access.
Ripe for Peace School
D: second wave of scholars who, after the Cold War failed to produce conflict/systemic warfare, began focusing on (1) what the RIGHT FOR RIVALRY SCHOOL GOT WRONG and (2) why Asia was headed for PEACE. -acceptance of non-zero sum explanations, unlike first wave scholars. S: frames our perception of Asia, and helps predict dynamic future of IR in future. -Kang, Shambaugh, Cha
Dean Acheson's National Press Club Speech (1949)
D: speech given by Truman's Secretary of State Dean Acheson in 1949 which exemplifies his Asian policy. S: it drew a line clearly illustrating the US's focus on maritime Asia. It described US interests in Asia as peripheral and MARITIME (not continental) + more aligned w/ ECONOMICS AND MISSIONARY interests as opposed to security interests. -US post-war attn to China was (1) derivative of Europe and (2) a function of domestic politics. Republicans critiqued the Truman admin for being weak on communism in Asia. -framed later as strategic miscalculation & miscommunication that invited NK invasion of SK.
Cold War (1945-1991)
D: state of political tension/ global bipolarity between the US and the USSR. S: when the CW was in progress, there was a CLEAR BIPOLAR ENVIRONMENT, roughly equal military superpowers, power was seen as 0-sum, US's primary concern was EUROPE, & there was ideological competition. -After the CW ended, scholars needed a new region to focus on -> turned to Asia -> Ripe for Rivalry School of Thought
Kono Statement (1993)
D: statement by Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yōhei Kōno in 1993 that functioned as an apology to Korean comfort women S: the Japanese government had previously denied that Korean women had been coerced into sexual slavery in World War 2 up to this point. -this apology never fully satisfied victims. -the accompanying compensation fund was private, making victims believe the government was still avoiding liability. -situational vs dispositional attribution.
historical animosity
D: strong hostility stemming from a historical event. See comfort women, Yasukuni Shrine, Megumi Yokota, forced labor disputes, Rape of Nanjing S: hampers improvement of relationships between nations. -helps explain behavior in Asia that may not look rational, like the absence of cooperation that rational interests would theoretically lead to. -Cha: the media and politicians (bc perceive a politically safe/beneficial topic but not the case IRL) are the primary domestic drivers of historical animosity.
Balancing
D: the actions that a particular state or group of states take in order to equalise the odds against more powerful states; that is to make it more difficult and hence less likely for powerful states to exert their military advantage over the weaker ones. S: prediction for state action and future global system used as the basis for key policies and schools of thought (like the Ripe for Rivalry crew)
Responsible stakeholder (2005)
D: the idea that as China rises, they need to contribute more to public goods (ie international norms, climate change actions, counterproliferation efforts etc) in the international system. Derived from a 2005 speech given by Robert Zoellick. S: caused great consternation among Chinese interpreters (who, interestingly, had significant difficulty coming up with a nuanced translation of "stakeholder"). Nonetheless it influences both the American and Chinese policy communities and continues to generate lively discussion about China's desired role in the international system. -Promotes idea that China's rise is not a zero-sum-gain because it would lead to greater Chinese contribution to international public goods like the US does now. -First foreign strategy to acknowledge China as a great power
epistemic liberalism
D: the idea that human beings can learn and improve over time, esp from their mistakes. S: Acharya type of how China will adopt Liberalism -How do the Western IR theories apply in Asia Ex: Japan learned from its wartime actions and is now reluctant to use military power and has a pacifist constitution.
Omni-Balancing
D: the phenomenon by which middle regional powers play a stabilizing role in Asian IR. These powers don't balance on one side or another -- rather, they move around based on different issues to achieve regional equilibrium (goh). S: peace in Asia is due to omnibalancing and enmeshing (great powers become enmeshed in regional institutions like ASEAN, EAS etc to play by rules) -makes it so regional nations dont need to definitively choose C or US side.
Domino Theory
D: theory that a political event (communism) in one country will cause similar events in neighboring countries, like a falling domino causing an entire row of standing dominoes to fall. S: -what motivated the US to intervene in Korea (and later Vietnam) -fear of communism -represented new strategic beliefs in the US
Bigemony
D: two major powers rule the region jointly but dont divide it up (vs bipolarity they compete/balance). S: G2 concept (US-China). -Betts says this is a way to stabilize the Asian system.
Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands
D: uninhabited islands in the East China Sea that are the subject of a territorial dispute by China, Taiwan and Japan. They are currently under Japanese administration. S: The islands are situated near important shipping lanes, potentially hold oil and gas reserves. -sovereignty issue. -Shambaugh: a reason for J-C relationship tensions. -Kang: this is not evidence of C revisionist/imperial ambitions because other countries have unresolved disputes too and lack of recent war over territories show China wants peaceful resolutions.
megacity
D: very large city typically w/ a population of over 10 million. S: diversity + exemplifies multiple forms of Asian growth (economic, population)
bandwagoning
D: when a state aligns with a stronger, adversarial power and concedes that the stronger adversary-turned partner disproportionately gains in the spoils they conquer together. S: Kang asserts that states in Asia don't balance against a rising power, they bandwagon w/ it. This explains why Asia is headed for peace. -up until 1945 states in Asia bandwagoned w/ the US. Now they are shitting towards bandwagoning w/ China.
comfort women
D: women forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during WWII. S: Issue of historical contention today that continues to mar relations between Japan & Korea. -50k-20k Korean "comfort women" victims -J gov never outright admitted that Japanese army was involved in sexual slavery during WW2. -settlement attempted but plaintiff got impeached -> government terminated the agreement so it is still an ongoing issue.
nature of state (friedberg)
status quo oriented, BUT pursuit of land is still intense. -against violence, like-minded, wealthy = stability -Asia: some lib dems, recent dems, & not dems. S: a liberal factor that mitigates against instability
constructivism
MAIN IDEA: examines how role of collectively held IDEAS, BELIEFS, & NORMS affect social & polit life. -2 fundamental assumptions: (1) state interaction shaped by ideational (not just material) factors; (2) agents & structures are mutually constituted. -focuses less on structure and more on social interaction -anarchy is NOT STRUCTURAL -self help but doesnt need to be that way -the role of identity and ideas in how international relations works (post Cold War, caused by change in system not war).
Lind
[APOLOGIES] -denial inhibits reconciliation (J textbook omissions + denial) -reconsider healing pwr of contrition (J evidence of backlash which concerns adversaries) -reconciliation w/o contrition possible (focus on unifying aspects of the past) -SK works w/ J politically but Asian counties dont really trust it. -J unapologetic - Yasukuni shrine, emph on J victimhood. -forced labor, sexual slavery etc lawsuits largely thrown out. -J Official denials and glorifications gave way to tepid apologies-> contrition + some compensation -> increased textbook coverage. Growing contrition in the 1990s triggered a [conservative counter-reaction] and pushed the country toward a more nationalistic stance. -SK should still be worried bc persistent and powerful voices of denial in J society.
Zoellick (2005)
[We need to urge China to become a responsible stakeholder in that system.] -CCP under DX: isolationism -> globalism. -> US successfully integrated China into the intl system. -C has a RESPONSIBILITY TO STRENGTHEN THE SYSTEM THAT ENRICHED IT. -NATIONAL INTEREST best served through working w/ US to strengthen the intl system. -CHINA IS NOT THE USSR as described by Kennan: no fundamental struggle w/ capitalism, etc. doesnt need to overturn the system. -China needs to recognize how its actions are perceived by others. ex: China's rapid military modernization and increases in capabilities raise questions about the [purposes of this buildup] and China's lack of transparency. -US, Japan, and China will need to cooperate effectively together on both regional and global challenges.
Prisoner's Dilemma
a game in which pursuing dominant strategies results in noncooperation that leaves everyone worse off. -defect-dominant strategy DC > CC > DD > CD -uncertainty hampers cooperation -states fear they will be cheated so they defect first -> constant possibility for conflict.
anarchy
absence of an overarching authority. -> self help system
democratic liberalism
democracy mitigates the harsher affects of anarchy. -DPT: democracies do not fight other states they perceive to be democracies. -vote out bad leaders -externalize norms
commercial liberalism
economic ties mitigate anarchy, impulses to resolve conflict peacefully.
regulatory liberalism
peace is maintained by multilateral institutions -creates rules, transparency, predictability, stability, cooperation
distribution of power
polarity S: unipolar (post cold war) bipolar (cold war: US & USSR as a single conflict dyad -> less miscommunication than multipolar) multipolar (least stable, lots of signaling, miscommunication; most likely to lead to war)
