Module 3 Physiology
the measurement of the endometrium during the early proliferative phase ranges from...
1 - 2 mm
How many oocytes are present at birth?
1-2 million (1 M in each ovary)
the average menstrual cycle lasts...
28 days
in the late proliferative phase, the endometrium thickens to approximately...
5 - 11 mm
hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary
FSH
GnRH is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the release of ________ and _________ from the anterior pituitary gland.
FSH, LH
hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for menstruation by the anterior pituitary gland
GnRH
hormone that surges at ovulation
LH
the two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle are...
LH and FSH
graafian follicle
a mature, fully developed ovarian cyst containing the ripe ovum; aka dominant follicle
progesterone
a steroid hormone produced by the corpus luteum; it prepares the endometrium to receive the fertilized ovum
retroverted
a uterus tilted posterior toward the rectum
menorrhagia/ metrorrhagia
abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding
oligomenorrhea
abnormally light or infrequent menstruation
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
theca externa
an ovarian layer containing spindle-shaped cells incapable of hormone production
FSH is produced by the...
anterior pituitary gland
LH is produced by the...
anterior pituitary gland
rectouterine recess (pouch)
area in the pelvic cavity between the rectum and the uterus that is likely to accumulate free fluid; aka Pouch of Douglas
what structure remains after the corpus luteum regresses?
corpus albicans
the temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the graafian follicle is the....
corpus luteum
what structure is noted within the graafian follicle that contains the developing ovum?
cumulus oophorus
what day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?
day 14
angiogenesis
development of new blood vessels
FSH causes cells in the follicles to produce estrogen which stimulates the ________ to thicken before ________ occurs.
endometrium, ovulation
hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase that stimulates endometrial thickening
estrogen
estrogen
female sex hormones secreted by the ovary; responsible for female sexual characteristics
meiotic arrest of primary oocytes occurs until _____________.
fertilization
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle, what phase occurs in the ovarian cycle?
follicular
theca interna
follicular cells that secrete androgens, which are processed into estrogen
first phase of the ovarian cycle
follicular phase
anteverted
forward-tipped uterus
polymenorrhea
frequent irregular periods
hormone secreted by hypothalamus
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
hormone transported in a "pulsatile" manner
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
dominant follicle prior to ovulation
graafian follicle
what structure may be noted on the ovary just before ovulation?
graafian follicle
gonadotropins
hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate production of testosterone in men and estrogen in women; FSH and LH
describe the echogenicity of the endometrium during the secretory phase
hyperechoic
sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase
hyperechoic and thick
when the three-line sign is present, the functional layer of the endometrium appears...
hypoechoic
the three-line sign indicates the ________ stage.
late proliferative
in what plane is the endometrium measured?
longitudinal
during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle, what phase occurs in the ovarian cycle?
luteal
LH
luteinizing hormone
androgens
male sex hormones produced in small quantities by the female ovaries and adrenal glands. the greatest quantities occur at the midpoint of a woman's menstrual cycle
"LH surge" is responsible for...
maturation of the graafian follicle + ovulation
the term for the first menstrual cycle
menarche
endometrial sloughing occurs during what phase?
menses
first phase of endometrial cycle
menstrual phase
pain from ovulation
mittelschmerz
sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the postmenstrual phase
mostly anechoic
ligament that attaches the ovary to the uterus
ovarian ligament
main source of female hormones are the...
ovaries
what structure produces hormones that directly act upon the endometrium to produce varying thicknesses and sonographic appearances?
ovary
Ovulation takes place during what part of the ovarian cycle?
ovulatory
dysmennorhea
painful menstruation
suspensory (infundibulopelvic) ligament
paired ligaments that extend from the infundibulum of the fallopian tube and the lateral aspect of the ovary to the lateral pelvic wall
estradiol
principal estrogen responsible for female characteristics, sexual functioning, and growth of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina. promotes breast development and growth of outer genitals
hypothalamus
produces GnRH which stimulates production of FSH and LH
hormone that maintains the thickness of the endometrium after ovulation
progesterone
what hormone does the corpus luteum release
progesterone
what hormone is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle?
progesterone
what is the endometrial phase when ovulation takes place?
proliferative
the second phase of the endometrial cycle
proliferative phase
when the ovary is in the luteal phase, the endometrium is in the...
secretory phase
sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the proliferative phase
slightly hyperechoic
the arteries within the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary and are shed with menstruation are the...
spiral arteries
antrum (follicular)
the portion of an ovarian follicle filled with fluid.
sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the menstrual phase
thin echogenic line
anteflexed
uterine fundus angled forward toward the cervix
retroflexed
uterus bent backwards forming an angle between cervix and fundus
ovarian measurements are determined by...
views in two orthogonal planes and three dimensions: length, width, and depth
feedback loop
when concentration of a hormone rises above a certain level, a series of actions take place within a system to cause the concentration to fall. conversely, steps are taken to increase concentration when the level is too low.
when does the postmenstrual endometrial phase begin?
when menstrual bleeding stops
corpus albicans
white body; remnant of corpus luteum
secondary amenorrhea
women who have started menstruation but no menses for 3 months
corpus luteum
yellow body; empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell