Module 31-33

Consider an explicit memory, such as a memory of what happened in your science class yesterday. Explain the process that allows memory to occur at the synaptic level. Explain the role of two parts of the brain in your memory of the class.

-How memory occurs at the synaptic level: long term potentiation increases the cells firing potential at the synapse - Two parts of the brain: 1. Hippocampus: processes explicit memories for storage 2. Front lobe: allows you to process the information of the memory

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between emotions and memory?

Emotion enhances memory because it is important for our survival to remember events that make us emotional.

Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad's teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate?

Encoding failure

To remember something, we must get information into our brain, retain the information, and later get the information back out. Making sure you use the terms for these three steps of the process, explain how this system would apply if you needed to learn the name of a new student who just enrolled in your school today.

I would encode the name of a new student into my brain. Then, I would put the name in storage, so I can retain the information. Finally, I would be able to retrieve the name when I would need to talk to the new student later.

You have a friend, Rachel, who cannot remember where she left a check she had received from a relative for her birthday. She remembers having drunk several cups of tea the morning she received the check, and she remembers taking it to her bedroom. Explain how Rachel can take advantage of context-dependent memory and state-dependent memory to remember where in her bedroom she left the check.

She can take advantage by going into the same state she was when she last remembered the check because the cues of the context will help her find it. She should drink tea again to remember.

Your younger sister has asked you for help because she feels she cannot remember class material well enough to get good grades on her tests. Provide three specific pieces of advice that she should consider, making sure that your advice is based on psychological science.

1. Make mnemonics (acronyms, rhymes, stories) 2. Use distributed studying by spacing out the your study sessions 3. Study before you sleep so no new information can interfere with your studied knowledge (retroactive interference).

Which of the following is an example of flashbulb memory?

Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her.

What two parts of the brain are most involved in explicit memory?

Frontal lobes and hippocampus

Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia?

Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago.

Last evening, Carlos' mom told him he needed to buy milk today. So, he hopped on his bicycle this morning and headed to the corner store to pick up a gallon. Explain how both implicit and explicit memories were involved in Carlos' errand.

Opening the door handle, turning the wheel of the bike, and opening the door of the milk refrigerator are implicit memories (automatic) while remembering how to get to the store, and remembering to get milk are explicit memories.

Juan returns to his grandparent's house after a 10-year absence. The flood of memories about his childhood visits is best explained by which of the following?

Priming

Which of the following is an example of the primacy effect?

Remembering the names of the first two co-workers you met on the first day of your new job

The text discusses therapist-guided "recovered" memories. Which of the following statements represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue?

Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 3, memories from the first 3 years of life are not reliable.

Tasnia feels like she encodes material well, but still forgets the material on test day. Explain how her forgetting might be related to problems with each of the following: -Storage -Retrieval

Storage: she should continue rehearsing information because storage decay can happen. You may forget due to the delay of stored matieral. Retrieval: there may be interference during retrieval (proactive and retroactive)

What does Hermann Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?

The rate of forgetting decreases as time goes on.

Which of the following is an example of proactive interference?

You can't recall your new cell phone number because your old number interferes.

Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words? a. Thinking about how the words relate to your own life b. Practicing the words for a single extended period c. Breaking up the practice into several relatively short sessions d. Noticing where in a sentence the words appear e. Focusing on the number of vowels and consonants in the words

a

Working memory is most active during which portion of the information-processing model? a. Short-term memory b. Sensory memory c. Retrieval d. Encoding e. Long-term memory

a

Your memory of which of the following is an example of implicit memory? a. What you had for breakfast yesterday b. The need to spend some time reviewing tomorrow for an upcoming psychology quiz c. Which way to turn the car key to start the engine d. That George Washington was the first President e. How exciting it was to get the best birthday present ever

c

Caitlin, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second- grade teacher's name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question? a. Storage b. Recognition c. Relearning d. Recall e. Encoding

d

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the capacity of short-term and working memory? a. Lasts for about 2 days in most circumstances b. Lasts for less than half a minute unless you rehearse the information c. Is thought to be unlimited—there is always room for more information d. Can handle about a half dozen items for each of the tasks you are working on at any time e. Can handle about a half dozen items total

e