Modern Israel Final
Khartoum Resolution
3 Nos: 1. No negotiation 2. No resolution 3. No recognition
Yasser Arafet
Leader of PLO and Fatah party from 1969-2004
Declaration of Principles
Oslo I accords. Principles of Interim Self-Government Arrangements
Levi Eshkol
PM during 6-Day War Made awful speech pre-6-Day War --> Gave position to Moshe Dayan Succeeded by Golda Meir
Non-Belligerency
Pact Sadat was willing to make in exchange for Israel returning Sinai
Hebron
Passover of 1968 Tzvi Yehuda Kook and students refused to leave Settlements 1 of 4 Jewish cities Israel released 80% of Hebron
Sabra & Shatila Massacres
Phalangists surrounds and massacres Palestinians in refugee camps as a response to Bachir Gemayel's assassination. IDF does NOT interfere. Ariel Sharon, Defense Minister at the time, is deemed responsible.
Ehud Barak
Done ****ed up Lost Palestinian trust Entire Camp David II in head
What was The Waiting Period? (Israel)
The two and a half weeks that Israel stops the country to amass a standing army in response to the Egyptian threat, and waits for fighting to begin.
Ma'ale Adumim
Controversial settler city Threatened possibility of peace treaty with Palestinians
Baruch Goldstein
AM Jew Entered Tomb of Patriarchs (Hebron) and killed 29 people Major riots that followed Almost destroyed Oslo Peace Talks
Yair Hirshfield + Dr. Ron Pundak
Academics who met often with unofficial representatives from PLO in Norway.
2001 Elections
Ariel Sharon voted into power, creates stable right wing government.
Hezbollah
Army of God. Shi'a Islamist military group that takes over Lebanon and turns against Israel.
What does Israel take to be the declaration of war from Egypt (Six Day War)
Nasser's closing of the Straits of Tiran - Casus Belli (Gets approval from America)
Agranat Commission
National inquiry to investigate the failings of the IDF during the Yom Kippur War
Fedayeen
Nationalist guerillas/nationalists along Palestinian population
Letters of recognition
Negotiations during PLO PLO acknowledged IS and IS acknowledged PLO via letters
1996 Elections
Netanyahu beats Peres, Likud comes into power. Opposes Oslo, supports settlements
Clinton's Middle East Policy
No Middle East State should have full control
Madrid Conference
October 1991. Led by George Bush Sr. Shamir refuses an independent Palestine. Nothing comes of the talks except Jordan-Israel peace treaty.
Wye River Memorandum
October 1998. Netanyahu, Arafet, Albright (US Secretary of State). Meant to be a continuation of Oslo talks. Overall, 13% of Area C was to be moved to Area B or A. Although 74% of Israeli public approved, Netanyahu still tried to backtrack because of Likud party. Knesset takes vote of no confidence and Netanyahu losses to Barak
Yom Kippur (when, leaders, outcome, build up)
October 6, 1973 PM: Golda Meir DM: Moshe Dayan Egypt: Anwar Sadat Egypt builds rampant around canal so Israel can't see, begins faking military exercises for a year Israel - tie, Egypt - win Israel called for US helped. US helped but on agreement that Israel couldn't destroy EGY
Russian Immigration
Conflicts with Israel's policy that everyone must speak Hebrew (Melting Pot Policy) Theatre - Pleads w/ gov't and gov't approves for multicultural purposes "Let My People Go" - Campaign to release Russian Jews from SU Russian Jews did not stay in Israel Radio programs, newspapers in Russian, Russian schools Right-off center parties, Western culture Russian Orthodox church, Christian community, secular
Moshe Dayan
Defense Minister w/ Golda Meir ****ed up Yom Kippur War --> resigned Did well with 6-Day War
Tomb of Patriarchs Massacre
Dr. Baruch Goldstein gunned down 29 Palestinians in a mosque while they were praying in opposition to the Oslo Accords. Showed that the Oslo Accords were only a delclaration of principle, not execution
Anwar Sadat
Egyptian nationalist who takes over for Nasser when he dies Concerned with amount of control Soviets were having over Egypt (afraid EGY become colony) Would have made a deal with Israel (release all of Sinai for non-Belligerence pack), but Israel rejects Takes Egypt to war during Yom Kippur War No interest in Israel Almost overthrown but warned by Israeli intelligence, which leads to diplomatic moves Addressed Knesset to say he has interest in establishing peace Assassinated by Jihadists
1999 Elections
Ehud Barak wins over Netanyahu (both Labor Party). The first elections where people votes twice for PM and election, problematic because Barak couldn't win majority.
What are the territorial outcomes of the Six Day War
Israel ends up controlling land 350% (3x) larger than itself. Rules over West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Desert, and Golan Heights -- all of Biblical Israel.
Allon Plan
Plan to put a series of settlements along the River Jordan as a buffer and keep a corridor form the settlements through to Jerusalem, and leave the rest of the West Bank alone Hold onto densely populated Palestinian land and strategic territories Security reason Ultimately rejected.
Rabin Assassination
Post-Oslo II Nov 4 1995 - Yigal Amir kills Rabin in a rally in Tel Aviv. Succeeded by Shimon Peres, who was weak.
Back Door Diplomacy / Track 2 Diplomacy
Predecessor to Oslo talks. Sending of unofficial representatives to talk. If talks go well, government takes over. If not, talks could be disowned
Peace Now
anti-settlement organization
Arabs
largest part of Arab population is Muslim (north and middle). No new Arab immigration into Israel. 1969 - 40% of Arabs in Israel vote for satellite parties (Communist)
Tzvi Rav Kook
leading rabbi of MAFDAL party (moderate, ally of Labor). believed they were in the Messianic age; two weeks after this proclamation, Israel won the Six Day War --> thought it was prophecy
Druze
nomadic group that supports whatever country they live in
Bedouin
semi-nomadic Arab group that mostly resides in the southern part of Israel, Negev Desert
Ehud Olmert
Succeeded Barak Dealt with Palestinians: Land swapped (argued over percentages), Refugees
Second Intifada
2000-2005 ARMED uprising 6000 deaths, mostly Palestinian
Orr Commission
Investigate Wadii-Ara demonstration and violence Discovered that IS-AR supported Israel as state and few believed in violence Israel actually has a violent policy towards Arabs
Land Day
Commemorate 6 Palestinian killed by Israeli security in 1976 Yoam Al-'Ar (Arabic) Against nationalization of Israel Arab opinion in Israel
Consequences of the Yom Kippur War (6)
1. Israel loses most of the Sinai, keeps Golan Heights 2. Increasing isolation from Israel (most Arab countries break off diplomatic relations) 3. Economic crisis for Israel (war is costly, defense budget increases) 4. Sadat is considered a hero; Egypt is under US sphere of influence 5. Golda Meir and Moshe Dayan resign; Yitzhak Rabin takes over 6. Agranat Commission 7. Israel's ego deflated
What public actions do Israel and Egypt take prior to the Camp David talks to show they are ready for peace?
1. Israel offers an official invitation to Sadat to come to Israel 2. 1977 - Sadat comes to address the Knesset 3. Jimmy Carter interested in follow up
Reasons for Kibbutz Decline (5)
1. Mass immigration of North Africans from 1950s, did not support socialist values of kibbutz 2. German reparations --> pushed Holocaust survivors out 3. Rise of Industrialization --> Some jobs required university 4. Land - Kibbutz didn't have enough workers to farm all the land they had 5. Likud Party comes to power (capitalist values, Mizrahi supporters) 6. Capitalism develops in Israel 7. Kibbutz only grew 30% of crops 8. Privatization of some Kibbutz 9. 1985 Stock Exchange Crisis --> Kibbutzim lost a lot of money
What are two policies Israel implemented during their rule over the Gaza and West Bank
1. Open Bridges Policy - across the River Jordan, allowed all Palestinians to reconnect with the Arab World 2. Minimal Israeli Presence - did not replace all officials with Israelis, left most of them alone
What several hostile decisions does Nasser make prior to the Six Day War (3)
1. Orders UN Peacekeepers to leave - U Thant agrees because Peacekeepers are Indians who allies themselves with Egypt 2. Mobilizes troops in Sinai 3. Closes Straits of Tiran
Why does Israel finally agree to the creation of the Palestine Authority?
1. needed an organization they could negotiate with 2. Could not negotiate with PLO because of history
PLO
1964 Palestinian Liberation Organization Aimed to liberate Palestine through armed struggle Gained support of Saddam Hussein Seen as terrorists by Israelis, heroes by Palestinians Officially represented Palestinians during negotiations Originally not allowed to talk to Israelis
When is Jerusalem reunified (West and East)
1967
The Greater Israel Movement
1967 - political movement that attracts politicians across the spectrum in response to Six Day War victory. Wants to keep all the territories gained. Response to Khartoum
War of Attrition
1969-1972 - Egypt continues bombing Israel with help of Russian arms and military advisors
Black September
1970 - conflict between PLO and native Jordanians lead to PLO being expelled and moves to Lebanon. Israel invades Lebanon (first war of choice) and PLO moves to Tunisia Retaliation to failed attempt at assassinating King Hussein
Gush Eminum
1973 - political movement that demanded a return of all territories that had a biblical significance
Lebanese Civil War
1975 - between PLO and Maronite Christians 1982 - Israel gets involved and pushes PLO out of Lebanon into Tunisia Gemayel, new president of Lebanon, is killed shortly after Israel leaves. Israel re-invades Beirut, and convinces Phalangists that PLO is to blame. Sabra and Shatila Massacres follow.
When does Menachem Begin first come into power? Significance.
1977, Likud (formerly Herut) allied, first time non-Labor party comes into power
Camp David 1978
1978 Organized by Jimmy Carter 13 days of difficult negotiation between Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat (almost broke down) Israel and Egypt eventually reach peace agreement Post-Sadat's speech to Knesset
The First Intifada + it's Outcomes
1987-1993 PM: Yitzhak Shamir Palestinians in occupied territories are frustrated by lack of progress in West Bank, and growth of Israeli settlements under Begin. Starts as local uprising. Mostly non-violent, civil disobedience but gov't used force and violence Younger generation did not agree with parent's submissiveness Outcomes: International communities criticized Israel's violent retaliation to Intifada in response to Palestinian's non-violent approach PLO is taken more seriously as representative of Palestinians Intifada shows Israel's occupation as more of a bad thing Borders closed down and free movement is cancelled Israeli labor market closes for Palestinians More separation
The Gulf War
1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait led by Saddam Hussein 1991 - coalition of world powers led by US pushes Iraq out of Kuwait. PLO had supported Hussein, and as a result, all Palestinians in Kuwait were also pushed out. 40,000 more Palestinians are displaced.
Menachem Begin
1st Term: 1977 election (First win of Likud) Only cared about West Bank Begins talks with EGY post 6-Day Camp David 1
Taba Peace Talks
2001 final attempt at peace between Israel and PA. Greater concessions were made here than ever before. However, Barak lost majority in Knesset and barely escaped a vote of no confidence, so Palestinians said they could not trust Barak to back up his words with actions. Barak promised to win elections, but Palestinians not confident. Talks were dropped at 2001 elections.
Hebron (land agreement)
80% Israeli withdrawal and containment of Jewish population to a limited area, international obervance
Three administrative divisions (A, B, C) of the West Bank (result of Oslo)
A - Palestinian populated B - Palestinian rural population (some Jewish settlements) C - Jewish people
Yair Hirschfeld
Backdoor diplomacy - Assisted by Ron Pundak Made progress in negotiating with PLOs in Norway Negotiations lead to Oslo I (1980s-1990s)
Catalyst / Reasons of Second Intifada
Barak - PM - Lost confidence Al Aqsa Intifada 2000 - Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount 1. Some Israelis believed Arafet wasn't committed to peace so wanted to incite Palestinians now and crush them while weak 2. Palestinians also unsatisfied because of unkept promises from Oslo 3. Protests in support of intifada --> IS forces attacked 4. Response to failed Camp David II 5. IS-Pales went in support and were murdered --> IS nationality meant 0 protection if you were Palestinian
Yigal Amir
Extremist, assassinated Rabin in 1995 Against Oslo I
Taba Negotiations
Failure because Palestinians did not believe in Barak's authority in Knesset
What is significant about Yitzhak Rabin's first term as PM?
First Israeli-born Prime Minister, instead of founders (like Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, etc.)
Ethiopian Jews
Formed Falasha AKA Beta Israel or Falasha Mura Diseases in community Difficult to integrate
Bar Lev Line
Fortification build post-6-Day War, false sense of security. Underground.
Israel-Egypt Peace Agreement
From Camp David I Full Israeli Withdrawal from Sinai, including Yamit (stubborn settlers) Israel and Egypt exchange ambassadors Palestinians to get full autonomy in West Bank and Gaza (to be worked out) Causes EGY to get kicked out of Arab League and Sadat to be assassinated
Tunisia
HQ of PLO post-Black September (Israel kicked them out of Jordan and Lebanon) 1982
Opponents of Talks Between Israel and Palestine
Hamas, Hezbollah, Islamic Jihad
Lebanese Border
Hizbollah constantly attacking at border (1-2 deaths daily). 2000 - Barak makes bold move and takes out all troops from border. Miraculously, border stabilizes
Occupation 1967-87
Israelis occupy Palestinian territories post-6 Day War. Opened up Jerusalem and bridges, with minimal Israeli presence, promoted economic boom Problematic in settlements: Palestinian youths frustrated of restrictions, developed own political demands End during First Intifada
Camp David I Talks
Jimmy Carter - Rejected shuttle democracy, wanted to solve at one go Difficult Sept 1978 1. Framework for peace deal between Israel and Egypt (March 1979) 2. Framework for peace in Middle East through implementation of Resolution 242 (rejected by UN) Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and Jimmy Carter --> Egypt is expelled from Arab League
Camp David II
July 11-26, 2000 Ehud Barak, Yasser Arafet, Clinton Palestinians (Arafat) did not think it was the right time for talks, and no one actually planned anything. Barak only had things in mind.
Six Day War summary (countries, leaders, dates)
June 5-10, 1967. Israel v. Egypt, Jordan, Syria. Israel PM: Levi Eshkol Israel DM: Moshe Dayan Egypt: Gamal Abdel Nasser US: Johnson Administration
Yassar Arafat
Leader of PLO (1968) Palestinians: Hero, Israel: Terrorist Oslo I: Called sell-out Wye River Memorandum: Signed with Netanyahu to implement Oslo II and related agreement such as Hebron Protocol South Africa: Called for con't of Jihad (criticism from Jews) Camp David II: Wanted all of Jerusalem Israeli authorities thought he was insincere about peace
Bashir Gemayel
Leader of right-winged Lebanese forces Pres of Lebanon during Lebanon War Good relations with Israel Assassinated by PLO
Fatah
Leading secular Palestinian political party
Yitzhak Shamir
Likud Madrid: Refused independent Palestinians at conference Palestinian lifestyle worsened while he was PM Anti-Palestinian
Settlement Movement (which settlement started it, when?)
May 1968 - a group of students go to Hebron to celebrate Passover, never leave. Create Kiryat Arba. Government doesn't object.
Kibbutz Rise
Mean reason: Have young Jews settle land 8.1% of population in 1948 Meant as social experiment Avoided taxes and had luxuries Had Labor party support
Land Swap
Move border back to include most of Jewish settlements Palestinians insisted on symmetrical switch.
Khartoum Conference
Sept 1, 1967 - Arab Summit Conference following the Six Day War. 3 No's: no negotiation, no peace, no recognition.
Vision Documents
Result of Oslo Agreements Three Political Solutions: 1. State for all citizens 2. Binational State (Radical bc Arabs 1/4 of population) 3. Autonomy in Israeli State Arab University to justify cultural identity, problematic: Israel wants Hebrew speakers Criticism: Lack of 1948 War or partition plan
Oslo II
September 1995 dealt with actual territories that Israel would hand over. Signed by Rabin and Arafat. Concept develops: Area A: larger Palestinian cities + towns with largest concentration of urbanized Palestinian settlement - Palestinian civil and security control Area B: larger territory but more rural, with small amounts of Jewish settlements - Palestinian civil control, Israeli security control Area C: empty/unpopulated areas with high concentrations of Jewish settlements - both civil and security under Israeli control
Yitzhak Rabin
Succeeded Meir as PM Scandals: Opened US bank account (illegal), 30 min late for Sabbath (hated by religious party) Starts peace process between Arab states Gets along with AM (Clinton specifically) bc of LW ideas Criticized for being a hypocrite for Camp David I Wanted a political diplomatic as opposed to violence Could not rescue reputation of Labor Party post Yom Kippur War Assassinated by Yigal Amir
Origins of Six Day War (provide a general reason for every country)
Syria - National Water Carrier and water resources Jordan - Samu Incident (PLO guerrilla attacks, IDF responds with mass firepower Jordan interferes -- mass death, Jordan is deemed incompetent by Arabs) Egypt - PLO blames Nasser for lack of action against Israel, UN Peacekeepers
Oslo Accords - when, who, what were the terms
Talks between Palestinians-Israeli authorities Aug 1993 - Foreign Minister Shimon Peres signs treaty secretly Sept 1993 - public signing in Washington DC under Clinton Agreement: mutual recognition; end of violence; Palestinian Authority established as interim leadership for 5 years; elections; settlement to end in 5 years; starts in Gaza and Jericho all other issues would be dealt with in 5 years
Resolution 242
UN's response to Six Day War. Ultimately rejected by PLO English "return of territories" Arab "return the territories" No one says "all"
Henry Kissinger
US Secretary of State. Well known for Shuttle Diplomacy (acting as intermediary during dispute), takes part in Yom Kippur War to make it look like Sadat won without Israel actually losing for peace and AM presence in Middle East.
Land for Peace Principle
Use acquired lands from 6-Day War to bargain for peace. Not give land then bargain
War of 1973
War of Attrition Sadat well-planned war EGY vs IS US negotiate ceasefire
Mawat
Wastelands Significantly far from village, can't hear crow Not cultivated
What are some economical effects of Israeli rule over Gaza and West Bank in 1960s?
West Bank's unemployment went down Israel experiences economic boom BUT no infrastructure is being made in the West Bank itself, becomes increasingly reliant on Israeli manufactured goods
1992 Elections
Yitzhak Rabin and Labor Party takes over
