module 17

continuous reinforcement

a schedule in which a reward follows every correct response

partial reinforcement

a schedule in which a reward follows only some correct responses

Throndike's Puzzle Box

a study to show how cats learned to escape a box.

FI (fixed interval)

for every 30 minutes that john behaves properly in class, he gets an extra minute of recess

FR (fixed ratio)

for sending in 5 cereal book tops, Marie gets a nifty Wonder Woman decoder ring.

immediate reinforcement

reinforcement given immediately after the desired behavior; more effective

If you don't know when to expect text messages from your friends, checking to see if you've received a text is reinforced on a _____ schedule

variable-interval

Immediate gratification

when we want and expect our needs to be met right now

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

- behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently - behaviors with unfavorably consequences will occur less frequently

effects of punishment

- doesn't prevent the undesirable behavior when sway from the punisher - can lead to fear, anxiety, and lower self esteem - children who are punished physically may learn to use aggression to solve problems - can be effective in some situations, especially when the behavior is dangerous - most psychologists suggest reinforcing an incompatible behavior instead of using punishment

2 types of schedules of reinforcement

- fixed-interval and variable-interval - fixed-ratio and variable-ratio

negative reinforcement examples

- leaving a movie theater if the movie is bad - following prison rules to be released from confinement - putting on a seat belt to stop an irritating buzz - giving in to a dog's (or a child's) begging - hurrying home in the winter to get out of the cold

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A twisted ankle hurts less after taking Tylenol.

delayed gratification

A willingness to give up something now in return for something later.

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

D) A dog that is given a piece of food after begging at the dinner table learns to beg more frequently

Your dog, Pavlov, loves your attention. Lately, Pavlov has been barking a lot, and every time he does, you yell, "Pavlov, be quiet!" Which of the following is true?

Pavlov will bark more in the future because you reinforced him.

True or false? Biology helps determine what behaviors will be easiest for an animal to learn.

True

True or false? Both positive and negative reinforcement make a behavior more likely.

True

VI (variable interval)

a bell goes off randomly in the classroom, Tina is rewarded if she is on task.

latent learning

a change in behavior not immediately demonstrated at the time the learning takes place

cognitive map

a mental picture of spacial relationships or events

discrimination

ability to distinguish between two similar signals or stimuli and produce different responses; learning to respond to one stimuli but not another

punishment

any consequence that decreases the future likelihood of a behavior

reinforcement

any consequence that increases the future likelihood of a behavior

negative punishment

anything that decreases behavior by following it with removing a desirable event

positive punishment

anything that decreases behavior by following with adding an undesirable event.

Edward Thorndike

author of the law of effect, the principle that forms the basis of operant conditioning

major schedules

based on the number of correct responses before reinforcement (ratio schedule) or the amount of time that elapses before reinforcement (interval schedule)

examples of discrimination

class bell, fire alarm, names

example of positive reinforcement

cleaning your room and getting money for it

Latent learning demonstrates the importance of _______in operant conditioning.

d) cognition

Extinction occurs when a behavior

d) is no longer followed by reinforcement.

Positive punishment_______________the frequency of behavior. Negative punishment____________the frequency of behavior.

decreases, decreases

True or false? One of the advantages of punishment is that it usually permanently changes behavior.

false

B.F. Skinner

developed the fundamental principles and techniques of operant conditioning

We know to stop at a red light and go when the light turns green because of.....

discrimination

examples of negative reinforcement

grounding, losing tv, phone, or computer privileges, speeding ticket

ability to delay gratification predicts...

high achievement

frequency will increase..

if the consequence is reinforced

consequence

in operant conditioning, the frequency of a behavior is determined by the behavior's.....

negative reinforcement

increase the likelihood of a behavior by following it with the removal of something undesirable

positive reinforcement

increases the likelihood of a behavior by following it with adding something desirable

examples of shaping

learning how to ride a bike, play a sport, or drive

extinction

loss of a behavior when no consequence follows it

the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

negative reinforcement's goal is to increase a desirable behavior and punish is to decrease an undesirable behavior

Rewarding individuals for behavior they already enjoy may cause them to do the behavior less when the rewards stop. This is called the________ effect.

over justification

reinforcing only some correct responses is called

partial reinforcement

A fitness tracker that produces a starburst screen every time you complete 10,000 steps in a day utilizes ____________ reinforcement.

positive

types of reinforcement

positive and negative

types of punishment

positive punishment and negative punishment

shaping

reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior, gradually refining a response

variable interval

rewards the first correct response after an unpredictable amount of time

biological predisposition

some species are biologically predisposed to learn specific behaviors

primary reinforcement

something that is naturally reinforcing (food, warmth, water)

secondary reinforcement

something that you have learned to value (money, praise, grades)

examples of positive punishment

spanking, being burned by a hot stove, getting yelled at, a detention

fixed ratio

specific # of responses before reinforcement ( may lead to speed but not accuracy )

fixed interval

specific amount of time before a reinforcement occurs

over justification effect

the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do (may lessen original motivation/eliminate the behavior)

True or false? A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement usually produces a consistent rate of responding.

true

operant conditioning

type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows that behavior

variable ratio (gamblers schedule)

unpredictable number of responses before reinforcement