Motivation and Emotion, Development Psychology, Test question, Test question

Vygotsky

Believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with concrete objects Zones of Proximal Devl: social interaction influences learning. Students learn best when teachers teach them something they don't know yet, and then provide students opportunities to practice and learn with other peers and adults supporting.

stages vs. continuity

Debate over development occurring in set time periods verses continual or individual changes and development

presbyopia

Defect in vision in advancing age involving loss of accommodation or recession of near vision; due to loss of elasticity of crystalline lens

Accommodation

Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

In a light wave, what determines color/hue

Frequency

___ are the receptor cells for audition and ____ are the receptors cells for vision

Hair cells; rods and cones

Kubler-Ross

Her theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a squence of 5 stages: 1. denial, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, and 5. acceptance

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Humanist theory of motivation that says we must first fulfill lower level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self actualization Physiological-Safety-Belongingness and Love-Esteem-Cognitive-Self Actualization

dementia

Impairment of mental functioning and global cognitive abilities in otherwise alert individuals, causing memory loss and related symptoms and typically having a progressive nature

Gorilla video and the door experiment shown in large group demonstrated

Inattentional blindness

Moro reflex

Infant startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Usually disappears after four months.

Ana injured her eye - has to wear eyepatch so it can heal. What cue could she best be able to use to make judgment about the ditance aonjects are from her

Linear perspective

Agonist for endorphines

Opiates

_______ refers to the human tendency to find meaningful patterns where none really exist

Pareidolia

death-deferral phenomenon

People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to, such as holidays spirit affects life expectancy; depression causes poor health and early death; ex: more people die 2 days after Christmas than before

Erikson

Proposed that individuals go through 8 distinct, universal stages of development. Each stage consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis. Infant; 0-2 years: Trust Vs. mistrust 2. Toddler; 2-3 years: Autonomy Vs shame and doubt 3. Preschool; 3-5 years: Initiative Vs guilt 4. School age; 6-12 years: Industry Vs inferiority 5. Adolescent; 12-18 years: Identity Vs identity (or role) confusion 6. Young adult: 18-25 years: Intimacy Vs isolation 7. Middle adult: 25-45 years: Generativity Vs stagnation 8. Older adult: 45-death: Ego integrity Vs despair

Babinski reflex

Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched

Best example of perceptual set?

Seeing violent image in a blurry photo because your friend told you to find the big fight in the picture.

At a loud concert. At first its loud but after 15 min it doesn't seem loud. DUe to bones in inner ear tightening, WHat is this an example of?

Sensory Adaptations

Bandura

Social Learning Theory Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory Social Learning Theory - emphasizes modeling or observational learning as a powerful source of development and behavior modification

which drug would one not become dependent upon.

Weed

Developmental Psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

bulimia nervosa

a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain

anorexia nervosa

a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs

Autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.

insulin

a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream

leptin

a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full

stimulus motive

a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity

need for achievement (nAch)

a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones

Temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

drive

a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension

need

a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism

Role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Gender Role

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.

Cross-Sectional Study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

positive psychology movement

a viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness

Basic Trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

self-actualization

according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential

peak experiences

according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved

Which supports the opponent- process theory of color vision

afterimage

presbycusis

age-related hearing loss

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Self-Concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

Cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Critical Period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

drive-reduction theory

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal

instinct approach

approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by insticts similar to those of animals.

Maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

height of a light wave determines the

brightness

latchkey children

child who returns from school to an empty home because their parent or parents are away at work, or a child who is often left at home with little parental supervision. are left unsupervised after school and are at a higher risk for accidents, isolated and alone

Alzheimer's disease

chronic, progressive, degenerative cognitivedisorder that accounts for more than 60% of all dementias an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

person who experiences serve physical withdrawal symptoms when they stop using a drug is

dependent

Emerging Adulthood

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

glucagons

hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream

Intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

Preoperational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Sensorimotor Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Concrete Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Formal Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Gender

in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.

expectancy-value theories

incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time

lateral hypothamalus

initiates the eating response; lets us know we are hungry if damaged, we would starve

Assimilation

interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.

Webers law determines

just-noticable diffreence

Yerkes-Dodson law

law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels or arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: Easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level

display rules

learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings

Secondary Sex Characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

holographic speech

one word declarations by children at about age 1

Fluid Intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

Crystallized Intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Gender Identity

our sense of being male or female.

Identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Theory of Mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.

Aggression

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.

Longitudinal Study

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

human vestibular sense is closely associated with the

semicircular canals

sensation seeker

someone who needs more arousal than the average person

ventromedial hypothalamus

stops the eating response; lets us know we are full if damaged, we would continue to eat

emotion

the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings

Social Identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.

Gender Typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Object Permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

instincts

the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.

Primary Sex Characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Social Clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Stranger Anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

empty-nest syndrome

the feelings of sadness or loneliness that accompany children's leaving home and entering adulthood

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Menarche

the first menstrual period.

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

need for affiliation (nAff)

the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others

need for power (nPow)

the need to have control or influence over others

weight set point

the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain

Puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

motivation

the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

Imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

best description of perception

the process of selecting,organizing, and interpreting sensory inputs into recognizable patterns

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

X Chromosome

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Y Chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state

Social Learning Theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

incentive approaches

theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties

Piaget

theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development. Growth occurs in stages - sensory motor (0-2), pre-operational, experiential (2-7), concrete operational (7-11) formal operational (11+) formal and abstract operations

Kohlberg

theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development. Development; Concepts: stages of moral development; Study Basics: Studied boys responses to and processes of reasoning in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).

James-Lange theory of emotion

theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. I am afraid because I am shaking

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. I am shaking and afraid at the same time

Schachter's cognitive arousal theory/ Singer and Schachter's Two Factor

theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. That huge bear is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid

facial feedback hypothesis

theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion

self-determination theory (SDT)

theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effort on the type of motivation existing for the action

arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation

incentives

things that attract or lure people into action

acquired (secondary) drives

those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval

primary drives

those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst

extrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.

intrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.

Overjustification

when an expected external reward such as money decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to do something. The reading log reward makes you no longer enjoy reading as much as you once did.

WHo came up with the stream metaphor for the nature of consciousness

william james