module practice quizzes pt.2

Which of the following is TRUE about sleep?

The auditory cortex responds to sound stimuli during sleep.

Both classical and operant conditioning:

are forms of associative learning.

Operant conditioning involves:

associating a response and a consequence

If a sea slug repeatedly receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates:

associative learning.

James was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet a dog, but he will pet cats. This reaction best illustrates:

discrimination.

Long-term methamphetamine use can produce damage to the brain's:

dopamine system, leaving the user with depressed functioning.

In psychological science, ______ is the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.

embodied cognition

Isabella is looking for a new roommate. She invites a candidate to meet her at her apartment. Isabella's mother, a real estate agent, tells her to bake cookies and make hot tea just before the potential roommate arrives, explaining that the hot drink and the smell of the cookies will favorably affect this person's judgment of her. This is an example of:

embodied cognition.

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called:

learning.

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the:

lens

Cognitive neuroscience is best described as the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with:

mental processes.

relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of:

monocular cues

When Amber's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room, Amber gave her a 5-minute time-out. This is an example of:

negative punishment.

ivy starts to get into the hot tub, but the water feels extremely hot. she stands in the water for a few moments, then slowly eases the rest of her body down into the water. after a few minutes, she feels quite comfortable; the water no longer feels too hot. this decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus that Ivy has experienced is called:

sensory adaptation.

tammy puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold. she grits her teeth and dives in anyway. after about ten minutes in the water, the temperature seems quite comfortable to her. this example illustrates the principle of:

sensory adaptation.

when you arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, you noticed a musty odor in the locker room showers. when you had finished changing, you did not notice the smell. this is probably the result of:

sensory adaptation.

the difference threshold is the minimum difference that a person can detect between:

two stimuli 50 percent of the time.

Which of the following people is MOST likely to abuse drugs?

17-year-old Jake, whose identical twin is abusing alcohol

In 1937, two Harvard psychologists asked the public for assistance in finding the Lindbergh baby after he was kidnapped. People were asked to submit the contents of their dreams. Out of 1300 submissions, what percentage of people accurately predicted that the baby had already died?

5 percent

the difference threshold is the minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli:

50 percent of the time.

Which of the following is TRUE about the link between thinking and learning and sleep?

After people work on a task, then sleep on it, they solve difficult problems more insightfully than do those who stay awake.

This drug is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use.

Ecstasy

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions, noting how they seemed to violate the basic principles of classical conditioning?

John Garcia

An older fraternity member convinces Cassi and her friends to try a new drug at a party. Within a half hour they are feeling great, hugging each other, sweating, and feeling thirsty; soon they also begin to feel overheated. The drug they took is most likely:

MDMA.

Who theorized that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain?

Melzack and Wall

Vivid dreams occur during this recurring sleep stage, also known as paradoxical sleep.

REM sleep

Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning?

Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.

____________________ is the result of damage to the cochlea's hair cell receptors.

Sensorineural hearing loss

Natalia, a 25-year-old accountant, often goes out for drinks with co-workers after work to relax. Which of the following is a potential warning sign of alcohol use disorder?

She sometimes drinks to alleviate anxiety and depression.

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's views is FALSE?

Skinner advocated the greater use of punishment to control human behavior and achieve a more perfect society.

Which of the following should Vince do if he wants to improve his psychology exam scores?

Study early in the evening, then go to bed and get a good night's sleep.

Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously?

Yu is daydreaming about her upcoming trip to Europe.

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates:

a context effect.

Tom just learned that his roommate Ahmed's girlfriend no longer wants to see him. Tom knows that Ahmed is studying in the library, so he goes to find him. Although Ahmed looks like he is studying, Tom assumes he looks depressed. This assumption is an example of someone being influenced by:

a context effect.

Given what we know about the relationship between distraction and pain, if you are able to pick a hospital room for a loved one in a great deal of pain, you should pick a room with _____ to help direct the brain's attention away from the pain.

a window looking out on trees

on a clear, dark night, researchers estimate that people can see a candle flame from about 30 miles away about 50 percent of the time. this represents the ______________________ for vision.

absolute threshold

In which of the following dream theories does REM sleep trigger neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain then weaves into stories?

activation-synthesis theory

The broad term that refers to a condition in which a person feels compelled to take a specific drug despite negative consequences is:

addiction.

the opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining the characteristics of:

afterimages

Studies show that chronic sleep deprivation is associated with all of the following EXCEPT:

better academic performance.

you are participating in a local psychology experiment, the research assistant asks you to hold you two pencils in front of you and touch the eraser tips together. she then asks you to do this with one eye closed. you find this terribly difficult, which demonstrates the importance of:

binocular cues

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by:

biological predispositions.

All of the following have been linked to sleep deprivation and health EXCEPT sleep deprivation:

can lead to limbic brain responses that can contribute to the development of sleep apnea.

The regular daily fluctuation in temperature and wakefulness is called:

circadian rhythms.

A mystic claims that she can perceive that a bank is in the process of being robbed. This ability is known as:

clairvoyance.

After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with a nauseating drug, Dwayne, who has alcohol use disorder, fails to develop an aversion to alcohol because he blames his nausea on the drug, not the alcoholic drink. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning

cognitive processes

the phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed without:

conscious awareness

Mark knows that he is sitting in the library reading a book. He also knows that he is both tired and hungry. Psychologists call Mark's knowledge of the world and himself:

consciousness.

The influence that cognition has on classical conditioning:

depends on the information the conditioned stimulus (CS) provides about the unconditioned stimulus (US).

According to B. F. Skinner:

environmental factors determine a person's behavior.

Withdrawal symptoms that typically occur when an individual stops using a drug do NOT include:

euphoria

When an extremely tired person is walking toward her parked car after a long day at work, she is more likely to perceive it as being _____ due to motivation effects.

farther away

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous Little Albert study?

fear in response to the sight of the rat

nerve cells in the brain that specialize in responding to a scene's specific visual features are called:

feature detectors

Sleep consolidates our memories by reactivating recent experiences stored in the _____ and then shifting them for permanent storage elsewhere in the cortex.

hippocampus

When we remember a painful experience, we usually remember:

how painful it was at the end.

Magicians exploit a phenomenon known as _____, which occurs when we fail to notice something in our clear field of view because our limited attentional resources are directed toward another task or object in the environment.

inattentional blindness

In a study, participants watched two teams pass a basketball among teammates. One team was wearing white shirts, and the other was wearing black shirts. Participants were told to count how many times the team wearing the white shirts passed the basketball, thereby directing their attention to the white shirts and ignoring the black shirts. Interestingly, half of the study participants failed to notice when a man wearing a black gorilla suit walked through the swirl of players, even though the gorilla paused to thump its chest. This phenomenon is known as:

inattentional blindness.

B. F. Skinner believed that future "machines and textbooks" could promote effective learning because they would allow for both:

individualized learning and immediate reinforcement.

One in ten adults complains of this sleep disorder in which they have nightly problems falling or staying asleep.

insomnia

Carolyn is busy with project work that she brought home. Her son wants her to set up a movie for him. Carolyn tells him to wait for 10 minutes, but he whines and complains so much that Carolyn decides to just go ahead with it. Her son's whining best illustrates:

negative reinforcement.

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates:

observational learning.

Christy is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse of her mother. Later, when she's in her room playing with her stuffed animals, she begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning.

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called:

operant behaviors.

Most school-age and college students:

overestimate how much their peers are using drugs.

once isaiah learned of abuse in sara's past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective than as rude. this best illustrates the impact of:

perceptual set.

Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, she continues to check her phone and watch for people she knows. Nevertheless, she seems able to listen attentively and respond appropriately to what you are saying. This type of behavior is evidence of:

parallel processing.

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This best illustrates:

perceptual set.

Karen decided she wanted her 6-year-old son Donnie to drink diet soda instead of regular soda that contained sugar. She filled the soda bottle that normally contained soda with sugar with diet soda. Donnie never noticed the difference. His perception was influenced by:

perceptual set.

Ivy has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. She is successful, and a couple of weeks later when she comes into work her boss presents her with a bonus check. This bonus encourages her to work more nights and weekends. Her new behavior best illustrates the value of:

positive reinforcement.

The purported ability to see future events before they happen is known as:

precognition.

the distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as:

retinal disparity

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:

repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.

perceptual sets are the result of ______________, which we form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information.

schemas

Drivers are slower to detect traffic signals if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of:

selective attention.

experiencing sudden pain is to _____________ as recognizing that you are suffering a heart attack is to _____.

sensation; perception

Brandon works at the airport as a member of the ground crew. Because he finds the hearing protection cumbersome, he typically takes it off. His prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will likely result in:

sensorineural hearing loss.

Samantha is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned about her listening to it at full blast because she knows that prolonged exposure to ear-splitting music can cause:

sensorineural hearing loss.

what makes sensation possible?

sensory receptors

robert, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. however, other parents might not notice the same small changes. this difference in reaction to the same stimuli is best explained by:

signal detection theory.

Cognitive neuroscientists believe that consciousness generally arises from:

strong synchronized activity throughout the brain.

Today, a man on television described his experience of ____________, a condition in which the senses become joined. He explained that when certain types of music are played, he often sees patterns of colors.

synesthesia

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate:

that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others.

According to Freud, manifest content refers to:

the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer.

the FBI is considering a new identification method. instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan which part of the eye to confirm people's identity?

the iris

information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes, such as when we construct perceptions that draw on our experience and expectations. this process is called:

top-down processing.

_____________ is the process in which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.

transduction

___ refers to the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

wavelength

In observational learning, the most effective models are those:

who use consistent actions and words.