Module 4 AP

Glomerular filtration produces about ________ liters of fluid in twenty-four hours.

180

If the following hypothetical conditions exist, calculate the net filtration pressure.Glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHgBlood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHgCapsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg

50 mmHg

Which of these is a vasoconstrictor?

ADH and Angiotensin II

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift?

Chloride in the plasma is exchanged for bicarbonate in the erythrocyte..

Which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end?

Proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

After pathogens from incoming air are stuck in mucus, cilia move them to the pharynx. These pathogens are ultimately destroyed by_____.

The digestive action of gastric juice

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?

The ribs and sternum move upward

When intra-alveolar pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure...

air will flow out of the lungs.

What hormone directly opposes the action of atrial natriuretic hormone/peptide?

aldosterone

The urine pH will likely be _____ if a urinary tract infection is present.

alkaline

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve?

all

After the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, ______________ is the force that moves air into the lungs.

atmospheric pressure

The ureter extends downward

behind the parietal peritoneum and joins the urinary bladder from below.

Conscious control of micturition inhibits the micturition reflex by using nerve centers in the

brainstem and cerebral cortex.

The color of urine is determined mainly by ________.

byproducts of red blood cell breakdown

In the tissues, when carbon dioxide (CO2) enters the blood stream, it reacts with water H20 to produce

carbonic acid

Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?

constricted efferent arteriole

Renin is released in response to ________.

decreased BP

What produces the force that pushes air out of the lungs during normal exhalation, and is this process active or passive?

diaphragm; passive

Which of the following statements is TRUE describing how the tissues in the respiratory tree change as you move from the trachea into the bronchial tree and finally into alveoli?

epithelial lining changes from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to cuboidal and then to simple squamous.

This 1100 ml volume of air is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in addition to resting tidal volume.

expiratory reserve volume

Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct.

false

At rest, the kidneys receive about 10% of the blood coming from the heart.

false

Exhaled air passes from the larynx through the trachea.

false

Kidneys help to regulate acid-base balance of the blood by secreting OH-

false

A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.

increase

Which of the following factors has the strongest effect on the central chemoreceptors in the respiratory center?

increase in cerebrospinal fluid hydrogen ion concentration

This 3000 ml volume of air is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to resting tidal volume.

inspiratory reserve volume

Gas exchange that occurs between the blood and the tissues is called ________.

internal respiraton

Autoregulation refers to

maintaining constant glomerular filtration rate.

Frances is a 63 year old female who was just admitted to the hospital in a coma. Her breath smells fruity. Prior to the coma, Frances had shortness of breath and was very sluggish. She drank large amounts of water, and her urinated often. Her blood pressure is 145/110, her blood pH is 6.8, and her temperature is 37° C. What is the acid-base imbalance?

metabolic acidosis

The functional unit of the kidney is called ________.

nephron

Which of the following structures is found within the medulla?

nephron loop

The layers of a ureter are

outer fibrous coat, middle muscular coat, inner mucous coat.

What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole?

peritubular and vasa recta

Which of the following structures serves as a common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems?

pharynx

The ______________ nerve controls diaphragm contraction

phrenic

Gas flow decreases as ________ increases.

resistance

The micturition reflex center is in the

sacral segments of the spinal cord

Trace the path of a red blood cell from the renal artery to the glomerulus:1) interlobar artery2) cortical radiate artery3) segmental artery4) arcuate artery5) afferent arteriole

segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical, afferent

Without pulmonary surfactant...

small alveoli would tend to collapse

Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?

synthesis of plasma proteins

Inspiratory events occur because...

the air pressure in the alveoli is less than that of the atmosphere, so, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases

The kidneys produce renin when

the blood pressure decreases or ion level decreases.

The fine tuning of water reabsorption or excretion occurs in ________.

the collecting ducts

This 500 ml volume of air is moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle.

tidal volume

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

to remove pathogens and debris

This 5800 ml volume of air is the total volume of air that the lungs can hold.

total lung capacity

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________.

transpulmonary pressure

The trigone is

triangular area in the urinary bladder

The alveoli are encircled by capillaries.

true

Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________

ureters

The ________ is the tube that conveys urine outside the body.

urethra

Barbara has the disease gout. The inflammation and pain in her joints is due to excess _____________ in her plasma, which leads to crystal deposits in her great toe joint.

uric acid

The detrusor muscle is in the

urinary bladder

When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration.

vasoconstrict

This 4600 ml volume of air is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible.

vital capacity

If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________.

you would suffer severe dehydration

Select the incorrect statement about hemoglobin.

It forms an irreversible association with oxygen.

During pregnancy, women often retain water weight because progesterone can bind to receptors for_________.

aldosterone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases phosphate reabsorption in the renal tubules.

false

The glomerular filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule is isotonic to the interstitial fluid surrounding it.

false

Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________.

filtration, absorption, secretion

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes?

fissure

Filtration slits or slit pores are the names given to the

gaps between the podocyte pedicels.

A renal corpuscle includes the

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Name this space that is closed during swallowing and open during breathing and speaking.

glottis

Which of the following proteins can bind to and transport some of the carbon dioxide in the blood?

hemoglobin

How will Frances's urinary system compensate for this imbalance?

increase tubular secretion of H+ and increase tubular reabsorption of HCO3-

What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?

increased blood pressure

Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most likely be indicated by ________.

polyuria

Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron.

proximal convoluted tubule

The reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the

proximal convoluted tubule

The ________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body.

pulmonary

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?

pulmonary ventilation

The renal medulla is composed of _____, whereas the renal cortex is composed of _____.

renal pyramids; renal corpuscles

This 1200 ml volume of air remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiratory effort.

residual volume

Acids, including amino acids and fatty acids, release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

true

Chemical buffer systems act rapidly against shifts in pH, whereas physiological buffer systems function more slowly.

true

Glomerular filtrate is similar to tissue fluid in composition.

true

Sometimes the carboxyl groups (-COOH) of proteins release hydrogen ions, and sometimes the amino (NH2) groups of proteins accept hydrogen ion.

true

The glomerular capsule is composed of two layers of simple squamous epithelial cells.

true

The greatest amount of electrolyte output is typically in the urine.

true

The respiratory airways filter, warm, and humidify incoming air.

true

Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that

tubular secretion adds materials to the filtrate; tubular reabsorption removes materials from the filtrate.