Motor Learning Final Exam 5,6,7 ans 7,8,9,
an information processing bottleneck in the movement programming stage occurs when two stimuli are presented
100 ms apart
what is the type of accuracy required of rapid movement sn which accuracy of the movement time is important to the performance
Temporal accuracy
automatic processing is thought to be the result of _____
a lot of practice
______ are the mainly genetically-defined, stable enduring traits that underlie the performance of various tasks
abilities
effective target width is a measure of
accuracy
_____ is the perceptual motor ability that requires accurate hand movements to targets under speeded conditions
aiming
which type of vision detects the orientation of the body in the environment
ambient (dorsal)
feedfoward information represents _______
anticipated sensory consequences
the ability to make precise arm and hand positioning movements where strength and speed are not required is
arm- hand steadiness
the inverted u principle examines the relationship between ________
arousal and performance
the inverted-u principle examines the relationship between
arousal and performance
When does perceptual narrowing occur?
arousal is high
some learners engage in much self-talk about the actual physical performance in FITTS _____ stage of learning
autonomous
List 5 abilities for skipping
balance, explosive strength, visual activity, kinesthetic awareness, multi-limb coordination
in a double-stimulation paradigm, the performer is asked to respond to ______
both stimuli
saccadic eye movements are characterized by
brief fixations and rapid shifts to a different location
automaticity is more effective in which type of skills?
closed
during which of fits stages of learning do movements involving closed skills become more stereotyped?
cognitive
which of these is not one of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord
corpus collosum
the method of measuring the strength of a relationshiship between peoples performance scores on two tasks is
correlatoin
all of a the following are important distinctions of abilities except
developed with practice
one limitation in the usefulness of performance curves is that they
do not measure relatively permanent changes
according to hicks law, choice RT increases a constant amount every time the number of stimulus response alternatives is
doubled
What ability allows for repeated and continuous movement of support of the weight of the body
dynamic strength
the physical proficiency ability to repeatedly or continuously move or support the weight of the body is
dynamic strength
the spread, or variability, of a persons movement and point about their own mean position for repeated attempts of a rapid aiming task is
effective target width
in bernsein's final stage of learning, movement becomes maximally skilled in terms of
effectiveness and efficiency
When an expert reverts from a ______ to a _______ focus of attention, the consequences to performance can be negative and result in "choking"
external; internal
discrete skills are generally retained more completely and for longer periods of time
false
improved performance is not an indication that learning may have occured
false
learning does not involve a set of processes in the central nervous system
false
performance goals focus on the quality of movement production
false
the various stages of processing information are not subject to the mechanisms of attention
false
there are 12 pairs of spinal nerves and 31 pairs of cranial nerves in the peripheral nervous system
false
video gaming systems engage people in performing activities and have been proven to be proficient in the transfer of learning motor skills
false
when learners are trained to develop general capabilities for a variety of skills
far transfer
which of these factors affect sustained attention
fatigue, arousal, temperature, motivation
what refers to the degree to which a simulator mimics the criterion task?
fidelity
all of these motor abilities are needed by a race car driver except
finger dexterity
which of the visual systems is effected by lighting
focal vision system
_________Theory suggests that there is a stored pattern of movement instead of a specific movement
generalized motor program
standing on one leg with eyes closed requires which abilitiy
gross body equilibrium
the physical ability of maintaining total body balance in the absence of vision is
gross body equilibrium m
evidence suggests that during a Stroop task, the color of the ink and the word spelled by the ink are initially processed ________
in parallel
evidence suggests that during a troop task, ,the color of the ink and the word spelled by the ink are initially processed
in parallel
which of the following processes is NOT thought to be influenced by practice
increased cardiorespiratory endurance
_________ describes proficiencies that can be modified by practice and are essentially countless in number
individual differences
the difference in peoples performance that are caused by differences in stable and enduring abilities are
individual differences
the differences in people's performance that are caused by difference in stable and enduring abilities are
individual differences
the study of ______ involved two distinct emphases- abilities and prediction
individual differences
When is comes to talking on the phone while driving, research suggests that hands free talking ______ in comparison to handheld talking
interferes equally with driving
information stored in which memory system is thought to be very abstract
long term memory
which of these is not one of the propioreceptors
merkels discs
dorsal vision is used to make _______ in already programmed actions
minor adjustments
which is an example of a positive temporary effect of practice
motivation
it is useful to define eelarning in terms of the gain in underlying _____ for skilled performance developed during practice
motor learning
Which of the following statements about motor learning is NOT true
motor learning is determined by a general ability for learning
Fitts Law tells us all of the following except
movement time decreases as movement amplitude increases
This type of control system sends centrally determined, pre structured commands to the effector and runs without feedback. It is used for rapid, discrete, movements
open-loop control
the change in the information provided by the optical array is called
optical flow
______ is thought of as building new, more stable, more precise, and/or longer-operating motor programs
practice
all of these factors influence section time EXCEPT
practice, response compatibility, number of possible stimuli, choice reaction time
visual information, useful for object identification and control of movement in the visual environment, travels from the retina to which part of the brain
primary visual cortex
which type of goal focuses on the quality of movement production?
process goals
______ is a method of teaching a complex skill in that parts are presented separately and then integrated into larger and larger parts until the entire skill is acquired
progressive part practice
balancing on one foot with eyes closed is a type of _______ training
proprioception
retention of skills is affected by all of these except
psychological fidelity
making your movements in a soccer game unpredictable forces your opponent to
react
what is the interval of elapsed time after a suddenly presented stimulus until the beginning of the response
reaction time interval
attention remaining for a secondary task is _____ when the primary task is more complex
reduced
what perceptual motor ability involved quick choices among numerous alternative movements
response orientation
what is the stage of information processing in which a person decides what to do with the information provided?
response selection
part practice is most effective for ______ skills when the parts are performed relatively independently
serial
the process of rehearsing information keeps it available in
short term memory
practice can have _____ on the learner
simultaneous temporary and relatively permanent effects
What describes proficiencies that can be modified by practice and are essentially countless number
skills
what describes proficiencies that can be modified by practicea nd are essentially countless in number?
skills
an inverted-u relationship exists between ____ and force requirements
spatial accuracy
Anticipation that involves what will happen in the environment is called
spatial anticipation
what is the ability to exert the entire body for a prolonged period of time?
stamina
the extent to which a stimulus and responses are connected in a natural way is
stimulus - response compatibilty
______ is the type of accuracy required of rapid movements in which accuracy of the movement time is important to the performance
temporal accuracy
selecting someone for a high performance team because he or she performs well as novice is problematic because
the relative importance of various underlying abilities can change as a learner progresses from beginner to expert
extroreception provides information to the processing system about
the state of the environment
all of the following regarding closed loop control are accurate except
the system involves error correction without the use of feedback
overcoming the negative effects of ______ is part of the reason why pre performance routines contribute to successful performance
the warm up decent
the closed loop control system is less effect for which of these
tracking tasks that involve more than three changes in a short time
choking under pressure occurs when performers change their normal routine or fail to adapt to a changing situation
true
delays in hearing can increase timing errors and disrupt movement
true
every task is composed of a selection of abilities and any given ability can contribute to number of separate tasks
true
in a closed loop control system the executive component consists of stimulus identification, response, selection, and movement programming
true
practice is the same concept as repetition where a movement is repeated again, again, and again
true
specificity of learning suggests that what is learned depends largely on what is practiced
true
the cocktail party effect illustrates that some unattended features of sensory processing are processed in parallel with other attended information in the early stages of sensory processing
true
the transfer of learning is seen when practice on one task contributes performance capability in some other task
true
visual information attracts a persons attention more easily than other forms of sensory information
true
which of these concepts is NOT a teaching strategy for the transfer of learning
use various "lead up activities" during practice
what sensory system is responsible for ones orientation
vestibular apparatus
which of the five (5) senses is more dominant?
vision
list at least five abilities for leaping over a puddle
visual activity, kinesthetic awareness, extent _______, gross body coordination, speed of limb movement.
