Module 18: The Non-visual Senses
Hair cells line the surface of the A) anvil. B) eardrum. C) basilar membrane. D) auditory nerve.
C) basilar membrane.
Our sense of hearing is known as A) the vestibular sense. B) kinesthesia. C) audition. D) tinnitus.
C) audition.
How does the bio-psychosocial approach explain our experience of pain? Provide examples.
A Biopsychosocial Approach. Pain is a complex process, rather than just a simple connection between nerves. Instead there is an interface between physical and psychology processes. Pain involves nerve stimulation, signals are sent to the brain where they are then processed and a 'response' sent back.
What are the basic steps in transforming sound waves into perceived sound?
A simple figure offers a synopsis
You are in an unfamiliar setting and your eyes are closed. Which of the following sounds would be hardest for you to locate correctly? A) a bell ringing 6 feet directly in front of you B) a pen hitting the top of a table beside you C) a crying child standing 5 feet off to your right D) music from a loudspeaker 15 feet to your left
A) a bell ringing 6 feet directly in front of you
Dissociation refers to A) a split in consciousness. B) a phantom limb sensation. C) conscious enactment of a hypnotic role. D) perception without sensation.
A) a split in consciousness.
The existence of convincing scientific evidence that ESP is possible would pose the greatest challenge to the A) contemporary scientific understanding of human nature. B) continued existence of parapsychology. C) continuation of research on the processes that underlie ordinary forms of sensation and perception. D) ordinary belief systems of most Americans.
A) contemporary scientific understanding of human nature.
The absolute threshold for hearing is defined as zero A) decibels. B) amps. C) ESPs. D) hertz.
A) decibels.
If hikers perceive a hill as steeper when carrying heavy backpacks rather than light backpacks, this would best illustrate A) embodied cognition. B) synesthesia. C) phantom limb sensations. D) psychokinesis.
A) embodied cognition.
The influence of our physical gestures on our psychological preferences is said to be an indication of A) embodied cognition. B) dissociation. C) psychokinesis. D) phantom limb sensations.
A) embodied cognition.
The cochlea is a A) fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. B) fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of upright body position. C) fluid-filled tube that provides a sense of body movement. D) set of three tiny bones that amplify the vibrations of the eardrum.
A) fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses.
The greatest number of hair cells lining the basilar membrane are activated in response to ________ sound waves. A) great-amplitude B) small-amplitude C) high-frequency D) low-frequency
A) great-amplitude
Audition depends on the movement of ________ on the surface of the basilar membrane triggering impulses in adjacent nerve cells. A) hair cells B) the eardrum C) vestibular sacs D) olfactory receptors
A) hair cells
The surface of the basilar membrane is lined with A) hair cells. B) olfactory receptors. C) nociceptors. D) decibels.
A) hair cells.
The absolute threshold for taste sensations is relatively ________ among people who regularly smoke and relatively ________ among people who regularly consume alcohol. A) high; high B) low; low C) high; low D) low; high
A) high; high
A time lag between left and right auditory stimulation is important for accurately A) locating sounds. B) detecting pitch. C) recognizing rhythms. D) judging amplitude.
A) locating sounds.
Small differences in the intensity of a sound received by each ear enable us to identify the ________ of the sound. A) location B) amplitude C) pitch D) absolute threshold
A) location
The low notes on a piano always produce ________ sound waves than the high notes. A) longer B) greater-amplitude C) shorter D) smaller-amplitude
A) longer
The taste of umami is a ________ taste. A) meaty B) salty C) bitter D) sour
A) meaty
The coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the A) vestibular sac. B) auditory canal. C) semicircular canal. A) oval window.
A) oval window.
Tiny bones in the middle ear relay the eardrum's vibrations directly to the A) oval window. B) auditory canal. C) vestibular sacs. D) semicircular canals.
A) oval window.
The brain's release of endorphins reduces A) pain. B) tinnitus. C) kinesthesia. D) sensory interaction.
A) pain.
Alex tickles his brother by stroking adjacent ________ spots on his skin. A) pressure B) warmth C) cold D) pain
A) pressure
During the months when there is a large amount of pollen in the air, your hay fever severely affects your sense of smell. At the same time, your food all seems to taste the same. This illustrates the importance of A) sensory interaction. B) kinesthesia. C) tinnitus. D) dissociation.
A) sensory interaction.
With her eyes closed and her nose plugged, Chandra was unable to taste the difference between an onion and a pear. Her experience best illustrates the importance of A) sensory interaction. B) the McGurk effect. C) psychokinesis. D) synesthesia.
A) sensory interaction.
The sense of ________ is a chemical sense. A) taste B) kinesthesia C) equilibrium D) pain
A) taste
Shauna claims that she knows at any given moment exactly what important political figures are thinking. Shauna is claiming to possess the power of A) telepathy. B) precognition. C) psychokinesis. D) clairvoyance.
A) telepathy.
On the way to the temporal lobe's auditory cortex, neural impulses from the auditory nerve are first relayed to the A) thalamus. B) amygdala. C) hippocampus. D) hypothalamus.
A) thalamus.
The loudness of sounds is conveyed to the brain by A) the number of hair cells that are activated. B) the intensity of hair cell vibrations. C) the region of the basilar membrane that triggers hair cell vibrations. D) the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve.
A) the number of hair cells that are activated.
The bio psychosocial approach to pain is likely to emphasize the importance of both A) top-down and bottom-up processing. B) frequency and place theories. C) kinesthesia and psychokinesis. D) telepathy and clairvoyance.
A) top-down and bottom-up processing.
The loudness of sounds is determined by the ________ of sound waves. A) length B) telepathy C) amplitude D) frequency
C) amplitude
The cochlea consists of A) interconnected nerve fibers in the spinal cord. B) a fluid-filled tube in the inner ear. C) olfactory receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity. D) neural networks located within each temporal lobe.
B) a fluid-filled tube in the inner ear.
High-frequency sound waves are to ________ as low-frequency sound waves are to ________. A) a loud voice; a soft voice B) a high-pitched voice; a low-pitched voice C) a soft voice; a loud voice D) a low-pitched voice; a high-pitched voice
B) a high-pitched voice; a low-pitched voice
According to the gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce your physical aches and pains by causing the A) release of painkilling endorphins in your muscles. B) activation of large nerve fibers in your spinal cord. C) the release of adrenaline into your bloodstream. D) deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of your skin.
B) activation of large nerve fibers in your spinal cord.
Damage to the basilar membrane is most likely to affect one's A) olfaction. B) audition. C) sense of smell. D) vestibular sense.
B) audition.
Damage to the cochlea's hair cell receptors is most likely to cause a loss of A) kinesthesia. B) audition. C) top-down processing. D) olfaction.
B) audition.
Receptor cells for the vestibular sense send messages to the A) temporal lobes. B) cerebellum. C) olfactory cortex. D) frontal lobes.
B) cerebellum.
Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to the A) eardrum. B) cochlea. C) hammer, anvil, and stirrup. D) auditory canal.
B) cochlea.
The loudness of sounds is measured in A) volts. B) decibels. C) amps. D) watts.
B) decibels.
A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called A) embodied cognition. B) dissociation. C) extrasensory perception. D) posthypnotic suggestion.
B) dissociation.
The bones of the middle ear relay vibrations received from the A) cochlea. B) eardrum. C) vestibular sacs. D) semicircular canals.
B) eardrum.
A cochlear implant converts sounds into A) decibels. B) electrical signals. C) air pressure changes. D) fluid vibrations.
B) electrical signals.
The interconnection of brain circuits that process sensory experiences with brain circuits responsible for abstract thinking contributes to what psychologists call A) parapsychology. B) embodied cognition. C) precognition. D) kinesthesia.
B) embodied cognition
Ringing of the ears after exposure to loud music is most likely to be caused by damage to A) nociceptors. B) hair cells. C) cochlear implants. D) bipolar cells.
B) hair cells.
Receptor cells for the vestibular sense are located in the A) olfactory bulb. B) inner ear. C) tendons, joints, and muscles. D) temporal lobe.
B) inner ear.
Some combination of place theory and frequency theory appears to be most necessary in accounting for how we sense A) high-frequency sound waves. B) intermediate-frequency sound waves. C) low-frequency sound waves. D) low-amplitude sound waves.
B) intermediate-frequency sound waves.
Sensing the position and movement of your pitching arm while throwing a fastball best illustrates A) synesthesia. B) kinesthesia. C) psychokinesis. D) the volley principle.
B) kinesthesia.
With her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of A) synesthesia. B) kinesthesia. C) sensory interaction. D) psychokinesis.
B) kinesthesia.
The barn owl's right ear opens slightly upward, while its left ear opens slightly downward. This difference enables the owl to detect the ________ of a sound. A) pitch B) location C) loudness D) amplitude
B) location
Frequency is to pitch as amplitude is to A) rhythm. B) loudness. C) olfaction. D) wavelength.
B) loudness.
The brain's circuitry for smell is closely connected with brain areas involved in A) respiration. B) memory. C) vision. D) sensing touch.
B) memory.
Joe Wilson, age 55, has been told by experts that he has conduction hearing loss. It is likely that Joe's hearing loss involves problems in the A) inner ear. B) middle ear. C) auditory nerve. D) basilar membrane.
B) middle ear.
The vestibular sense involves the sensory system that A) detects changes in your body temperature. B) monitors the position and movement of your head. C) transmits neural impulses to your olfactory bulb. D) signals damage to tissues in your body.
B) monitors the position and movement of your head.
In response to a harmful stimulus, ________ initiate neural impulses leading to the sensation of pain. A) endorphins B) nociceptors C) olfactory bulbs D) the semicircular canals
B) nociceptors
Which of the following would play a role in quickly alerting you to a gas leak in your home? A) nociceptors B) olfactory receptors C) vestibular sacs D) the basilar membrane
B) olfactory receptors
Nociceptors are sensory receptors that enable the perception of A) pitch. B) pain. C) phantom limb sensations. D) the position and movement of body parts.
B) pain.
The smell of food as we eat it influences our perception of the food's taste. This illustrates A) the volley principle. B) sensory interaction. C) the McGurk effect. D) dissociation.
B) sensory interaction.
Areas of the brain involved in memory are closest to areas of the brain responsible for our sense of A) touch. B) smell. C) vision. D) hearing.
B) smell.
The auditory cortex is located in the ________ lobe. A) frontal B) temporal C) occipital D) parietal
B) temporal
Receptor cells for kinesthesia are located in the A) temporal lobe. B) tendons, joints, and muscles. C) olfactory bulb. D) auditory nerve.
B) tendons, joints, and muscles.
Messages from olfactory receptor cells are NOT relayed to the A) limbic system. B) thalamus. C) temporal lobes. D) olfactory bulb.
B) thalamus.
The gate-control theory attempts to explain how A) certain nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a visual stimulus. B) the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain. C) the perception of pitch is related to the specific area of the basilar membrane that is activated. D) taste depends on pairs of opposing neural processes.
B) the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain.
For burn victims, a computer-generated virtual reality can help to control pain by means of A) synesthesia. B) thought distraction. C) phantom limb sensations. D) kinesthesia.
B) thought distraction.
The same brand of chocolate truffles tasted better to Julia when she thought they cost $20 a pound than when she thought they cost half that much. This best illustrates the impact of A) the volley principle. B) top-down processing. C) synesthesia. D) precognition.
B) top-down processing.
The somatosensory cortex is activated by ________ sensations. A) auditory B) touch C) taste D) visual
B) touch
Research indicates that we have a receptor for a fifth taste sensation, the meaty taste of A) fish oil. B) umami. C) vitamin E. D) protein.
B) umami.
An integrated understanding of pain control in terms of mental distraction, the release of endorphins, and the presence of empathic caregivers is most clearly provided by A) parapsychology. B) dissociation theory. C) a bio psychosocial approach. D) the volley principle.
C) a bio psychosocial approach.
The olfactory receptors are activated by A) nociceptors. B) phantom limb sensations. C) airborne molecules. D) the basilar membrane.
C) airborne molecules.
Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty consciously recalling everything they had experienced while under hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge A) frequency theory. B) place theory. C) dissociation theory. D) the McGurk effect.
C) dissociation theory.
Conduction hearing loss is most likely to result from damage to the A) cochlea. B) temporal lobe. C) eardrum. D) auditory nerve.
C) eardrum.
Holding a heavy rather than a light clipboard leads people to perceive job candidates as more important. This best illustrates A) the volley principle. B) psychokinesis. C) embodied cognition. D) the McGurk effect.
C) embodied cognition.
When leaning to the left by sitting in a left-leaning chair, people lean more left in their expressed political attitudes. This best illustrates A) kinesthesia. B) the volley principle. C) embodied cognition. D) the McGurk effect.
C) embodied cognition.
When put in a foul-smelling rather than a pleasant-smelling room, members of a jury perceived immoral acts such as stealing as more disgusting. This best illustrates the importance of A) dissociation. B) the McGurk effect. C) embodied cognition. D) synesthesia.
C) embodied cognition.
Pleasant memories are most likely to be evoked by exposure to A) bright colors. B) soft touches. C) fragrant odors. D) loud sounds.
C) fragrant odors.
Which of the following best explains how we perceive very low-pitched sounds? A) place theory B) volley principle C) frequency theory D) dissociation theory
C) frequency theory
Which theory suggests that large-fiber activity in the spinal cord can prevent pain signals from reaching the brain? A) place theory B) dissociation theory C) gate-control theory D) frequency theory
C) gate-control theory
Premature human babies gain weight faster if they are stimulated by A) blinking lights. B) rhythmic sounds. C) hand massage. D) phantom limb sensations.
C) hand massage.
The high notes on a piano always produce ________ sound waves than the low notes. A) greater-amplitude B) smaller-amplitude C) higher-frequency D) lower-frequency
C) higher-frequency
Dissociation has been used as an explanation for A) the McGurk effect. B) synesthesia. C) hypnotic pain relief. D) stereophonic hearing.
C) hypnotic pain relief.
Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called A) the vestibular sense. B) olfaction. C) kinesthesia. D) sensory interaction.
C) kinesthesia.
People in the United States tend to like the smell of wintergreen more than do those in Britain. This best illustrates that our preferences for certain odors depends on A) psychokinesis. B) the vestibular sense. C) learned associations. D) the McGurk effect.
C) learned associations.
Infant rats deprived of their mothers' grooming touch produce A) less growth hormone and have a higher metabolic rate. B) more growth hormone and have a lower metabolic rate. C) less growth hormone and have a lower metabolic rate. D) more growth hormone and have a higher metabolic rate.
C) less growth hormone and have a lower metabolic rate.
Cocking your head would be most useful for detecting the ________ of a sound. A) pitch B) loudness C) location D) amplitude
C) location
In one experiment, being told that a wine cost $90 rather than its real $10 price made it taste better. This best illustrates that taste is influenced by A) psychokinesis. B) the volley principle. C) mental expectations. D) dissociation.
C) mental expectations.
If you burn your finger, ________ transmit pain-triggering signals to your central nervous system. A) olfactory receptor cells B) vestibular sacs C) nociceptors D) hair cells
C) nociceptors
Sensory receptors in our skin that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called A) vestibular sacs. B) hair cells. C) nociceptors. D) olfactory nerves.
C) nociceptors.
Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of A) clairvoyance. B) synesthesia. C) precognition. D) telepathy.
C) precognition.
When sounds were accompanied by a puff of air on people's neck or hands, they more often misheard airless sounds such as ba or da as pa or ta. This best illustrates A) synesthesia. B) psychokinesis. C) sensory interaction. D) kinesthesia.
C) sensory interaction.
During the mid-1980s, pockets of Australian keyboard operators suffered outbreaks of severe pain while typing. Their pain could not be attributed to any discernible physical abnormalities. This best illustrates the role of ________ in the perception of pain. A) phantom limb sensations B) psychokinesis C) social-cultural influences D) dissociation
C) social-cultural influences
For some people, hearing certain sounds may activate color-sensitive regions of the cortex so as to trigger a sensation of color. This phenomenon is called A) tinnitus. B) telepathy. C) synesthesia. D) kinesthesia.
C) synesthesia.
Receptor cells for our sense of ________ reproduce themselves every week or two. A) body position B) hearing C) taste D) equilibrium
C) taste
Sensory receptor cells that project antenna-like hairs are located within A) the eardrum. B) phantom limbs. C) taste buds. D) nociceptors.
C) taste buds.
Sensory interaction is best illustrated by A) psychokinesis. B) the volley principle. C) the McGurk effect. D) phantom limb sensations.
C) the McGurk effect.
On the day she is to be interviewed for an important new position, Rachel awakens with a severe toothache. During the interview she feels no pain; not until 30 minutes later does she become aware again of the troublesome toothache. Rachel's experience is best explained by A) sensory interaction. B) place theory. C) the gate-control theory. D) frequency theory.
C) the gate-control theory.
Prolonged exposure to any sounds above 85 ________ can produce hearing loss. A) amps B) ESPs C) watts D) decibels
D) decibels
Eardrum vibrations are transmitted to the cochlea by a piston consisting of A) protruding hair cells. B) the basilar membrane. C) the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. D) vestibular sacs.
C) the hammer, anvil, and stirrup.
According to the frequency theory A) most sound waves are a complex mixture of many frequencies. B) high-frequency sounds trigger a wave of activity that peaks near the beginning of the basilar membrane. C) the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard. D) frequent or prolonged stimulation of a sensory receptor causes that receptor to become less sensitive.
C) the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard.
After painful medical procedures, people's memory snapshots tend to overlook A) the final moments of pain associated with the procedure. B) the peak moments of pain associated with the procedure. C) the total duration of the pain associated with the procedure. D) all of these periods of pain.
C) the total duration of the pain associated with the procedure.
The ability to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends most directly on A) synesthesia. B) nociceptors. C) the vestibular sense. D) olfactory receptors.
C) the vestibular sense.
The semicircular canals are most directly relevant to A) hearing. B) kinesthesia. C) the vestibular sense. D) dissociation.
C) the vestibular sense.
Individual nerve cells increase the frequency of neural impulses in the auditory nerve by firing in rapid succession. This is said to illustrate A) gate-control theory. B) the McGurk effect. C) the volley principle. D) top-down processing.
C) the volley principle.
Kaylee's experience of pain during a demanding physical exercise routine was intensified when she noticed that other exercise participants were in a lot of pain. This best illustrates that the experience of pain is influenced by A) dissociation. B) psychokinesis. C) top-down processing. D) synesthesia.
C) top-down processing.
Our experience of pain may be intensified when we perceive that others are experiencing pain. This best illustrates the importance of A) phantom limb sensations. B) the vestibular sense. C) top-down processing. D) dissociation.
C) top-down processing.
An 80-decibel sound is ________ times more intense than a 60-decibel sound. A) 2 B) 10 C) 20 D) 100
D) 100
The 130-decibel sound of a rock band is ________ times more intense than the 100-decibel sound of a nearby subway train. A) 10 B) 30 C) 100 D) 1000
D) 1000
Psychics' suggestions that perception can occur apart from sensory input involve claims for the existence of A) phantom limb sensations. B) posthypnotic suggestion. C) synesthesia. D) ESP.
D) ESP.
The process of transforming air pressure waves into neural messages that the brain interprets as meaningful sound is known as A) sensory interaction. B) the vestibular sense. C) kinesthesia. D) audition.
D) audition.
Sensory receptors in your vestibular sacs enable you to maintain your sense of A) smell. B) taste. C) touch. D) balance.
D) balance.
Before eating their fifth and final piece of chocolate, experimental participants were told that it was their "next" piece or that it was their "last" piece. Those told that it was their "last" piece liked it ________ and rated the whole experiment as ________ enjoyable than those told it was their "next" piece. A) less; less B) better; less C) less; more D) better; more
D) better; more
Our sense of taste was once thought to involve only the four sensations of A) sweet, salty, starch, and bitter. B) salty, fatty, bitter, and sweet. C) sour, bitter, sweet, and starchy. D) bitter, sweet, sour, and salty.
D) bitter, sweet, sour, and salty.
As a rock musician who has experienced prolonged exposure to high-amplitude sounds, Rodney is beginning to lose his hearing. It is most likely that this hearing loss involves problems in the A) auditory canal. B) eardrum. C) tiny bones of the middle ear. D) cochlea.
D) cochlea.
The basilar membrane is located in the A) middle ear. B) auditory canal. C) semicircular canal. D) cochlea.
D) cochlea.
A sensual leg caress evokes a different somatosensory cortex response when a heterosexual man believes it comes from an attractive woman rather than a man. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on our brain's sensory response. A) kinesthesia B) nociceptors C) psychokinesis D) cognition
D) cognition
Damage to the hammer, anvil, and stirrup is most likely to cause A) dissociation. B) sensorineural hearing loss. C) phantom limb sensations. D) conduction hearing loss.
D) conduction hearing loss.
Mr. Phillips is a professional wine taster who works for a large number of California wine producers. As he grows older, his taste sensitivity is likely to ________, and daily consumption of alcohol is likely to speed up the ________ of his taste buds. A) increase; reproduction B) increase; loss C) decrease; reproduction D) decrease; loss
D) decrease; loss
When holding a soft ball, American students become more likely to categorize a face as a Democrat than as a Republican. This best illustrates A) the McGurk effect. B) embodied cognition. C) synesthesia. D) dissociation.
D) dissociation.
After childbirth, women tend to recall their total amount of pain in terms of their pain's peak moment and how much pain they felt A) prior to their first contraction. B) during their first contraction. C) between their contractions. D) during the final moments of the childbirth experience.
D) during the final moments of the childbirth experience.
After holding a warm drink rather than a cold one, people are more likely to rate others more warmly. This best illustrates A) the McGurk effect. B) psychokinesis. C) synesthesia. D) embodied cognition.
D) embodied cognition.
In psychological science, the influence of physical sensations on mental judgments is said to illustrate A) kinesthesia. B) synesthesia. C) olfaction. D) embodied cognition.
D) embodied cognition.
The volley principle is particularly relevant to the ________ theory. A) dissociation B) place C) gate-control D) frequency
D) frequency
Loudness is to amplitude as pitch is to A) intensity. B) decibels. C) rhythm. D) frequency.
D) frequency.
Dane worked for years as a jackhammer operator without consistently wearing earplugs and he now suffers nerve deafness. His loss of hearing is most likely caused by damage to A) nociceptors. B) olfactory receptors. C) the eardrum. D) hair cells.
D) hair cells.
According to place theory, the perception of A) low-pitched sounds is associated with large vibrations of the eardrum closest to the oval window. B) high-pitched sounds is associated with large vibrations of the eardrum closest to the oval window. C) low-pitched sounds is associated with large vibrations of the basilar membrane closest to the oval window. D) high-pitched sounds is associated with large vibrations of the basilar membrane closest to the oval window.
D) high-pitched sounds is associated with large vibrations of the basilar membrane closest to the oval window.
Drawing one's attention away from sensations of pain is one explanation for the pain relief associated with A) phantom limb sensations. B) the McGurk effect. C) psychokinesis. D) hypnosis.
D) hypnosis.
According to the classic gate-control theory, activation of smaller spinal cord nerve fibers ________ pain and activation of larger spinal cord nerve fibers ________ pain. A) decreases; decreases B) increases; increases C) decreases; increases D) increases; decreases
D) increases; decreases
Repeated gentle stroking of a pain spot creates a(n) A) cold sensation. B) wetness sensation C) hot sensation. D) itching sensation.
D) itching sensation.
The sensory experience of bending one's knees or raising one's arms exemplifies A) the vestibular sense. B) top-down processing. C) sensory interaction. D) kinesthesia.
D) kinesthesia.
Men's sense of hearing tends to be ________ sensitive than women's, and women are ________ pain sensitive than men. A) more; more B) less; less C) more; less D) less; more
D) less; more
The explanatory usefulness of place theory is limited because the neural signals triggered by ________ sound waves are not neatly associated with activation of a specific region of the ________. A) high-frequency; oval window B) low-frequency; oval window C) high-frequency; basilar membrane D) low-frequency; basilar membrane
D) low-frequency; basilar membrane
Eardrum vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the A) vestibular sacs. B) inner ear. C) cochlea. D) middle ear.
D) middle ear.
Nociceptors initiate the sensation of A) color. B) pitch. C) taste. D) pain.
D) pain.
The volley principle is most directly relevant to our perception of A) touch. B) taste. C) pain. D) pitch.
D) pitch.
After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ________ theory. A) gate-control B) frequency C) dissociation D) place
D) place
Many older people lose their hearing for high-pitched sounds due to tissue degeneration near the beginning of the basilar membrane. This is best explained by the ________ theory. A) gate-control B) frequency C) dissociation D) place
D) place
The discovery that high-frequency sounds trigger large vibrations near the beginning of the basilar membrane supports the ________ theory. A) gate-control B) frequency C) dissociation D) place
D) place
The sense of touch includes the four basic sensations of A) pleasure, pain, warmth, and cold. B) pain, pressure, hot, and cold. C) wetness, pain, hot, and cold. D) pressure, pain, warmth, and cold.
D) pressure, pain, warmth, and cold.
The taste sensation umami is most likely to attract us to foods that are A) sweet. B) bitter. C) starchy. D) rich in protein.
D) rich in protein.
Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalanced after a thrilling roller coaster ride? A) olfactory receptors B) nociceptors C) basilar membranes D) semicircular canals
D) semicircular canals
Damage to the temporal lobes is most likely to affect our A) kinesthesia. B) vestibular sense. C) sense of touch. D) sense of smell.
D) sense of smell.
A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer A) dissociation. B) loss of balance. C) conduction hearing loss. D) sensorineural hearing loss.
D) sensorineural hearing loss.
Damage to the hair cells lining the basilar membrane is most likely to result in A) phantom limb sensations. B) conduction hearing loss. C) loss of the sense of balance. D) sensorineural hearing loss.
D) sensorineural hearing loss.
A drink's strawberry odor enhances our perception of its sweetness. This best illustrates A) synesthesia. B) the volley principle. C) the McGurk effect. D) sensory interaction.
D) sensory interaction.
The green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Sam. This illustrates the importance of A) difference thresholds. B) dissociation. C) synesthesia. D) sensory interaction.
D) sensory interaction.
Which of the following senses is best described as a chemical sense? A) kinesthesia B) audition C) equilibrium D) smell
D) smell
People judge the temperature of a room as colder following the experience of A) dissociation. B) synesthesia. C) psychokinesis. D) social exclusion.
D) social exclusion.
The classic gate-control theory suggests that pain is experienced when small nerve fibers activate and open a neural gate in the A) basilar membrane. B) semicircular canals. C) olfactory bulb. D) spinal cord.
D) spinal cord.
Kinesthesia refers to the A) deactivation of pain receptors on the skin's surface. B) process by which stimulus energies are changed into neural signals. C) ringing-in-the-ears sensation that sometimes accompanies hearing loss. D) system for sensing the position and movement of tendons, joints, and muscles.
D) system for sensing the position and movement of tendons, joints, and muscles.
Information from the taste buds travels to an area of the A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) temporal lobe.
D) temporal lobe.
If we see a speaker mouthing day while actually hearing someone else saying may, we may perceive a third syllable bay that blends both inputs. This phenomenon is known as A) psychokinesis. B) synesthesia. C) embodied cognition. D) the McGurk effect.
D) the McGurk effect.
Place theory suggests that A) structures in the inner ear provide us with a sense of the position of our body in space. B) we have a system for sensing the position and movement of the various parts of our body. C) we can locate the place from which a sound is emitted because of the distance between our ears. D) the pitch we hear is related to the place where the cochlea's basilar membrane is stimulated.
D) the pitch we hear is related to the place where the cochlea's basilar membrane is stimulated.
People experience mildly unpleasant tastes as very unpleasant if they mentally anticipate that an unpleasant taste is coming. This best illustrates the importance of A) precognition. B) synesthesia. C) dissociation. D) top-down processing.
D) top-down processing.
Tiny hair-like receptors that monitor the tilting of your head are located in the A) temporal lobe. B) tendons, joints, and muscles. C) olfactory bulb. D) vestibular sacs.
D) vestibular sacs.
Where are kinesthetic receptors and vestibular sense receptors located?
Kinesthesis is the sense that gives us information about the location of our body parts with respect to each other and allow us to perform movements. Information comes from the receptors in joints and ligaments and muscle fibers. When we move our body, these receptors register the rate of change of movement speed as well as the rate of change of angle of the bones in our limbs, then transforms this mechanical information into neural signals to the brain. Vestibular senses gives us information about body position movement, and acceleration- factors critical for maintaining our sense of balance. The sensory organs for the vestibular sense are located in the linear ear vestibular sacs and semicircular canals, both of which contain s fluid that moves when the head rotates. The movement causes the hair cells inside the sacs and canals to bend, which is transduce into electrochemical impulses in the nerve.
How do we detect loudness, discriminate pitch, and locate sounds?
Loudness is not related to the intensity of a hair cell's response. The brain interprets loudness from the number of activated hair cells. Place theory explains how we hear high-pitched sounds, and frequency theory explains how we hear low-pitched sounds. (A combination of the two theories explains how we hear pitches in the middle range.) Place theory proposes that our brain interprets a particular pitch by decoding the place where a sound wave stimulates the cochlea's basilar membrane. Frequency theory proposes that the brain deciphers the frequency of the neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve to the brain. Sound waves strike one ear sooner and more intensely than the other. To locate sounds, the brain analyzes the minute differences in the sounds received by the two ears and computes the sound's source.
How do we sense touch?
Our sense of touch is actually several senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain—that combine to produce other sensations, such as "hot."
How does sensory interaction influence our perceptions, and what is embodied cognition?
Our senses can influence one another. This sensory interaction occurs, for example, when the smell of a favorite food amplifies its taste. Embodied cognition is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
What biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences affect our experience of pain? How do placebos, distraction, and hypnosis help control pain?
Pain reflects bottom-up sensations (such as input from nociceptors, the sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals) and top-down processes (such as experience, attention, and culture). One theory of pain is that a "gate" in the spinal cord either opens to permit pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers to reach the brain, or closes to prevent their passage. The biopsychosocial perspective views our perception of pain as the sum of biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences. For example, our experience of pain is influenced by activity in the spinal cord's large and small fibers (a biological influence), attention to pain (a psychological influence), and cultural expectations (a social-cultural influence). Pain treatments often combine physical and psychological elements. Placebos can help by dampening the central nervous system's attention and response to painful experiences. Distractions draw people's attention away from painful stimulation. Hypnosis, which increases our response to suggestions, can also help relieve pain. Posthypnotic suggestion is used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms.
what are the claims of ESP, and what have most research psychologists concluded after putting these claims to the test?
Parapsychology is the study of paranormal phenomena, including extrasensory perception (ESP) and psychokinesis. The three most testable forms of ESP are telepathy (mind-to-mind communication), clairvoyance (perceiving remote events), and precognition (perceiving future events). Skeptics argue that (1) to believe in ESP, you must believe the brain is capable of perceiving without sensory input, and (2) researchers have been unable to replicate ESP phenomena under controlled conditions.
What are the characteristics of air pressure waves that we hear as sound?
Sound waves are bands of compressed and expanded air. Our ears detect these changes in air pressure and transform them into neural impulses, which the brain decodes as sound. Sound waves vary in amplitude, which we perceive as differing loudness, and in frequency, which we experience as differing pitch.
In what ways are our sense of taste and smell similar, and how do they differ?
Taste and smell are both chemical senses. Taste is a composite of five basic sensations—sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami—and of the aromas that interact with information from the taste receptor cells of the taste buds. There are no basic sensations for smell. We smell something when molecules of a substance carried in the air reach a tiny cluster of 20 million receptor cells at the top of each nasal cavity. Odor molecules trigger combinations of receptors, in patterns that the olfactory cortex interprets. The receptor cells send messages to the brain's olfactory bulb, then to the temporal lobe, and to parts of the limbic system.
How does the ear transform sound energy into neural messages?
The outer ear is the visible portion of the ear. The middle ear is the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea. The inner ear consists of the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. Through a mechanical chain of events, sound waves traveling through the auditory canal cause tiny vibrations in the eardrum. The bones of the middle ear amplify the vibrations and relay them to the fluid-filled cochlea. Rippling of the basilar membrane, caused by pressure changes in the cochlear fluid, causes movement of the tiny hair cells, triggering neural messages to be sent (via the thalamus) to the auditory cortex in the brain. Sensorineural hearing loss (or nerve deafness) results from damage to the cochlea's hair cells or their associated nerves. Conduction hearing loss results from damage to the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea. Cochlear implants can restore hearing for some people.
How do we sense our body's position and movement?
Through kinesthesia, we sense the position and movement of our body parts. We monitor our head's (and thus our body's) position and movement, and maintain our balance, with our vestibular sense.
Which of the following has NOT been proven to reduce pain? a. Distraction b. Placebos c. Phantom limb sensations d. Endorphins
c. Phantom limb sensations
The gate-control theory of pain proposes that a. special pain receptors send signals directly to the brain. b. pain is a property of the senses, not of the brain. c. small spinal cord nerve fibers conduct most pain signals, but large-fiber activity can close access to those pain signals. d. pain can often be controlled and managed effectively through the use of relaxation techniques.
c. small spinal cord nerve fibers conduct most pain signals, but large-fiber activity can close access to those pain signals.
The snail-shaped tube in the inner ear, where sound waves are converted into neural activity, is called the_____.
cochlea
Which of the following ESP phenomena is supported by solid, replicable scientific evidence? a. Telepathy b. Clairvoyance c. Precognition d. None of these answers
d. None of these answers
A food's aroma can greatly enhance its taste. This is an example of a. sensory adaptation. b. chemical sensation. c. kinesthesia. d. sensory interaction.
d. sensory interaction.
______is your sense of body position and movement. Your_______specifically monitors your head's movement, with sensors in the inner ear.
kinesthesis; vestibular sense
The amplitude of a sound wave determines our perception of ___(loudness/pitch).
loudness
The longer the sound waves are, the ___(lower/higher) their frequency is an the ___(lower/higher) their pitch.
lower, lower
Which theory of pitch perception would best explain a symphony audience's enjoyment of a high-pitched piccolo? How about a low-pitched cello?
place theory, frequency theory
_______theory explains how we hear high- pitched sounds, and________ theory explains how we hear low-pitched sounds.
place theory, frequency theory
We have specialized nerve receptors for detecting which five tastes? How did this ability aid our ancestors?
we have specialized receptors for detecting sweet, salty, sour,bitter and umami tastes. being able to detect pleasurable tastes enabled our ancestors to seek out energy and protein rich foods. detecting aversive tastes deterred them from eating toxic substances, increasing their chances of survival.
Why do you feel a little dizzy immediately after a roller- coaster ride?
your vestibular sense regulates balance and body positioning through kinesthetic receptors triggered by fluid in your ear. wobbly legs and a spinning world are signs that these receptors are still responding to he ride's turbulence.