Module 2 immunology practice questions

Second line of defense includes: A. Immune response B. Skin and mucous membranes C. Inflammatory response D. B and C

C. Inflammatory response

A 15-year-old healthy girl with no major medical problems notes blotchy areas of erythema that are pruritic over the skin of her arms, legs, and trunk within an hour every time she eats seafood, followed by diarrhea. These problems abate within 3 hours, and then physical examination reveals no abnormal findings. Which of the following immunologic abnormalities is she most likely to have? A Localized anaphylaxis B Cell-mediated hypersensitivity C Complement activation D Hypergammaglobulinemia E Immune complex deposition

(A) Localized Anaphylaxis Food allergies are typically a form of type I hypersensitivity reaction. The allergens react with IgE bound to mast cells, mainly in skin and gastrointestinal tract. More severe allergic reactions may be systemic and life-threatening from airway obstruction and circulatory collapse.

autoimmune diseases are more common in men than women True or False

False

Major Innate mechanism that mediates destruction of foreign substances in the body. A. Regulatory T cells B. Helper T Cells C. Complement D. Interferon E. Macrophage APCs

C. Complement

The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells are the ______. A. Regulatory cells B. Helper cells C. Cytotoxic cells D. Plasma cells

C. Cytotoxic cells

First line of Defense includes: A. Immune response B. Skin and mucous membranes C. Inflammatory response D. B and C

B. Skin and mucous membranes

A plasma cell secretes: A Antibody of a single specificity related to that on the surface of the parent B-cell B Antibody of two antigen specificities C The antigen it recognizes D Many different types of antibody E Lysozyme

A. Antibody of a single specificity related to that on the surface of the parent B-cell A single plasma cell secretes millions of molecules of antibody but they are all identical and will be related to the single specificity of antibody used as the antigen receptor on the B-lymphocyte from which the plasma cell was derived.

Which of the following statements does not apply to IgG?: A Appears early in the primary immune response. B Neutralizes bacterial toxins. C Can fix complement. D Crosses the human placenta. E Opsonizes bacteria.

A. Appears early in the primary immune response IgM is the class which appears early following the first encounter with a specific antigen.

During a primary viral infection, what cells of the immune system would you expect to be critical in combating the microbe? Select all that apply A. CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells B. Neutrophils C. Mast Cells D. Eosinophils E. Natural Killer

A. CD8 T cells E. Natural Killer cells Both are specialized for detecting intracellular pathogens like viruses. Although cd8 t cells are adaptive cells and are therefore specific to the invading virus, and NK cells are innate cells and therefore do not have antigen specificity, both cell types express a unique set of receptors that allow them to detect and kill virally infected cells.

Viruses are parasites that use host cells to perform most of the functions of life. Which of the following is NOT provided by the host cell? Choose 1 answer: A. Genetic material for transcription B. Ribosomes for protein synthesis C. RNA polymerase D. Proteins for cellular respiration

A. Genetic Material for transcription Viruses have their own genetic material, but they cannot carry out most of the functions of living things outside of a host cell.

Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response A. IgG B. IgA C. IgD D. IgE E. IgM

A. IgG

Adaptive defense system. A. Immune response B. Skin and mucous membranes C. Inflammatory response D. B and C

A. Immune response

Third Line of defense includes: A. Immune response B. Skin and mucous membranes C. Inflammatory response D. B and C

A. Immune response

Which immune cell is responsible for the quickest release of histamine that causes the red itchy welts associated with allergies? A. mast cell B. lymphocyte C. eosinophil D. basophil

A. Mast Cell In our skin just outside of the capillaries lurk the mast cells ready and waiting with allergen receptors. Antigens in dust mite poop and exoskeletons bind to mast cells and cause them to go berserk.

The secondary, but not the primary, immune response is based on: A Memory B The bonus effect of multivalency C Complement activation D Mast cell degranulation E Clonal selection

A. Memory The clonal proliferation that occurs during a primary immune response produces both effector lymphocytes and memory cells. These memory cells constitute an expanded population of specific lymphocytes which form the basis of the secondary immune response.

Which of the following is/are involved in non-specific (innate) immunity? (Choose 3 answers) A.Mucous membranes B. B cells C. Phagocytic cells D. Skin

A. Mucous membranes serve as a barrier to pathogens and provide chemical defenses. B. Phagocytic cells Phagocytes engulf pathogens that have already passed the first line of defense. D. Skin The skin is the first line of defense against pathogens.

What is the first primary barrier to pathogen entry into the body? Choose 1 answer: A. Skin B. B cells C. T cells D. Phagocytes

A. Skin The skin is the first line of defense against pathogens.

Immunological unresponsiveness to self antigens is called: A Tolerance B Tolerogen C Memory D Acquired immunity E ADCC

A. Tolerance Tolerance is a specific immunological non-responsiveness. Whilst tolerance can be induced to any antigen, the mechanism is thought to have evolved as a means of preventing the maturation of pathogenic self-reactive lymphocytes.

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ______. A. Vasodilation B. Vasoconstriction C. Phagocyte mobilization D. Production of complement and interferon

A. Vasodilation

What is the term applied to white blood cells squeezing between endothelial cells lining the blood vessel to reach the site of an infection? A. diapedesis B. chemotaxis C. phagocytosis D. enucleation

A. diapedesis Neutrophils first adhere to the blood vessel wall. This slows their movement causing them to roll on the interior endothelial surface of the vessel. Finally, the neutrophils become superadherent and squeeze out between the endothelial cells into the surrounding tissues.

What are the characteristic traits of an adaptive immune cell? Select all that apply A. Fast Responding B. Slow Responding C. Memory Forming D. Antigen Specific E. Ability to respond to all types of pathogens

B, C and D Adaptive cells include T and B cells. These cells are defined by their ability to only respond to specific antigens and their ability to make memory cells that are able to respond to the same antigen in the future. During a primary immune response, adaptive cells are slow responding compared to their innate counterparts. However, during a secondary response, memory cells can respond much faster

Clonal selection occurs when a B-lymphocyte encounters: A Cytokines B Antigen C T-lymphocytes D Complement E Chemotactic factors

B. Antigen Antigen selects the few B-lymphocytes, out of many millions, which have cell surface antibody which best 'fits' the antigen.

Which of the following is not a type T cell? A. Cytotoxic B. Antigenic C. Helper D. Regulatory

B. Antigenic

The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called _________. A. Diapedesis B. Chemotaxis C. Margination D. Phagocytosis

B. Chemotaxis

In HIV infection, reverse transcription describes which of the following? A. converting viral DNA into RNA B. converting viral RNA into DNA C. converting proteins into viral RNA

B. Converting viral RNA into DNA (Transcription is when DNA code is transcribed into RNA code. Hence, reverse transcription is when viral RNA is the template for the viral DNA produced within the host cell)

Which of these cell types can play a primary role in attacking and killing cancer cells? A. red blood cell B. cytotoxic T cell C. platelet D. mast cell

B. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) (recognize surface markers on target cells in the body. Target cells may be cancer cells or infected cells.)

A B-cell is able to make cell-surface and secreted versions of antibody using: A Different gene pools. B Differential splicing. C Different heavy chain class but the same light chain. D Different light chain class but the same heavy chain. E F(ab')2 fragments.

B. Differential splicing Differential (alternative) splicing of a primary RNA transcript can produce antibody either with or without exons encoding a hydrophobic transmembrane sequence which leads to retention of antibody in the cell surface membrane.

Stimulate the proliferation of other lymphocytes A. Regulatory T cells B. Helper T Cells C. Complement D. Interferon E. Macrophage APCs

B. Helper T Cells

Protects mucosal barriers Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response A. IgG B. IgA C. IgD D. IgE E. IgM

B. IgA

T cell surface receptors for antigen partly recognize: A Cytokines B MHC C ADCC D Antibody E IL-2

B. MHC T-cells recognize processed antigen plus the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules which act as a marker to inform the T-cell that it is in contact with another cell.

Protective antibodies against infectious agents are often: A Autoantibodies B Neutralizing C Toxoids D Natural Killer E Non-specific

B. Neutralizing They protect by neutralizing a function of the pathogen such as the harmful part of a toxin or a viral coat protein which binds to a cell-surface viral receptor on the host cells.

What is an important mechanism white blood cells use to kill bacteria, fungi and other invading pathogens? A. asphyxiation B. oxidative activity C. fright D. drowning

B. Oxidative activity Neutrophils kill microbes by the production of reactive oxygen species.

When human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attaches to a host cell what genetic material is released into the cell's cytoplasm? A. chromosome B. RNA C. DNA D. ligand

B. RNA HIV is an RNA-containing virus.

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? A. Prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue B. Replaces injured tissues with connective tissue C. Disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D. Sets the stage for repair processes

B. Replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ? A. The innate immune system protects against bacterial pathogens, while the adaptive immune system protects against viral pathogens. B. The innate immune system is nonspecific while the adaptive immune system uses immunological memory. C. The innate immune system uses lymphocytes while the adaptive immune system does not. D. The innate immune system produces antibodies and the adaptive immune system does not.

B. The innate immune system is nonspecific while the adaptive immune system uses immunological memory. (The innate immune system is a general defense against all pathogens, and the adaptive immune system learns from past pathogens and engages in pathogen-specific defense)

Which of these produces and secretes antibodies in the body? A. bacteria B. plasma cell C. red blood cell D. virus W. both A and D

B. plasma cell (A plasma cell is a T lymphocyte-stimulated B lymphocyte that undergoes repeated cell divisions, enlargement and differentiation to form a clone of antibody secreting plasma cells)

What is the term used to describe white blood cells migrating toward bacteria? A. zeiosis B. phagocytosis C. chemotaxis D. phototaxis

C. Chemotaxis chemotaxis is the movement of a cell or organism in response to a chemical stimulus.

Specific antibodies are readily detectable in serum following primary contact with antigen after: A 10 min B 1 h C 5-7 days D 3-5 weeks E Only following a second contact with antigen

C. 5-7 Days 5 days or more are required for B-cell proliferation, differentiation into plasma cells, and the secretion of a large enough amount of antibody for it to be readily detected systemically.

An immune response against grass pollen often involves: A Pathogen-associated molecular patterns B Breakdown of self tolerance C A hypersensitivity reaction D Reaction against MHC E Persistent infection by the pollen

C. A hypersensitivity reacion Hypersensitivty to otherwise innocuous antigens can lead to tissue damage.

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the _______. A. Thymus B. Spleen C. Bone marrow D. Lymph nodes

C. Bone Marrow

Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor A. IgG B. IgA C. IgD D. IgE E. IgM

C. IgD

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A. Long-term immune protection B. Infusion of weakened viruses C. Passage of IgG antibodies from the pregnant mother to her fetus D. Booster shot

C. Passage of IgG antibodies from the pregnant mother to her fetus

Which Pathogen is most likely a Virus? A. Pathogen A has a cell wall and is able to replicate on its own. B. Pathogen B has a nucleus and cell membrane, and can replicate on its own. C. Pathogen C has a protein capsule covering and is unable to reproduce on its own. D. Pathogen D has a nucleus and cell wall and can replicate on its own.

C. Pathogen C.

Which of the following is circulated throughout the blood as a result of humoral immunity? A. Mucus B. Antigens C. Phagocytes D. Antibodies

D. Antibodies Antibodies are produced by specialized B cells in the humoral immune system.

What is a specific term for a bacterial or other foreign protein that initiates antibody production by the body? A. Peptide B. MHCII Molecule C. Complement D. Antigen

D. Antigen (When macrophages eat bacteria, proteins (antigens) from the bacteria are broken down into short peptide chains and then "displayed" on the macrophage surface attached to MHCII molecules)

Innate Defense system A. Immune response B. Skin and mucous membranes C. Inflammatory response D. B and C

D. B and C (immune response, skin and mucous membranes)

Which immune response results in the production of plasma cells, which produce antibodies? A. Innate Immune Response B. Cell-mediated Immune Response C. Humoral Immune Response D. Inflammatory Response

D. Humoral Immune response

Involved in allergies A. IgG B. IgA C. IgD D. IgE E. IgM

D. IgE

Small Proteins secreted by virus-containing cells. Major Innate mechanism that mediates destruction of foreign substances in the body. A. Regulatory T cells B. Helper T Cells C. Complement D. Interferon E. Macrophage APCs

D. Interferon

Name the process a cell such as a neutrophil or a macrophage uses to ingest (eat) its prey. A. halitosis B. chemotaxis C. botulism D. phagocytosis

D. Phagocytosis (The term phagocytosis comes from the ancient Greek words phagein ("to devour") and kytos ("cell"). "Osis" means process. So this is the cellular process of eating)

Which cell type produces antibodies?: A Macrophages B T-lymphocytes C NK D Plasma cells E Eosinophils

D. Plasma cells B-lymphocytes have antibody on their cell surface which acts as an antigen receptor. Upon activation they differentiate into plasma cells which secrete large amounts of antibody.

Which of the following does not protect body surfaces: A Skin. B Mucus. C Gastric acid. D Salivary amylase E Gut microflora.

D. Salivary Amylase The enzyme splits starch and is of importance for digestion but not for protection.

Which statement is true of the adaptive, but not the innate, immune system? Choose 1 answer: A. It fights both viruses and bacteria. B. It involves the use of lymphocytes. C. Many cells work together to coordinate the response. D. The receptors are highly specific.

D. The receptors are highly specific The adaptive immune system relies on antigen specific receptors to produce a highly focused immune response

Twelve hours after going on a hike through dense foliage, a 40-year-old man notices a slightly raised and tender irregular reddish rash on one forearm that was not covered by clothing. This rash gradually increases in intensity for 2 days and then fades away after two weeks. Which of the following forms of immunologic hypersensitivity is most likely demonstrated in this patient? A Type I hypersensitivity B Type II hypersensitivity C Type III hypersensitivity D Type IV hypersensitivity

D. Type IV hypersensitivity. This is a contact dermatitis, typical of exposure to a plant such as poison ivy.

Which of the following is Not an innate cell? A. Mast cell B. Eosinophil C. Neutrophil D. NK cell E. B. Cell

E. B Cells B Cells are lymphocytes that display antigen specificity and immunological memory and are therefore adaptive cells

Acute inflammation characteristically involves: A Constriction of arterioles. B Capillary endothelial cell enlargement. C Influx of macrophages. D Influx of mast cells. E Influx of neutrophils.

E. Influx of neutrophils Neutrophils are chemotactically attracted to the site of inflammation by C5a and mast cell chemotactic factors such as leukotriene B4

Present the double activation signal to T cells A. Regulatory T cells B. Helper T Cells C. Complement D. Interferon E. Macrophage APCs

E. Macrophage APC's

Secondary antibody responses are better because: A They provide defense against unrelated antigens B The antibody can be made by both T and B cells C Complement-fixing antibodies are made D They do not require T-cell help E They are stronger and faster

E. They are stronger and faster Upon the second encounter with the same antigen, the response occurs much faster, the amount of antibody made is much greater, and the response lasts longe

Activates complement A. IgG B. IgA C. IgD D. IgE E. IgM

IgM

Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis True False

True