Module 3 Physiology

the measurement of the endometrium during the early proliferative phase ranges from...

1 - 2 mm

How many oocytes are present at birth?

1-2 million (1 M in each ovary)

the average menstrual cycle lasts...

28 days

in the late proliferative phase, the endometrium thickens to approximately...

5 - 11 mm

hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary

FSH

GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of ________ and _________ from the anterior pituitary gland.

FSH, LH

hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland

GnRH

hormone that surges at ovulation

LH

the two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle are...

LH and FSH

graafian follicle

a mature, fully developed ovarian cyst containing the ripe ovum; aka dominant follicle

progesterone

a steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum; it prepares the endometrium to receive the fertilized ovum

retroverted

a uterus tilted posterior toward the rectum

menorrhagia/ metrorrhagia

abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding

oligomenorrhea

abnormally light or infrequent menstruation

amenorrhea

absence of menstruation

theca externa

an ovarian layer containing spindle-shaped cells incapable of hormone production

FSH is produced by the...

anterior pituitary gland

LH is produced by the...

anterior pituitary gland

rectouterine recess (pouch)

area in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the uterus that is likely to accumulate free fluid; aka Pouch of Douglas

what structure remains after the corpus luteum regresses?

corpus albicans

the temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the graafian follicle is the....

corpus luteum

what structure is noted within the graafian follicle that contains the developing ovum?

cumulus oophorus

what day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

day 14

angiogenesis

development of new blood vessels

FSH causes cells in the follicles to produce estrogen which stimulates the ________ to thicken before ________ occurs.

endometrium, ovulation

hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase that stimulates endometrial thickening

estrogen

estrogen

female sex hormones secreted by the ovary; responsible for female sexual characteristics

meiotic arrest of primary oocytes occurs until _____________.

fertilization

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone

during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, what phase occurs in the ovarian cycle?

follicular

theca interna

follicular cells that secrete androgens, which are processed into estrogen

first phase of the ovarian cycle

follicular phase

anteverted

forward-tipped uterus

polymenorrhea

frequent irregular periods

hormone secreted by hypothalamus

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

hormone transported in a "pulsatile" manner

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

dominant follicle prior to ovulation

graafian follicle

what structure may be noted on the ovary just before ovulation?

graafian follicle

gonadotropins

hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate production of testosterone in men and estrogen in women; FSH and LH

describe the echogenicity of the endometrium during the secretory phase

hyperechoic

sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase

hyperechoic and thick

when the three-line sign is present, the functional layer of the endometrium appears...

hypoechoic

the three-line sign indicates the ________ stage.

late proliferative

in what plane is the endometrium measured?

longitudinal

during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle, what phase occurs in the ovarian cycle?

luteal

LH

luteinizing hormone

androgens

male sex hormones produced in small quantities by the female ovaries and adrenal glands. the greatest quantities occur at the midpoint of a woman's menstrual cycle

"LH surge" is responsible for...

maturation of the graafian follicle + ovulation

the term for the first menstrual cycle

menarche

endometrial sloughing occurs during what phase?

menses

first phase of endometrial cycle

menstrual phase

pain from ovulation

mittelschmerz

sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the postmenstrual phase

mostly anechoic

ligament that attaches the ovary to the uterus

ovarian ligament

main source of female hormones are the...

ovaries

what structure produces hormones that directly act upon the endometrium to produce varying thicknesses and sonographic appearances?

ovary

Ovulation takes place during what part of the ovarian cycle?

ovulatory

dysmennorhea

painful menstruation

suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligament

paired ligaments that extend from the infundibulum of the fallopian tube and the lateral aspect of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall

estradiol

principal estrogen responsible for female characteristics, sexual functioning, and growth of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina. promotes breast development and growth of outer genitals

hypothalamus

produces GnRH which stimulates production of FSH and LH

hormone that maintains the thickness of the endometrium after ovulation

progesterone

what hormone does the corpus luteum release

progesterone

what hormone is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle?

progesterone

what is the endometrial phase when ovulation takes place?

proliferative

the second phase of the endometrial cycle

proliferative phase

when the ovary is in the luteal phase, the endometrium is in the...

secretory phase

sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the proliferative phase

slightly hyperechoic

the arteries within the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary and are shed with menstruation are the...

spiral arteries

antrum (follicular)

the portion of an ovarian follicle filled with fluid.

sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the menstrual phase

thin echogenic line

anteflexed

uterine fundus angled forward toward the cervix

retroflexed

uterus bent backwards forming an angle between cervix and fundus

ovarian measurements are determined by...

views in two orthogonal planes and three dimensions: length, width, and depth

feedback loop

when concentration of a hormone rises above a certain level, a series of actions take place within a system to cause the concentration to fall. conversely, steps are taken to increase concentration when the level is too low.

when does the postmenstrual endometrial phase begin?

when menstrual bleeding stops

corpus albicans

white body; remnant of corpus luteum

secondary amenorrhea

women who have started menstruation but no menses for 3 months

corpus luteum

yellow body; empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell