Module 2 Exam

Jill says she eats plant-based foods only. She eats "eggs" made of mung beans and "burgers" made of pea protein. What type of diet is this considered?

vegan

Monounsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid chain containing a single double bond between carbon atoms

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid chain with two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Cholesterol

A sterol that contains no glycerol backbone

Explain the symptoms of ulcers.

Ulcers cause a burning sensation in the stomach or small intestine following a meal. They are usually caused by a bacteria.

List a dietary treatment for diverticulosis.

increase fiber intake in diet, medication

The central nervous system prefers to use glucose for energy, but if it is unavailable, the CNS can use _______.

ketones

Which enzyme primarily digests lactose?

lactase

Jill considers herself a vegetarian, and you observe her eating a salad with feta cheese, boiled eggs and a creamy dressing made with buttermilk. What type of diet is this considered.

lacto ovo vegetarian

Which macromolecule type plays a role in structural components, regulates body function, and enzyme production?

protein

What term describes the state when protein intake is equivalent to the amount of protein lost?

protein equilibrium

Match the lipid to its role in the body: 1. triglyceride: 2. phosholipid: 3. sterol 4.

triglyceride: Source of energy, provide insulation and protection, and serve as a carrier of fat soluble vitamins phospholipid: Form cell membranes, transport lipoproteins and act as emulsifiers Sterol: used to generate hormone

Which of the following is the storage form of glucose?

glycogen

The pancreas plays a role in blood sugar regulation. For (A) the fasting, and (B) the fed states, list the hormones the pancreas releases and their effect on blood glucose.

(A) Fasting - pancreas releases glucagon, which breaks down glycogen stores to increase blood glucose levels (B) Fed - pancreas releases insulin, which increases cellular uptake of glucose, lowering blood glucose levels.

(A) Explain how type 1 diabetes occurs and the disease's symptoms. (B) Detail at least 3 ways it is different from type 2 diabetes.

(A) Type 1 diabetes occurs when there is destruction of the beta cells in pancreas typically in childhood so they no longer secrete insulin and there is a rise in the blood glucose level (hyperglycemia). Symptoms are excessive thirst, urination, hunger, weight loss and ketosis. (B) Differences: Cause - Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance or when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin. Typically associated with being overweight/diet On-set: type 2 has an adult onset whereas type 1 is childhood or early adult Treatment: type 2 is treated with oral medications (anti-diabetic drugs) whereas type 1 is treated with insulin

Match the sugar to its common source or characteristic:

1. Fructose: sweetest tasting sugar 2. Lactose: found in milk 3. Maltose: rarely found in food. 4. Sucrose: found in table sugar

Carbohydrates can be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and fiber. Match the following with the descriptions. a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides c. Insoluble Fiber d. Soluble Fiber e. Functional Fiber 1. _____ Promotes intestinal health and is added to foods 2. _____ Improves passage through the large intestine 3. _____ Slows glucose absorption and lowers cholesterol 4. _____ Eventually breaks down into glucose 5. _____ An example is galactose

1. Promotes intestinal health and is added to foods answer: Functional fiber 2. Improves passage through the large intestine answer: insoluble fiber 3. Slows glucose absorption and lowers cholesterol answer: soluble fiber 4. Eventually breaks down into glucose. answer: Disaccharides 5. An example is galactose. answer: Monosaccharides

Name the 4 organs that are not part of the GI tract but aid in digestion

1. Salivary glands 2. Liver 3. Gallbladder 4. Pancreas

Name the six parts of the GI tract.

1. mouth 2. esophagus 3. stomach 4. small intestine 5. large intestine 6. rectum

Fats provide ___ kcal of energy/gram

9

What is the definition of hypoglycemia?

A blood sugar lower than 70 mg/dl

The biological value of a protein is different in _____(A)_______ vs plant sources. _____(B)_______ sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. Plant sources are considered lower quality or _____(C)_______ protein. When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called complimentary proteins. A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of proteins and calories is called protein- calorie malnutrition.

A. animal B. Animal C. incomplete

Which type of diffusion can move nutrients against the concentration from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration?

Active transport

What is the difference between animal sources for proteins and plant sources for proteins? What is it called when several plant proteins combine?

Animal proteins has all essential amino acids while plant proteins lacks at least one essential amino acid. Protein complementation is when several plant proteins combine.

What are chylomicrons?

Chylomicrons transport the triglycerides from the intestine to the cells and the liver

You are advising a client who only eats a plant based diet. How would you explain complete vs. incomplete proteins and how would they make sure to have complimentary proteins.

Complete proteins are derived from animals and contain all essential amino acids. Other than soy, plants provide incomplete proteins where more than 1 essential amino acid is lacking. For someone on a plant-based diet, they need to consume a combination of at least 2 incomplete proteins.

Explain the cause of constipation.

Constipation is caused by hard dry stools related to a low fiber diet.

Explain the symptoms of diverticulosis.

Diverticulosis is weak spots in the colon that results in the formation of small pouches. When inflamed the pouches are referred to as diverticulitis.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. The type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link the oxygen units together.

False: The type of fatty acid is dependent on the bonds that link the carbon units together.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Foods that are often high in starch are not good sources of fiber.

Foods that are often high in starch are also a good source of fiber. OR Foods that are often high in animal protein, fats, refined flours, etc. are not a good source of fiber.

True or false. If false, explain why it is false. Foods that are high in sugar are also good sources of fiber.

Foods that are often high in starch are good sources of fiber.

Specific parts of the ______(A)________ include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum. Other organs such as the liver, gallbladder and pancreas aid in digestion but are not considered part of the ______(B)_________

GI tract

Glycogen is broken down into:

Glucose

Describe why HDL is considered a marker of cardiovascular health. Explain where it is made, it's main components and function in your answer.

HDL is made primarily in the liver and is composed of protein. Thus it is a cholesterol scavenger, that picks up excess cholesterol and brings it to the liver for excretion and elimination. It's a marker for cardiovascular health because it is associated with lower cholesterol and the protective effects of lower cholesterol on the cardiovascular system.

saturated fats

Have no double bonds

Identify these initials: HDL. is this considered good or bad cholesterol?

High-density lipoprotein. It is considered good cholesterol.

Explain why it is easier to get omega 6 in a typical diet than omega 3.

It has to do with the types of foods the essential fatty acids are present in. Omega 6 is present in vegetable oils and is more prevalent and convenient to obtain in our diets

Define protein-calorie malnutrition?

It is an inadequate intake of protein and calories over time that leads to muscle wasting and the risk of infection of the immune system.

Define kwashiorkor.

Kwashiorkor is a severe protein deficiency

Describe why LDL is considered a marker of cardiovascular health. Explain where it is made, it's main components and function in your answer.

LDL is a remnant of VLDL that forms in the blood as VLDL loses its triglyceride content, it is mostly made of cholesterol and some triglyceride, and it's function is to transport cholesterol to the body's cells. Since it is already full of cholesterol, high levels indicate poor cardiovascular health as the excess cholesterol builds up in arteries.

Name the food groups that lacto vegetarians will include in their diet and those that they avoid.

Lacto vegetarians will consume dairy products but no eggs or animal flesh.

Which of the following is not true concerning fats and lipids

Lecithin is an example of a sterol

Lipoprotein

Lipids surrounded by a shell of protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol

What are lipoproteins comprised of?

Lipoproteins are lipids surrounded by a shell of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol.

What is the function of low density lipoproteins?

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) deliver cholesterol to cells

Triglycerides

Made of three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule

You are volunteering with a medical relief group in a developing nation. A mother brings a child to the clinic who has had severe weight loss, has a skin and bones appearance and severe growth impairment. What type of malnutrition is he most likely suffering from?

Marasmus

List a treatment for ulcers/peptic ulcers.

Medical treatments (antibiotics, drugs that block/reduce acid production, and protect lining of stomach) and lifestyle changes (decrease stress, stop smoking and avoiding foods that trigger symptoms)

What term describes the state when protein loss is greater than intake?

Negative protein balance

What is the definition of a nonessential amino acid?

Nonessential amino acids can be manufactured by the body or converted from other existing matter. There 11 are nonessential amino acids.

What is the difference between essential vs nonessential amino acids?

Nonessential amino acids can be manufactured by the body or converted from other existing matter. There 11 are nonessential amino acids. Essential amino acids are 9 amino acids that we must consume through the diet as our bodies cannot naturally synthesize them.

Which of the following is NOT True concerning blood sugar regulation?

Normal blood suagr levels are 55-130 mg/dl

Define peristalsis. Is this an example of chemical or mechanical digestion?

Peristalsis is muscular contractions that move the food mixture along the GI tract while it mixes with a variety of enzymes and other chemicals. It is an example of mechanical digestion.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning fats and lipids?

Polyunsaturated fatty acids cause the greatest increase in LDL levels

Define protein calorie malnutrition

Protein calorie malnutrition is inadequate intake of protein and calories over a period of time which leads to muscle wasting, and increased risk of infection due to a compromised immune system.

Which macromolecule type plays a role in structural components, regulates body function, and enzyme production?

Proteins

Explain what digestive ailments can be addressed by (1) soluble and (2) insoluble fiber. Make sure to address how each type of fiber works in your answer.

Soluble fiber slows glucose absorption and fat, so it's associated with lowering cholesterol (and it provides satiety). Soluble fiber dissolves in water creating an intestinal barrier to block absorption. Insoluble fiber can improve constipation. It does not dissolve in water and is not broken down by intestinal bacteria so it increases stool mass and speed of passage through the large intestine.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning fats and lipids?

Stick margarine is an example of a saturated fat

List at least 3 symptoms of metabolic syndrome or syndrome X

Symptoms that include excess abdominal fat, hyperglycemia, high triglycerides, low HDL, and hypertension.

Explain the cause and symptom of heartburn

The cause of heartburn is when the esophageal sphincter does not close and the stomach acid comes up to the esophagus creating a burning sensation. The symptoms are coughing, gagging, and nausea.

Sphincters play an important role in the GI tract. Name two sphincters discussed in the module and using your own words, briefly describe their functions.

The esophageal sphincter prevents the contents of the stomach from reentering the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter controls the release of chyme into the small intestines from the stomach. The ileocecal sphincter prevents the contents of the large intestine from entering the small intestine.

True or false. If false, re-write the statement to make a truth. The gallbladder produces bile for digestion and excess is stored in the liver.

The liver produces bile for digestion and it is stored in the gallbladder.

What is the function of the liver in glucose regulation?

The liver takes up glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen.

Explain the symptoms of diverticulosis.

The symptoms are straining when passing stools, nausea, constipation, and fever.

VLDL

Trigerides that carry the lipids from the liver to the cell

True or False. If false, explain why it is false. Intrinsic factor is a vital glycoprotein produced in the stomach and is necessary for the B12 to be absorbed.

True

Name the food groups that vegans will include in their diet and those that they avoid.

Vegans only consume plant foods (vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts and seeds, breads, rice, pasta). They avoid meats and dairy and any foods that come from animals. Vegans will consume plant foods only

Name the foods that vegans will include in their diet and those that they avoid.

Vegans will consume plant foods only.

Which of the following statements are NOT true about protein and the diet?

Weightlifters require protein supplements to build muscle A meal of beans and corn tortillas provides complete protein Plant proteins are high quality protein Animal proteins are incomplete proteins

What is the role of the pancreas in blood sugar regulation?

When blood sugar is too high, the pancreas secretes more insulin. When blood sugar levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon to raise them. This balance helps provide enough energy to the cells while preventing the nerve damage that can result from constant high levels of blood sugar. The pancreas releases insulin that takes glucose into the cells.

The biological value of a protein is different in animal vs plant sources. Animal sources are considered high quality or complete proteins. Plant sources are considered lower quality or incomplete protein. When two or more plant proteins combine, the proteins are called _______________. A condition resulting from regularly consuming insufficient amounts of proteins and calories is called __________________________.

a. Complimentary b. protein-calorie malnutrition.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning fats and lipids?

a. Fats and oils in food are mostly in the form of triglycerides b. Stick margarine is an example of a saturated fat c. Cholesterol is made by the body in adequate amounts to meet our needs d. Phospholipids are another class of fats Answer: Stick margarine is an example of a saturated fat.

Which of the following is NOT True concerning blood sugar regulation?

a. Hormones are responsible for control b. High blood sugar is called hyperglycemia c. Normal blood sugar levels are 70-100 mg/dl d. Insulin is secreted by the gallbladder answer: Insulin is secreted by the gallbladder

List 1 dietary treatment for heartburn:

eating smaller meals that are low in fat, chewing food well, avoiding overeating, and limiting coffee, tea, alcohol and certain spices waiting 2 hours after a meal before lying down sleep with the head of the bed elevated

Bile is secreted in the small intestine for the digestion of

fats