Module 2 - Bonding and Chemical Nomenclature
Based on that and the guidelines to the right, which of the following substances would have the highest boiling point?
CH3OH (32.0 g/mol) I2 (253.8 g/mol) CO (28.0 g/mol) Because CO experiences dipole-dipole forces and those are stronger than LDFs, which are the only IMFs that N2 experiences, we'd expect CO to have the higher boiling point.
The chemical formula for calcium phosphate is:
Ca3(PO4)2
CaCO3 LiCl BaSO4
Calcium carbonate Lithium chloride Barium sulfate
Select all correct statements about the Lewis Dot Structure of methane, CH4.
Carbon has 4 single bonds There is a total of 8 valence electrons
Cations or Anions Sort the following elements as more likely to form cations or more likely to form anions.
Cation: Lithium, Boron, Calcium Anion: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Fluorine
Using the image to the right and the molar mass information given, select the correct order of molecules according to their size (smallest on the left to largest on the right).
Chlorine, bromine, iodine
List them from weakest to strongest.
Chlorine, bromine, iodine chlorine has the weakest LDF, because it's a gas and the smallest molecule, while iodine is mostly solid and is the largest molecule. Bromine is in between in size and LDF strength, as it is mostly liquid.
Using that information, along with the relative sizes of the molecules shown below, label the bar for each substance in the graph to the right.
Cl-Cl Br-Br I-I
Binary Compound Monoatomic Ions Cation Anion Suffix
Containing 2 elements ion made of one atom positive ion negative ion ending of word
Match the name to its chemical formula. CuO Cu2O Cu2O3
Copper(II) oxide Copper(I) oxide Copper(III) oxide
Covalent vs Ionic
Covalent - H2O, Carbon Dioxide, Low melting Ionic - MgCl2, High melting, (Nh4)3PO4, Conducts electricity only when melted
Using each label only once, classify what category of compounds the following substances belong to. PCl5 NaNO3 HClO3 HBr Ba3N2
Covalent compound Ionic w/ a Polyatomic ion Oxyacid Binary Acid Ionic Compound
write out the chemical formula for chromium (III) chloride.
CrCl3
The chemical formula for chromium(II) sulfate is:
CrSO4
The chemical formula for copper(III) oxide is:
Cu2O3
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure to determine the intermolecular force(s) present in a pure sample of the following compound: CH3F
Dipole-Dipole Attractions (WRONG) New: Lond & Dip-Dip
Given the above information, which IMF do you think has the most influence on the difference in boiling point between the two substances above?
Dipole-dipole
Strength of intermolecular forces (strongest on top)
Hydro Dip Induced
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure to determine the intermolecular force(s) present in a pure sample of the following compound: HCl
Hydrogen Bonding Dipole-Dipole Attractions London Dispersion Forces (LDF)(WRONG) New: Dip-Dip & Lond
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure to determine the intermolecular force(s) present in a pure sample of the following compound: H2O
Hydrogen Bonding Dipole-Dipole Attractions (WRONG) New: Dip-Dip (WRONG)
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure to determine the intermolecular force(s) present in a pure sample of the following compound: HF
Hydrogen Bonding(WRONG) New: Dip-Dip, Hydro, & Lond
Based on the graph, HF has the highest boiling point but is the smallest molecule. What type of IMF is present in HF and not present in the other molecules that might account for this?
Hydrogen bonding
Which intermolecular force is the most important in determining the difference in boiling points of the following molecules? CH3OH (32.0 g/mol) & CH3SH (48.1 g/mol) I2 (253.8 g/mol) & SO2 (64.1 g/mol) CO (28.0 g/mol) & N2 (28.0 g/mol)
Hydrogen bonding, because one of the molecules can hydrogen bond London dispersion Dipole-dipole (not including hydrogen bonding) same size, but because CO is a polar molecule, it experiences dipole-dipole forces
How are hydrogen bonds different from covalent and ionic bonds?
Hydrogen bonds don't involve electrons being shared or transferred.
Which is true
Hydrogens are the positive dipoles of all the molecules. The oxygen, nitrogen, and fluorine atoms are the negative dipoles of the molecules.
Review I Use what you learned from the readings to answer the question on the right. Predict the charge on the monatomic ions formed from the following atoms in binary ionic compounds. Write your answers in the format: 3+
I - 1- Sr - 2+ K - 1+
Do you think intermolecular forces are stronger or weaker than intramolecular forces? Use the table to the right to help inform your answer:
Intramolecular (bonding) forces are usually stronger
monoatonic ions polyatomic ions ionic compound covalent molecule chemical formula
Ion w/ one atom Ion w/ 2+ atoms Made of metal and nonmetal 2+ nonmetnals number of atoms for each element in a substance
Ionic or Covalent bonds? CaCl2, CuCl2, CsCl, SiCl4, CrCl3, PCl3
Ionic - CaCl2, CuCl2, CsCl, CrCl3, Covalent - SiCl4, PCl3
Ionic vs. Covalent Compounds
Ionic - High melting boiling point, Electrostatic attraction between ions, Good conducts of electricity when dissolved Covalent - Attraction to shared pair of electrons, Low melting/boiling point, Bad conductors of electricity
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: CaSO4
Ionic Bond Polar Covalent Bond
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: Mg(OH)2
Ionic Bonds (WRONG) New: Ionic & Polar Covalent
Remind yourself the difference between ionic and covalent compounds. Drag the chemical formula to the correct area to categorize as either ionic or covalent.
Ionic Compounds: CaO, NaCl, Al2O3 Covalent Compound: H2O, PH3
Intramolecular (bonding) forces are very strong. Within those forces, do you remember which is generally stronger, ionic or covalent bonds?
Ionic are stronger
Select the formula of the compound that K+ and O2- will form
K2O
Which of the atoms/molecules in each pair below has the stronger London dispersion forces? Atomic and molar masses are given in g/mol.
Kr (83.8 g/mol) HBr (80.9 g/mol) C2H6 (ethane) 30.07 g/mol
Referring to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure and molecular geometry chart, determine the shape of the following molecule: BeF2
Linear
Rank the intermolecular forces from weakest (top) to strongest (bottom).
London Dip-Dip Hydro Ion-Dip Ion-Ion
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure to determine the intermolecular force(s) present in a pure sample of the following compound: CH4
London Dispersion Forces
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure to determine the intermolecular force(s) present in a pure sample of the following compound: CO2
London Dispersion Forces
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure to determine the intermolecular force(s) present in a pure sample of the following compound: N2
London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure to determine the intermolecular force(s) present in a pure sample of the following compound: CF4
London Dispersion Forces (LDF) New: Lond & Dip-Dip (WRONG)
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure to determine the intermolecular force(s) present in a pure sample of the following compound: NH3
London Dispersion Forces (LDF) & Hydrogen Bonding(WRONG) New: Hydrogen (WRONG)
Given the above information, which IMF do you think has the most influence on the difference in boiling point between the two substances above?
London dispersion NF3 experiences dipole-dipole forces, which are stronger than LDFs for molecules of the same size. However, Br2 is a much larger molecule than NF3, with very strong LDFs that contribute most to its higher boiling point.
molecules experience dipole-dipole forces
Only NH3 and HF experience dipole-dipole forces, because they both have polar covalent bonds and are asymmetrical so their charges don't get cancelled out. Let's move on to the next intermolecular force type.
Soluble in water
Polar (dipole-dipole interactions) Have several OH groups for hydrogen bonding Dipoles Many OH groups for hydrogen bonding
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: CCl4
Polar Covalent Bond
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: NF3
Polar Covalent Bonds
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: Al2O3
Polar Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds (WRONG) New: Iconic Bond
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: PH3
Polar Covalent Bonds (WRONG) New: Polar & Ionic (WRONG)
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: CH3OH
Polar Covalent Bonds(WRONG) New: Ionic Bonds & Polar Covalent Bonds (WRONG)
Classifying Bonds Use the electronegativity of elements to classify the following bonds as polar covalent, covalent, or ionic.
Polar Covalent: C-O, C-N Covalent: O-O, Br-Br Ionic: Kl, LiF
Ionic Charge Match each element to the charge of the ion it most commonly forms.
Potassium - 1+ Boron - 3+ Sulfur - 2- Calcium - 2+ Iodine - 1-
Name the following substances. KI FeCl3 N2O5
Potassium iodide iron (III) chloride Dinitrogen pentoxide
The chemical formula for disulfur trioxide is:
S2O3
Below is a list of compounds. Select all that are ionic and written CORRECTLY.
Al2O3 CaO NaCl Na2S
Which of the following molecules or ions contain polar bonds?
BH4- NO3-
A polyatomic ion usually refers to a covalently bonded group of two or more elements that, together, have a charge. The charge on a polyatomic ion is usually negative, but there are positively charged polyatomic ions, as well. Which of the following compounds contains a polyatomic ion?
BaCO3 H2SO4
Referring to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure and molecular geometry chart, determine the shape of the following molecule: NO2-1
Bent
What are the molecular geometries of SO2 and NO3-? (Hint: only one of the following has unbonded pairs around the central atom)
Bent & Triangular
summary
Binary ionic compounds typically consist of a metal and a nonmetal. The name of the metal is written first, followed by the name of the nonmetal with its ending changed to -ide Binary acids are named using the prefix hydro-, changing the -ide suffix to -ic, and adding "acid"; HCl is hydrochloric acid. Oxyacids are named by changing the ending of the anion (-ate to -ic and -ite to -ous) and adding "acid"; H2CO3 is carbonic acid
Which IMFs are present in the following molecules? Based on those things, which substance below would you expect to have the higher boiling point?
Br2 & Cl2 - London dispersion Br-Br London dispersion 160.0 g/mol Br2 - London dispersion NF3 - London dispersion& Dipole-dipole SO2 & CL2 - London dispersion & Dipole-dipole
Electronegativity Sort the specified atom as carrying a slight positive charge or a slight negative charge
Slight Positive Charge - H in H-Cl, C in C-O Slight Negative Charge - O in H2O, F in H-F
Click on the pop-up to read through the Hot Cheetos™ ingredient list. Select all the elements you can find.
Sodium Sulfur Phosphorus Iron
Choose the correct statement.
Sodium takes a +1 charge because it has 1 valence electron. Calcium takes a +2 charge because it is a nonmetal.
determine the electron geometry for SCl2
Tetrahedral - because it has four areas of electron density, two bonded atoms plus two unbonded pairs
What happened when you clicked on one of the bonded atoms, moved it closer to one of the other bonded atoms, then released it? Once the molecule stopped moving completely, what did you notice? Select all the answers to the right that apply:
The bonded atoms tended to stay as far apart from each other as possible. The angles between bonded atoms were maximized.
Select all the statements that are true when magnesium reacts with chlorine:
The formula for the compound formed is MgCl2 Magnesium transfers electrons to chlorine Magnesium becomes a +2 cation WRONG ^ NEW: ALSO WRONG The compound that forms is MgCl Magnesium transfers electrons to chlorine Magnesium becomes a +2 cation
Why do you think that is? Select all that apply:
The larger the molecule, the larger the electron cloud. The larger the electron cloud, the more it can be distorted. The larger the molecule, the stronger the London dispersion forces.
What is true of naming molecular compounds composed of two elements?
The last element always ends in -ide. When the first element has only one atom, it does not need a prefix. When an element has more than one atom, it must get a prefix to specify how many atoms it has.
Select the best description of hydrogen bonds below:
There are attractions between two or more small, simple molecules
Which of the following is a characteristic property of ionic compounds?
They form hard, brittle crystals
Narcan's ability to work quickly Narcan's lack of high-producing side effects Methadone's reduced high and reduction of cravings/withdrawal symptoms Narcan's ability to completely stop heroin and oxycodone from working
They stop breathing
Why are there London dispersion forces—even in molecules with covalently bonded atoms? The image to the right will help you answer.
They're due to the temporary accumulation of electrons in an area of a molecule.
Referring to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure and molecular geometry chart, determine the shape of the following molecule: AsH3
Trigonal Pyramidal
Referring to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure and molecular geometry chart, determine the shape of the following molecule: SeO3
Trigonal Pyramidal
Name the compound: N3O
Trinitrogen monoxide
Each family in the periodic table has its own characteristic properties based upon its number of valence electrons.
True
Orderly crystal shapes, high melting points, and electrical conductivity when dissolved in water are properties of ionic compounds
True
Unbonded electrons repel electrons more than bonded electrons do.
True
Electrons involved in bonding between atoms are
Valence electrons
Let's take a look at two other elements on the periodic table: potassium (K) and selenium (Se). Use what you've learned to fill in the blanks to the right.
When potassium reacts, it LOSES ONE electron to form a CATION called a POTASSIUM ION. Potassium does this so that it has the same number of electrons as ARGON. When selenium reacts, it GAINS TWO electron(s) to form an ANION. It does this to have the same number of electrons as KRYPTON
Can either substance hydrogen bond?
Yes, and because of hydrogen bonding, CH3NH2 has intermolecular forces that are stronger than CH3-O-CH3
Do you think that means they'll have dipole-dipole interactions with the polar molecule H2S or not? And if so, why?
Yes. Polar molecules experience dipole-dipole interactions with other polar molecules.
Name the compound: AlCl3
aluminum chloride
Referring to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure and molecular geometry chart, determine the shape of the following molecule: SeH2
bent
In a properly drawn lewis dot structure, all atoms except H must have ? electrons surrounding it
eight
The attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion results in a covalent bond
false
Using Lewis structure drawings, determine which molecule below will have the shortest bond length between atoms:
h2 (WRONG)
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: Li2O
ionic bond nonpolar covalent bond (WRONG) New: Ionic Bond
Select all statements that are true for the NO2-1 polyatomic ion.
nitrogen is the central atom nitrogen has one pair of nonbonding electrons
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: SO3
nonpolar covalent (WRONG)
Referring to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure and molecular geometry chart, determine the shape of the following molecule: SCl6
oct
Choose the best statement that describes the compound formed between nitrogen and oxygen.
oxygen accepts valence electrons from nitrogen WRONG
Name the compound: RuO
ruthenium(II) oxide
A __________ covalent bond between the same two atoms is the longest.
single
Referring to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure and molecular geometry chart, determine the shape of the following molecule: SiH4
tetrah
select all statements that are true about the Lewis Dot structure of H3O+
there is 1 pair of nonbonding electrons on O there is a total of 3 single bonds
Select all statements that are true about the Lewis Dot structure of C2H2.
there is one triple bond there is a total of 10 valence electrons
Hydrogen can never have more than ? electrons in a lewis dot structure.
two
Which of the following would have all its valence electrons paired in its Lewis structure representation?
xe
If calcium were to react with chlorine, what would likely form?
A CaCl2 A Ca+2 ion and two Cl-1 ions A calcium cation and two chloride anions
Number of Areas of Electron Density Electron Geometry Geometric Arrangement of Atoms or Electron Pairs
2 - Linear - 180 3 - Trigonal - 120 4 - Tetrahedral - 109.5
Which of the following could have a molecular dipole?
A molecule with polar covalent bonds that does not have charges cancelled out due to its shape
When electrons are transferred between two atoms, a covalent bond is formed.
False
How many areas of electron density are there around carbon in the CO2 molecule (remember, the number of areas of electron density might not be the same as the number of electron pairs) So what would be its electron geometry?
2 - each double bond counts as one area of electron density Linear - because it has only two areas of electron density
There are __________ paired and __________ unpaired electrons in the Lewis symbol for a Nitrogen atom
2, 3
Number of Bonded Pairs Number of Unbonded Pairs Molecular Shape
3 - 0 - Triangular Planar 2 - 1 - Bent
how many areas of electron density are there in SO2
3 - has just three areas of electron density—one area for each of the two double bonds, and one area for the unbonded pair of electrons.
how many areas of electron density are there in NO3-
3 - one area for each of the two double bonds, and one area for the unbonded pair of electrons
How many single covalent bonds must a silicon atom form to have a complete octet in its valence shell?
4
How many areas of electron density are there around the central atom of As in the AsF3 molecule the the right?
4 - As: one due to the unbound pairs, and three due to bonds between As and F
how many areas of electron density are there in CH4 what is the electron geometry for four areas of electron density
4 - areas represented by the four bonded hydrogen atoms tetrahedral - has four areas of electron density
Atoms have at most _______ valence electrons.
8
Notice that P, S, and Cl are the central atoms in which a lewis dot structure is shown with the central atom having more than ? electrons. This is called an expanded octet. P, S and Cl all belong to the ? period. All atoms in the third period or higher are capable of expanding their octet!
? - 8 ? - third
When a metal and a nonmetal react, the result is a(n) ? compound. The ratio of cation to anion depends on the ionic charge of each. All ionic compounds come together in the simplest ratio to make a ?formula unit and the ? is always written first in the formula.
? - Ionic ? - neutral ? - cation
Monoatomics and nonpolar molecules can only interact with each other through the temporary and weak intermolecular forces called ? forces or Van der Waals Forces.
? - London Dispersion
When an ionic substance, such as NaCl, dissolves in water, ion-dipole interactions are the major intermolecular force present. In these interactions, the sodium cations are attracted to the ? side of water while the chlorine anions are attacted to the ? side of water.
? - Negative ? - Positive
HCl is called hydrochloric acid. What was added to give this molecule its appropriate name?
"Hydro-" was added to the beginning. The first term gained an -ic. The term ends in acid.
Ammonium phosphate is an ionic compound made up of two polyatomic ions. What is the chemical formula for this compound?
(Nh4)3PO4
How many bonded atoms and unbonded electrons are there for the following? CH2Cl2 HCN C2H2
- Around the central atom there are 4 bonded atoms and 0 unbonded pairs. (The electron geometry is Tetrahedral and the molecular geometry is Tetrahedral) - Around the central atom there are 2 bonded atoms and 0 unbonded pairs. (The electron geometry is Linear and the molecular geometry is Linear) - Around the central atom there are 2 bonded atoms and 0 unbonded pairs.
Chemical Compound Names The name of a binary compound containing monatomic ions consists of the name of the cation (the name of the metal) followed by the name of the anion (the name of the nonmetallic element with its ending replaced by the suffix -ide). Some examples are given in table 1. KCl SrBr2 Li2O
- Potassium chloride - Strontium bromide - Lithium oxide
The name of a binary compound containing monatomic ions consists of the name of the cation (the name of the metal) followed by the name of the anion (the name of the nonmetallic element with its ending replaced by the suffix -ide). Which of the following is true about all of the molecules named in this way?
- They all consist of only two elements. - The first element is a metal, and the second is a nonmetal. - The number of atoms belonging to either element is not reflected in the compound's - The name of the nonmetal ion gets an -ide suffix added to it.
1. Copper 2. Magnesium 3. Iodine 4. Rubidium 5. Phosphorus
1. Can form multiple ions 2. Loses 2 Electrons 3. Reacts to attain the same number of electrons as xenon 4. Forms cation w/ +1 charge 5. Forms a -3 ion
When a central atom has 4 "things" attached to it, that atom can take 3 different geometries: ? , tetrahedral or trigonal pyramidal. Which of these shapes the central atom takes depends on if the 4 "things" attached are all bonding atom or if there is nonbonding electrons. When all 4 things are bonding atoms, the shape is called ?. When there is 3 bonding atoms and a nonbonding pair the shape is called ?. When there is 2 bonding atoms and 2 nonbonding electrons pairs the shape is called ?.
? - bent ? - tetrahedral ? - trigonal pyramidal ? - bent
A central atom to which 3 "things" are attached can take 2 different geometries: ? and trigonal planar. Which shape the atom takes depends on if one of the attached "things" is a nonbonding pair of electrons. If all three things are bonding atoms then the shape is ? . However, if one of those things is a pair of nonbonding electrons then the shape is ?.
? - bent ? - trigonal planar ? - bent
NaCl is composed of two elements: sodium and chlorine. Sodium (Na) forms a ?, which has a ? charge. Chlorine (Cl) forms an ?, which has a ? charge. The compound formed by the attraction between these two ions is called a/an ? bond
? - cation ? - positive ? - anion ? - negative ? - ionic
When two atoms share electrons a ? bond is formed and the distance between the two nuclei is called the ? . If those two atoms have different ? the covalent bond is considered polar.
? - covalent ? - bond length ? - electronegativity
A ? bond forms when two atoms ? electrons. If the two atoms have similar electronegativity than the electrons are shared equally. However, when one atom has a much higher electronegativity the electrons spend more time with the ? electronegative atom.
? - covalent ? - share ? - more
In order for a dipole-dipole interaction to be classified as ?, the molecule must contain O-H, N-H or H-F bonds!
? - hydrogen bonding
Electron affinity is a periodic trend that we learned in the last module. Electron affinity ? as you move from left to right across a period and ? as you move down a group. Therefore, you know ? has a much higher affinity for electrons than does ?.
? - increases ? - decreases ? - chlorine ? - sodium
? are the strongest of the intermolecular forces followed by ?. ? is stronger than which is stronger than ? the weakest IMF which is ?.
? - ion-ion attractions ? - ion-dipole ? - Hydrogen Bonding ? - Dipole-dipole ? - London Dispersion
There are several different types of chemical bonds. When atoms gain or lose electrons to form more stable electron configurations, they form bonds ?. When atoms share electrons, they form ? bonds. Covalent bonds between atoms of different ? are called ? covalent bonds. When two atoms bond, the ? is the distance between them at which the lowest potential energy is achieved.
? - ionic ? - covalent ? - electronegative ? - polar ? - bond length
The BBB is more like oil than water, substances that are more oil soluble will be able to pass through it more easily. Though heroin, morphine, and hydrocodone are very similar in their core structure, heroin is ? than morphine and oxycodone because it does not have OH groups with which to form ?. This makes heroin more ? than morphine and oxycodone. Because the blood-brain barrier is more like oil than water, heroin can cross it ? than morphine and oxycodone.
? - less polar ? - hydrogen bonds ? - oil soluble ? - more readily
A central atom to which 5 "things" are attached can take 4 different geometries: ? , T-shaped, seesaw or trigonal bipyramidal.
? - linear
Ionic bonds arise when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Typically, a ? donates electrons to become a cation and a ?accepts those electrons to become an anion.
? - metal ? - nonmetal
Generally, you can sort ionic compounds from molecular compounds by looking at the "ingedient" atoms. Ionic compounds almost always contain a ? and atleast one type of ? atom. Conversely, molecular compounds are composed of only ? atoms.
? - metal ? - nonmetal ? - nonmetal
Generally, you can take the difference of electronegativity values between two atoms of a bond to determine the nature of that bond. If the difference is between 0 and 0.4, that bond is considered to be a ? covalent bond. If the difference falls between 0.5 and 1.8, that bond is considered to be a ? covalent bond. If the difference is greater than 1.9, the bond is considered to be ?
? - nonpolar ? - polar ? - ionic
Regardless of whether the bonds are single, double or triple, a central atom with only ? atoms bonded to it will take the linear geometry.
? - two
A single covalent bond can be represented as a single line between two atoms or ? dots. A double covalent bond can be represented as two lines betwen two atoms or ?. A triple covalent bond can be represented by three lines between two atoms or ? dots
? - two ? - four ? - six
Electron geometry is determined by considering and adding together ? . Molecular geometry is determined by considering ? of electrons VSEPR is based on the fact that valence electron pairs (bonding and nonbonding) ? one another and take up positions that ? their distance and angles between them.
? - unbonded and bonded pairs of electrons ? - bonded electrons separately from unbonded pairs of electrons ? - repel ? - maximize
select all statements that are true about the Lewis Dot structure of PCl3.
Each chlorine has 6 nonbonding electrons phosphorous has 2 nonbonding electrons
Polar Covalent Bonds What is the difference between a covalent bond and a polar covalent bond?
Electrons are shared equally in one but not in the other.
Predicting Ionic Charge Why is it easy to predict the charges of these ions?
Elements will gain or lose electrons to have a full valence shell of electrons.
Fill in the blanks below using the vocabulary from this lesson.
Many elements gain or lose electrons to have the same number of electrons as the closest noble gas in the periodic table. Metals typically tend to lose electrons. When they do, they form CATIONS , positively charged ions. Nonmetals tend gain electrons and form ANIONS, negatively charged ions. Compounds made up of anions and cations are held together by IONIC BONDS. When ions are made of a single atom, such as Li+1, they are called MONATOMIC. When ions consist of a group of atoms, such as CO3-2, they are called POLYATOMIC. Substances made up of metal cations and nonmetal anions are called IONIC COMPOUNDS. Not all substances are made from metal and nonmetal elements. COVALENT COMPOUNDS are made of two or more nonmetals bound together by COVALENT BONDS.
Summary
Metals tend to lose the number of electrons that would leave them with the same number of electrons as in the preceding noble gas in the periodic table. Covalent compounds usually form from two nonmetals. Ions can be either monatomic (containing only one atom) or polyatomic (containing more than one atom). Positively charged ions are called cations.
Which of the following are not neutral ionic compounds?
Mg2Cl, PCl, and SrCl
Monoatomic Ions, Diatomic ions, or Oxyanions? B+3, F-1, CN-1, CO3^-2
Monoatomic Ions - B+3 F-1 Diatomic ions - CN-1 Oxyanions - CO3^-2
From their positions in the periodic table, arrange the atoms in each of the following series in order of increasing electronegativity
N, C, H, As, Sb
The chemical formula for ammonium chloride is:
NH4Cl
Use the following chemical names to generate the chemical formulas for the following substances Nitrogen monoxide Sodium hypochlorite Iron (III) hydroxide
NO NaClO Fe(OH)3
Below each molecule, write what you would name it.
NO - Nitric oxide N2O - Nitrous oxide NO2 - Nitrogen Dioxide
Which of the following are binary molecular compounds?
NO2 SO2 CO2
molecules that experience dipole-dipole forces
NO2, PCl3, and HBr all have polar covalent bonds. Additionally, NO2, PCl3, and HBr have asymmetrical shapes, so their charges aren't canceled out. This means that they're polar molecules, and as such, they experience dipole-dipole forces.
Select the chemical formula for the compound that always forms when sodium reacts with phosphorous
Na3P
The chemical formula for sodium phosphide is
Na3P
It knocks the opioids off the brain's natural opioid receptors because it binds preferentially to them over opioids
Narcan is a medication that can save Jack's life in an opioid overdose. Because of its (particular structure) , Narcan binds preferentially to the opioid receptors in the brain than opioids like oxycodone, morphine, and heroin. It can knock the opioids off the receptors for a short time and temporarily reverse the effects of the overdose. In contrast, (Methadone) is a treatment for opioid addiction. It acts like oxycodone, morphine, and heroin in the brain because it has (a similar structure) but its effects are (less intense and longer acting)
Does MgCl2 contain a metal ion with variable charge?
No, because Mg does not form more than one ion.
Soluble in oil/fat
Nonpolar (no dipole-dipole interactions) Limited or no hydrogen bonding ability Oil-like molecules Not dipoles Limited or no hydrogen bonding ability Long chain of carbons and hydrogens like oil
Refer to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure. Then identify the type(s) of bond(s) present in the following molecule: CH4
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Based on shape and polarity of the bonds, select the molecules that are polar.
O-S-O C=O Linear molecules with polar covalent bonds that are symmetrical, such as BeCl2, are not polar molecules. Linear molecules with polar covalent bonds that consist of just two atoms, such as CO, will be polar, because they don't have symmetry in shape to cancel out the charges. Bent molecules with polar covalent bonds, such as SO2, are not symmetrical, so they're polar molecules.
Referring to your properly drawn Lewis Dot structure and molecular geometry chart, determine the shape of the following molecule: PF5
Octahedral
