Modern Israel Final

Khartoum Resolution

3 Nos: 1. No negotiation 2. No resolution 3. No recognition

Yasser Arafet

Leader of PLO and Fatah party from 1969-2004

Declaration of Principles

Oslo I accords. Principles of Interim Self-Government Arrangements

Levi Eshkol

PM during 6-Day War Made awful speech pre-6-Day War --> Gave position to Moshe Dayan Succeeded by Golda Meir

Non-Belligerency

Pact Sadat was willing to make in exchange for Israel returning Sinai

Hebron

Passover of 1968 Tzvi Yehuda Kook and students refused to leave Settlements 1 of 4 Jewish cities Israel released 80% of Hebron

Sabra & Shatila Massacres

Phalangists surrounds and massacres Palestinians in refugee camps as a response to Bachir Gemayel's assassination. IDF does NOT interfere. Ariel Sharon, Defense Minister at the time, is deemed responsible.

Ehud Barak

Done ****ed up Lost Palestinian trust Entire Camp David II in head

What was The Waiting Period? (Israel)

The two and a half weeks that Israel stops the country to amass a standing army in response to the Egyptian threat, and waits for fighting to begin.

Ma'ale Adumim

Controversial settler city Threatened possibility of peace treaty with Palestinians

Baruch Goldstein

AM Jew Entered Tomb of Patriarchs (Hebron) and killed 29 people Major riots that followed Almost destroyed Oslo Peace Talks

Yair Hirshfield + Dr. Ron Pundak

Academics who met often with unofficial representatives from PLO in Norway.

2001 Elections

Ariel Sharon voted into power, creates stable right wing government.

Hezbollah

Army of God. Shi'a Islamist military group that takes over Lebanon and turns against Israel.

What does Israel take to be the declaration of war from Egypt (Six Day War)

Nasser's closing of the Straits of Tiran - Casus Belli (Gets approval from America)

Agranat Commission

National inquiry to investigate the failings of the IDF during the Yom Kippur War

Fedayeen

Nationalist guerillas/nationalists along Palestinian population

Letters of recognition

Negotiations during PLO PLO acknowledged IS and IS acknowledged PLO via letters

1996 Elections

Netanyahu beats Peres, Likud comes into power. Opposes Oslo, supports settlements

Clinton's Middle East Policy

No Middle East State should have full control

Madrid Conference

October 1991. Led by George Bush Sr. Shamir refuses an independent Palestine. Nothing comes of the talks except Jordan-Israel peace treaty.

Wye River Memorandum

October 1998. Netanyahu, Arafet, Albright (US Secretary of State). Meant to be a continuation of Oslo talks. Overall, 13% of Area C was to be moved to Area B or A. Although 74% of Israeli public approved, Netanyahu still tried to backtrack because of Likud party. Knesset takes vote of no confidence and Netanyahu losses to Barak

Yom Kippur (when, leaders, outcome, build up)

October 6, 1973 PM: Golda Meir DM: Moshe Dayan Egypt: Anwar Sadat Egypt builds rampant around canal so Israel can't see, begins faking military exercises for a year Israel - tie, Egypt - win Israel called for US helped. US helped but on agreement that Israel couldn't destroy EGY

Russian Immigration

Conflicts with Israel's policy that everyone must speak Hebrew (Melting Pot Policy) Theatre - Pleads w/ gov't and gov't approves for multicultural purposes "Let My People Go" - Campaign to release Russian Jews from SU Russian Jews did not stay in Israel Radio programs, newspapers in Russian, Russian schools Right-off center parties, Western culture Russian Orthodox church, Christian community, secular

Moshe Dayan

Defense Minister w/ Golda Meir ****ed up Yom Kippur War --> resigned Did well with 6-Day War

Tomb of Patriarchs Massacre

Dr. Baruch Goldstein gunned down 29 Palestinians in a mosque while they were praying in opposition to the Oslo Accords. Showed that the Oslo Accords were only a delclaration of principle, not execution

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian nationalist who takes over for Nasser when he dies Concerned with amount of control Soviets were having over Egypt (afraid EGY become colony) Would have made a deal with Israel (release all of Sinai for non-Belligerence pack), but Israel rejects Takes Egypt to war during Yom Kippur War No interest in Israel Almost overthrown but warned by Israeli intelligence, which leads to diplomatic moves Addressed Knesset to say he has interest in establishing peace Assassinated by Jihadists

1999 Elections

Ehud Barak wins over Netanyahu (both Labor Party). The first elections where people votes twice for PM and election, problematic because Barak couldn't win majority.

What are the territorial outcomes of the Six Day War

Israel ends up controlling land 350% (3x) larger than itself. Rules over West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Desert, and Golan Heights -- all of Biblical Israel.

Allon Plan

Plan to put a series of settlements along the River Jordan as a buffer and keep a corridor form the settlements through to Jerusalem, and leave the rest of the West Bank alone Hold onto densely populated Palestinian land and strategic territories Security reason Ultimately rejected.

Rabin Assassination

Post-Oslo II Nov 4 1995 - Yigal Amir kills Rabin in a rally in Tel Aviv. Succeeded by Shimon Peres, who was weak.

Back Door Diplomacy / Track 2 Diplomacy

Predecessor to Oslo talks. Sending of unofficial representatives to talk. If talks go well, government takes over. If not, talks could be disowned

Peace Now

anti-settlement organization

Arabs

largest part of Arab population is Muslim (north and middle). No new Arab immigration into Israel. 1969 - 40% of Arabs in Israel vote for satellite parties (Communist)

Tzvi Rav Kook

leading rabbi of MAFDAL party (moderate, ally of Labor). believed they were in the Messianic age; two weeks after this proclamation, Israel won the Six Day War --> thought it was prophecy

Druze

nomadic group that supports whatever country they live in

Bedouin

semi-nomadic Arab group that mostly resides in the southern part of Israel, Negev Desert

Ehud Olmert

Succeeded Barak Dealt with Palestinians: Land swapped (argued over percentages), Refugees

Second Intifada

2000-2005 ARMED uprising 6000 deaths, mostly Palestinian

Orr Commission

Investigate Wadii-Ara demonstration and violence Discovered that IS-AR supported Israel as state and few believed in violence Israel actually has a violent policy towards Arabs

Land Day

Commemorate 6 Palestinian killed by Israeli security in 1976 Yoam Al-'Ar (Arabic) Against nationalization of Israel Arab opinion in Israel

Consequences of the Yom Kippur War (6)

1. Israel loses most of the Sinai, keeps Golan Heights 2. Increasing isolation from Israel (most Arab countries break off diplomatic relations) 3. Economic crisis for Israel (war is costly, defense budget increases) 4. Sadat is considered a hero; Egypt is under US sphere of influence 5. Golda Meir and Moshe Dayan resign; Yitzhak Rabin takes over 6. Agranat Commission 7. Israel's ego deflated

What public actions do Israel and Egypt take prior to the Camp David talks to show they are ready for peace?

1. Israel offers an official invitation to Sadat to come to Israel 2. 1977 - Sadat comes to address the Knesset 3. Jimmy Carter interested in follow up

Reasons for Kibbutz Decline (5)

1. Mass immigration of North Africans from 1950s, did not support socialist values of kibbutz 2. German reparations --> pushed Holocaust survivors out 3. Rise of Industrialization --> Some jobs required university 4. Land - Kibbutz didn't have enough workers to farm all the land they had 5. Likud Party comes to power (capitalist values, Mizrahi supporters) 6. Capitalism develops in Israel 7. Kibbutz only grew 30% of crops 8. Privatization of some Kibbutz 9. 1985 Stock Exchange Crisis --> Kibbutzim lost a lot of money

What are two policies Israel implemented during their rule over the Gaza and West Bank

1. Open Bridges Policy - across the River Jordan, allowed all Palestinians to reconnect with the Arab World 2. Minimal Israeli Presence - did not replace all officials with Israelis, left most of them alone

What several hostile decisions does Nasser make prior to the Six Day War (3)

1. Orders UN Peacekeepers to leave - U Thant agrees because Peacekeepers are Indians who allies themselves with Egypt 2. Mobilizes troops in Sinai 3. Closes Straits of Tiran

Why does Israel finally agree to the creation of the Palestine Authority?

1. needed an organization they could negotiate with 2. Could not negotiate with PLO because of history

PLO

1964 Palestinian Liberation Organization Aimed to liberate Palestine through armed struggle Gained support of Saddam Hussein Seen as terrorists by Israelis, heroes by Palestinians Officially represented Palestinians during negotiations Originally not allowed to talk to Israelis

When is Jerusalem reunified (West and East)

1967

The Greater Israel Movement

1967 - political movement that attracts politicians across the spectrum in response to Six Day War victory. Wants to keep all the territories gained. Response to Khartoum

War of Attrition

1969-1972 - Egypt continues bombing Israel with help of Russian arms and military advisors

Black September

1970 - conflict between PLO and native Jordanians lead to PLO being expelled and moves to Lebanon. Israel invades Lebanon (first war of choice) and PLO moves to Tunisia Retaliation to failed attempt at assassinating King Hussein

Gush Eminum

1973 - political movement that demanded a return of all territories that had a biblical significance

Lebanese Civil War

1975 - between PLO and Maronite Christians 1982 - Israel gets involved and pushes PLO out of Lebanon into Tunisia Gemayel, new president of Lebanon, is killed shortly after Israel leaves. Israel re-invades Beirut, and convinces Phalangists that PLO is to blame. Sabra and Shatila Massacres follow.

When does Menachem Begin first come into power? Significance.

1977, Likud (formerly Herut) allied, first time non-Labor party comes into power

Camp David 1978

1978 Organized by Jimmy Carter 13 days of difficult negotiation between Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat (almost broke down) Israel and Egypt eventually reach peace agreement Post-Sadat's speech to Knesset

The First Intifada + it's Outcomes

1987-1993 PM: Yitzhak Shamir Palestinians in occupied territories are frustrated by lack of progress in West Bank, and growth of Israeli settlements under Begin. Starts as local uprising. Mostly non-violent, civil disobedience but gov't used force and violence Younger generation did not agree with parent's submissiveness Outcomes: International communities criticized Israel's violent retaliation to Intifada in response to Palestinian's non-violent approach PLO is taken more seriously as representative of Palestinians Intifada shows Israel's occupation as more of a bad thing Borders closed down and free movement is cancelled Israeli labor market closes for Palestinians More separation

The Gulf War

1990 - Iraq invades Kuwait led by Saddam Hussein 1991 - coalition of world powers led by US pushes Iraq out of Kuwait. PLO had supported Hussein, and as a result, all Palestinians in Kuwait were also pushed out. 40,000 more Palestinians are displaced.

Menachem Begin

1st Term: 1977 election (First win of Likud) Only cared about West Bank Begins talks with EGY post 6-Day Camp David 1

Taba Peace Talks

2001 final attempt at peace between Israel and PA. Greater concessions were made here than ever before. However, Barak lost majority in Knesset and barely escaped a vote of no confidence, so Palestinians said they could not trust Barak to back up his words with actions. Barak promised to win elections, but Palestinians not confident. Talks were dropped at 2001 elections.

Hebron (land agreement)

80% Israeli withdrawal and containment of Jewish population to a limited area, international obervance

Three administrative divisions (A, B, C) of the West Bank (result of Oslo)

A - Palestinian populated B - Palestinian rural population (some Jewish settlements) C - Jewish people

Yair Hirschfeld

Backdoor diplomacy - Assisted by Ron Pundak Made progress in negotiating with PLOs in Norway Negotiations lead to Oslo I (1980s-1990s)

Catalyst / Reasons of Second Intifada

Barak - PM - Lost confidence Al Aqsa Intifada 2000 - Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount 1. Some Israelis believed Arafet wasn't committed to peace so wanted to incite Palestinians now and crush them while weak 2. Palestinians also unsatisfied because of unkept promises from Oslo 3. Protests in support of intifada --> IS forces attacked 4. Response to failed Camp David II 5. IS-Pales went in support and were murdered --> IS nationality meant 0 protection if you were Palestinian

Yigal Amir

Extremist, assassinated Rabin in 1995 Against Oslo I

Taba Negotiations

Failure because Palestinians did not believe in Barak's authority in Knesset

What is significant about Yitzhak Rabin's first term as PM?

First Israeli-born Prime Minister, instead of founders (like Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, etc.)

Ethiopian Jews

Formed Falasha AKA Beta Israel or Falasha Mura Diseases in community Difficult to integrate

Bar Lev Line

Fortification build post-6-Day War, false sense of security. Underground.

Israel-Egypt Peace Agreement

From Camp David I Full Israeli Withdrawal from Sinai, including Yamit (stubborn settlers) Israel and Egypt exchange ambassadors Palestinians to get full autonomy in West Bank and Gaza (to be worked out) Causes EGY to get kicked out of Arab League and Sadat to be assassinated

Tunisia

HQ of PLO post-Black September (Israel kicked them out of Jordan and Lebanon) 1982

Opponents of Talks Between Israel and Palestine

Hamas, Hezbollah, Islamic Jihad

Lebanese Border

Hizbollah constantly attacking at border (1-2 deaths daily). 2000 - Barak makes bold move and takes out all troops from border. Miraculously, border stabilizes

Occupation 1967-87

Israelis occupy Palestinian territories post-6 Day War. Opened up Jerusalem and bridges, with minimal Israeli presence, promoted economic boom Problematic in settlements: Palestinian youths frustrated of restrictions, developed own political demands End during First Intifada

Camp David I Talks

Jimmy Carter - Rejected shuttle democracy, wanted to solve at one go Difficult Sept 1978 1. Framework for peace deal between Israel and Egypt (March 1979) 2. Framework for peace in Middle East through implementation of Resolution 242 (rejected by UN) Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and Jimmy Carter --> Egypt is expelled from Arab League

Camp David II

July 11-26, 2000 Ehud Barak, Yasser Arafet, Clinton Palestinians (Arafat) did not think it was the right time for talks, and no one actually planned anything. Barak only had things in mind.

Six Day War summary (countries, leaders, dates)

June 5-10, 1967. Israel v. Egypt, Jordan, Syria. Israel PM: Levi Eshkol Israel DM: Moshe Dayan Egypt: Gamal Abdel Nasser US: Johnson Administration

Yassar Arafat

Leader of PLO (1968) Palestinians: Hero, Israel: Terrorist Oslo I: Called sell-out Wye River Memorandum: Signed with Netanyahu to implement Oslo II and related agreement such as Hebron Protocol South Africa: Called for con't of Jihad (criticism from Jews) Camp David II: Wanted all of Jerusalem Israeli authorities thought he was insincere about peace

Bashir Gemayel

Leader of right-winged Lebanese forces Pres of Lebanon during Lebanon War Good relations with Israel Assassinated by PLO

Fatah

Leading secular Palestinian political party

Yitzhak Shamir

Likud Madrid: Refused independent Palestinians at conference Palestinian lifestyle worsened while he was PM Anti-Palestinian

Settlement Movement (which settlement started it, when?)

May 1968 - a group of students go to Hebron to celebrate Passover, never leave. Create Kiryat Arba. Government doesn't object.

Kibbutz Rise

Mean reason: Have young Jews settle land 8.1% of population in 1948 Meant as social experiment Avoided taxes and had luxuries Had Labor party support

Land Swap

Move border back to include most of Jewish settlements Palestinians insisted on symmetrical switch.

Khartoum Conference

Sept 1, 1967 - Arab Summit Conference following the Six Day War. 3 No's: no negotiation, no peace, no recognition.

Vision Documents

Result of Oslo Agreements Three Political Solutions: 1. State for all citizens 2. Binational State (Radical bc Arabs 1/4 of population) 3. Autonomy in Israeli State Arab University to justify cultural identity, problematic: Israel wants Hebrew speakers Criticism: Lack of 1948 War or partition plan

Oslo II

September 1995 dealt with actual territories that Israel would hand over. Signed by Rabin and Arafat. Concept develops: Area A: larger Palestinian cities + towns with largest concentration of urbanized Palestinian settlement - Palestinian civil and security control Area B: larger territory but more rural, with small amounts of Jewish settlements - Palestinian civil control, Israeli security control Area C: empty/unpopulated areas with high concentrations of Jewish settlements - both civil and security under Israeli control

Yitzhak Rabin

Succeeded Meir as PM Scandals: Opened US bank account (illegal), 30 min late for Sabbath (hated by religious party) Starts peace process between Arab states Gets along with AM (Clinton specifically) bc of LW ideas Criticized for being a hypocrite for Camp David I Wanted a political diplomatic as opposed to violence Could not rescue reputation of Labor Party post Yom Kippur War Assassinated by Yigal Amir

Origins of Six Day War (provide a general reason for every country)

Syria - National Water Carrier and water resources Jordan - Samu Incident (PLO guerrilla attacks, IDF responds with mass firepower Jordan interferes -- mass death, Jordan is deemed incompetent by Arabs) Egypt - PLO blames Nasser for lack of action against Israel, UN Peacekeepers

Oslo Accords - when, who, what were the terms

Talks between Palestinians-Israeli authorities Aug 1993 - Foreign Minister Shimon Peres signs treaty secretly Sept 1993 - public signing in Washington DC under Clinton Agreement: mutual recognition; end of violence; Palestinian Authority established as interim leadership for 5 years; elections; settlement to end in 5 years; starts in Gaza and Jericho all other issues would be dealt with in 5 years

Resolution 242

UN's response to Six Day War. Ultimately rejected by PLO English "return of territories" Arab "return the territories" No one says "all"

Henry Kissinger

US Secretary of State. Well known for Shuttle Diplomacy (acting as intermediary during dispute), takes part in Yom Kippur War to make it look like Sadat won without Israel actually losing for peace and AM presence in Middle East.

Land for Peace Principle

Use acquired lands from 6-Day War to bargain for peace. Not give land then bargain

War of 1973

War of Attrition Sadat well-planned war EGY vs IS US negotiate ceasefire

Mawat

Wastelands Significantly far from village, can't hear crow Not cultivated

What are some economical effects of Israeli rule over Gaza and West Bank in 1960s?

West Bank's unemployment went down Israel experiences economic boom BUT no infrastructure is being made in the West Bank itself, becomes increasingly reliant on Israeli manufactured goods

1992 Elections

Yitzhak Rabin and Labor Party takes over