Module 12+13
The percentage of electricity from nuclear power generated in recent decades in the United States has been about (10%, 20%, 30%, more than 40%)
20%
All deposits of natural uranium contain appreciable amounts of
Lead
There is an upper limit on the speed of a particle, which means there is also an upper limit on its (momentum, kinetic energy, both, neither of these)
neither of these
Motion is ________
relative
The farthest galaxy is detected to be _____ billion light years away
13.4
How long does light take to travel?
8 min
You cannot _____ additional speed to speed of light no matter how fast the source is moving
Add
What is Einstein's first postulate?
All laws of nature are the same in all uniform,y moving frames of reference
The potential damage of radiation expose differs in (alpha, beta, or gamma)
Alpha
We don't know more about the universe then what we. . .
Already know
Early 21st century research in nuclear fusion uses (ultra-hot plasmas, laser beams, both, neither)
Both
Energy released by the Sun results from the process wherein atomic nuclei (break apart, combine, both, neither)
Combine
The speed of light is (a speed approached but never quite reached by protons, constant for all observers, relative to the frame of reference from which it is measured)
Constant for all observers
When two light atoms fuse together, mass (converts to high energy gamma radiation, converts to kinetic energy, is created from energy of other forms)
Converts to kinetic energy
speed of light in a vacuum is the ___________ limit
Cosmic speed
The stretching out of time due to motion is called time (contraction, expansion, stretching, warp, dilation)
Dilation
Einstein showed that a missive object can create a _________ is space time, which causes smaller objects to go around it
Distortion
Clocks on a spaceship moving very fast relative to the Earth run more slowly when viewed from (Earth, from the spaceship, both, neither)
Earth
Event A occurs before event B in a certain frame of reference. In another frame of reference, event A could occur (simultaneously with event B, after event B, either of these, neither of these)
Either of these
A piece of matter, even at rest and not interacting with anything else, has an ________
Energy
According to the well known equation, energy equals mass times the speed of light squared
Energy and mass are related
Between the processes of nuclear fission and fusion, radioactive by-products are more characteristic of nuclear (fusion, fission, both)
Fission
Nuclear reactors that produce consumer power in present times are powered by (fission, fusion, both)
Fission
The place from which motion is observes and measure is a ________
Frame of reference
To measure the speed of an object, we first choose a _____________ and present that we are in that standing still
Frame of reference
When an object has mass m is pushed to relativistic speed v, it's momentum is (smaller than mv, equal to mv, greater than mv)
Greater than mv
How did Einstein change the views about absolute space and absolute time?
He showed that events that occur at the same time for one observe may happen at different times for another moving relative to the person at rest
What are biological effects does radiation dose depend on?
How much energy is absorbed and how tissue reacts to different form of radiation
Detonation of a fusion-type hydrogen bomb begins by (igniting a fission bomb, pressing together prices of uranium, splitting uranium, all of the above, none of the above)
Igniting a fission bomb
According to the special theory of relativity, all laws of nature are the same (in all reference frames, in al uniformly moving reference frames, for both linear or circular motion, all of the above, none of the above)
In all uniformly moving reference frames
What directions does length contraction take place in?
In the direction of travel
Moving mass which is invariant in Newtonian mechanics also ________ with respect to a stationary one
Increases
Einstein rejected the classical idea that space and time are (independent of each, connected to each other, two parts of a whole)
Independent of each other
As objects move through space time, space as well as time change. Space is contracted, making the objects look shorter when they move by us at relativistic speeds
Length contraction
Before Einstein what was the three basic quantities in mechanics that were independent of the relative motion of the observe
Length, mass, and time
Compared with the mass of a uranium nucleus before splitting, the split fragments have (the same mass, more mass, less mass)
Less mass
Distance covered by light in 1 year years stick of comes: 5.88 trillion miles
Light year
Einstein concluded that it takes energy to make ___________ and that energy is _________ is mass disappears
Mass, released
___________ is always with respect to something else
Motions
Is there a fixed place in cosmos
No
Is there a material object that can travel faster then the speed of light?
No
Can gravity be accurately explained by Newton's law of universal gravitation ?
No it only described gravity
For an isotope with a half-life of one day, at the end of two days the amount that remains is
One quarter
The half life on a radioactive isotope is two days. At the end of four days, how much of the isotope remains?
One quarter
Electric force within an atomic nucleus tend to (push it apart, hold it together, neither)
Push it apart
Is an instrument that is designed to detect and measure the radiation
Radiation detectors
Radiation disrupts cella machinery by altering biological molecules
Radiation dose
What is Einstein's view that events that occur at the same time for one observe may happen at different times for another moving relative to the person at rest called
Relativity of simultaneity
When the nucleus of an atom emits on,y a gamma ray, the atom's atomic number (remains unchanged, increases, decrease)
Remains unchanged
Radiation dosages based on potential damage is in (rads, joule, rems, none)
Reme
What is a piece of matter, even at rest and not interacting with anything else, has an energy called
Rest energy
Which device is used primarily to detect nuclear radiation? (Linear accelerator, synchrotron, cyclotron, scintillation counter, none)
Scintillation counter
Moving clocks go _______ with respect to the stationary one, moving length gets __________ to the stationary one
Slow, contracted
What is speed always the respect to?
Something else
What happens in Newtonian mechanics?
Space and tie are absolute quantities; the length of a meter stick and the time between ticks on a clock are the same to any observe, whether moving or not
________ particles are routinely pushed to nearly the speed of light
Subatomic
What is a time machine
Telescopes
What is Einstein's second postulate?
The speed of light in a free space is a constant in all inertial frames and is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body
Because the speed of light is the same in all reference frames the flash must travel for a correspondingly longer time between the mirrors in our frame than in the reference frame of the onboard observer
Time dilation
An object have have different __________ relative to different frames of reference.
Velocities
The clock on the Big Ben Tower in London reads 12 noon. If you travel away from the clock at a very high speed and view it with a telescope, you would see (run faster than a clock in your vehicle, be frozen at 12 noon, run slower than a clock in your vehicle)
run slower than a clock in your vehicle
As you approach a steady light source, the wavelength of the emitted light appears (shorter, longer, the same)
shorter