Motor Learning Final Exam 5,6,7 ans 7,8,9,

an information processing bottleneck in the movement programming stage occurs when two stimuli are presented

100 ms apart

what is the type of accuracy required of rapid movement sn which accuracy of the movement time is important to the performance

Temporal accuracy

automatic processing is thought to be the result of _____

a lot of practice

______ are the mainly genetically-defined, stable enduring traits that underlie the performance of various tasks

abilities

effective target width is a measure of

accuracy

_____ is the perceptual motor ability that requires accurate hand movements to targets under speeded conditions

aiming

which type of vision detects the orientation of the body in the environment

ambient (dorsal)

feedfoward information represents _______

anticipated sensory consequences

the ability to make precise arm and hand positioning movements where strength and speed are not required is

arm- hand steadiness

the inverted u principle examines the relationship between ________

arousal and performance

the inverted-u principle examines the relationship between

arousal and performance

When does perceptual narrowing occur?

arousal is high

some learners engage in much self-talk about the actual physical performance in FITTS _____ stage of learning

autonomous

List 5 abilities for skipping

balance, explosive strength, visual activity, kinesthetic awareness, multi-limb coordination

in a double-stimulation paradigm, the performer is asked to respond to ______

both stimuli

saccadic eye movements are characterized by

brief fixations and rapid shifts to a different location

automaticity is more effective in which type of skills?

closed

during which of fits stages of learning do movements involving closed skills become more stereotyped?

cognitive

which of these is not one of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord

corpus collosum

the method of measuring the strength of a relationshiship between peoples performance scores on two tasks is

correlatoin

all of a the following are important distinctions of abilities except

developed with practice

one limitation in the usefulness of performance curves is that they

do not measure relatively permanent changes

according to hicks law, choice RT increases a constant amount every time the number of stimulus response alternatives is

doubled

What ability allows for repeated and continuous movement of support of the weight of the body

dynamic strength

the physical proficiency ability to repeatedly or continuously move or support the weight of the body is

dynamic strength

the spread, or variability, of a persons movement and point about their own mean position for repeated attempts of a rapid aiming task is

effective target width

in bernsein's final stage of learning, movement becomes maximally skilled in terms of

effectiveness and efficiency

When an expert reverts from a ______ to a _______ focus of attention, the consequences to performance can be negative and result in "choking"

external; internal

discrete skills are generally retained more completely and for longer periods of time

false

improved performance is not an indication that learning may have occured

false

learning does not involve a set of processes in the central nervous system

false

performance goals focus on the quality of movement production

false

the various stages of processing information are not subject to the mechanisms of attention

false

there are 12 pairs of spinal nerves and 31 pairs of cranial nerves in the peripheral nervous system

false

video gaming systems engage people in performing activities and have been proven to be proficient in the transfer of learning motor skills

false

when learners are trained to develop general capabilities for a variety of skills

far transfer

which of these factors affect sustained attention

fatigue, arousal, temperature, motivation

what refers to the degree to which a simulator mimics the criterion task?

fidelity

all of these motor abilities are needed by a race car driver except

finger dexterity

which of the visual systems is effected by lighting

focal vision system

_________Theory suggests that there is a stored pattern of movement instead of a specific movement

generalized motor program

standing on one leg with eyes closed requires which abilitiy

gross body equilibrium

the physical ability of maintaining total body balance in the absence of vision is

gross body equilibrium m

evidence suggests that during a Stroop task, the color of the ink and the word spelled by the ink are initially processed ________

in parallel

evidence suggests that during a troop task, ,the color of the ink and the word spelled by the ink are initially processed

in parallel

which of the following processes is NOT thought to be influenced by practice

increased cardiorespiratory endurance

_________ describes proficiencies that can be modified by practice and are essentially countless in number

individual differences

the difference in peoples performance that are caused by differences in stable and enduring abilities are

individual differences

the differences in people's performance that are caused by difference in stable and enduring abilities are

individual differences

the study of ______ involved two distinct emphases- abilities and prediction

individual differences

When is comes to talking on the phone while driving, research suggests that hands free talking ______ in comparison to handheld talking

interferes equally with driving

information stored in which memory system is thought to be very abstract

long term memory

which of these is not one of the propioreceptors

merkels discs

dorsal vision is used to make _______ in already programmed actions

minor adjustments

which is an example of a positive temporary effect of practice

motivation

it is useful to define eelarning in terms of the gain in underlying _____ for skilled performance developed during practice

motor learning

Which of the following statements about motor learning is NOT true

motor learning is determined by a general ability for learning

Fitts Law tells us all of the following except

movement time decreases as movement amplitude increases

This type of control system sends centrally determined, pre structured commands to the effector and runs without feedback. It is used for rapid, discrete, movements

open-loop control

the change in the information provided by the optical array is called

optical flow

______ is thought of as building new, more stable, more precise, and/or longer-operating motor programs

practice

all of these factors influence section time EXCEPT

practice, response compatibility, number of possible stimuli, choice reaction time

visual information, useful for object identification and control of movement in the visual environment, travels from the retina to which part of the brain

primary visual cortex

which type of goal focuses on the quality of movement production?

process goals

______ is a method of teaching a complex skill in that parts are presented separately and then integrated into larger and larger parts until the entire skill is acquired

progressive part practice

balancing on one foot with eyes closed is a type of _______ training

proprioception

retention of skills is affected by all of these except

psychological fidelity

making your movements in a soccer game unpredictable forces your opponent to

react

what is the interval of elapsed time after a suddenly presented stimulus until the beginning of the response

reaction time interval

attention remaining for a secondary task is _____ when the primary task is more complex

reduced

what perceptual motor ability involved quick choices among numerous alternative movements

response orientation

what is the stage of information processing in which a person decides what to do with the information provided?

response selection

part practice is most effective for ______ skills when the parts are performed relatively independently

serial

the process of rehearsing information keeps it available in

short term memory

practice can have _____ on the learner

simultaneous temporary and relatively permanent effects

What describes proficiencies that can be modified by practice and are essentially countless number

skills

what describes proficiencies that can be modified by practicea nd are essentially countless in number?

skills

an inverted-u relationship exists between ____ and force requirements

spatial accuracy

Anticipation that involves what will happen in the environment is called

spatial anticipation

what is the ability to exert the entire body for a prolonged period of time?

stamina

the extent to which a stimulus and responses are connected in a natural way is

stimulus - response compatibilty

______ is the type of accuracy required of rapid movements in which accuracy of the movement time is important to the performance

temporal accuracy

selecting someone for a high performance team because he or she performs well as novice is problematic because

the relative importance of various underlying abilities can change as a learner progresses from beginner to expert

extroreception provides information to the processing system about

the state of the environment

all of the following regarding closed loop control are accurate except

the system involves error correction without the use of feedback

overcoming the negative effects of ______ is part of the reason why pre performance routines contribute to successful performance

the warm up decent

the closed loop control system is less effect for which of these

tracking tasks that involve more than three changes in a short time

choking under pressure occurs when performers change their normal routine or fail to adapt to a changing situation

true

delays in hearing can increase timing errors and disrupt movement

true

every task is composed of a selection of abilities and any given ability can contribute to number of separate tasks

true

in a closed loop control system the executive component consists of stimulus identification, response, selection, and movement programming

true

practice is the same concept as repetition where a movement is repeated again, again, and again

true

specificity of learning suggests that what is learned depends largely on what is practiced

true

the cocktail party effect illustrates that some unattended features of sensory processing are processed in parallel with other attended information in the early stages of sensory processing

true

the transfer of learning is seen when practice on one task contributes performance capability in some other task

true

visual information attracts a persons attention more easily than other forms of sensory information

true

which of these concepts is NOT a teaching strategy for the transfer of learning

use various "lead up activities" during practice

what sensory system is responsible for ones orientation

vestibular apparatus

which of the five (5) senses is more dominant?

vision

list at least five abilities for leaping over a puddle

visual activity, kinesthetic awareness, extent _______, gross body coordination, speed of limb movement.