Mr. Weiss - World History : Unit 1 Test
Mesopotamia
"land between the rivers" (Iraq today) where the first civilization develops
Old Stone Age
- Creation of stone, bone, and wood tools and weapons - Use of Fire - Spoken language - ability to travel across water in boats
New Stone Age
- Farming and domestication of plants and animals - Settling of permanent villages - Dominance of family, economic, and political life by men - creation of calendars - more elaborate tools and new technologies
Rise of Civilizations
- Production of surpluses of food - Expansion of populations - Development of cities, civilizations, and governments - job specification - development of social classes - development of architecture - invention of writing systems - expansion of some cities into empires
Improved technology in Egypt
365 day solar calendar, papyrus, geometry and engineering, medical tests, treatments and surgery and decimal system
Egypt's 4 geographical advantages
A surplus gave Egypt something to trade. The Nile made transportation easier and allowed them to become a more unified kingdom. The Nile also gave them easy access to other civilizations to trade.
Ramesses
Although primarily in love with himself, he was also devoted to Nefertari and wrote of his love and her beauty. He demonstrated this by building her a magnificent tomb.
Queen Tiy
Born a commoner, became the near equal of her husband, Pharaoh Amenhotep III and was even worshipped as a g-d. Tiy became central to her husband's reign and, effectively, became his second in command.
Book of the Dead
Collection of religious spells which were thought to be helpful to the deceased in the afterlife.
5 ways the Agricultural Revolution produced a reliable source of food
Domesticated plants and animals provided a reliable source of food. Domesticated animals performed farm work. Irrigation and tools made farming easier.
City-states in Egypt
Egypt had cities
Nile River
Egyptian civilization began along this river
Osiris
Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead
River Valley Civilizations
Include Sumer, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; Egypt, along the Nile RIver, the Indus civilization, along the Indus River in India, and the Shang civilization, along the Huang (hwahng) river, or Yellow River in China.
Sea Peoples
Invaders who destroyed the Egyptian empire in the late thirteenth century, they are unidentifiable because they went their own ways after their attacks on Egypt.
Hittites major technological contribution
Iron, introduced it to war and agriculture in the form of weapons and tools
3 reasons the Nile was important
It allowed for easy transportation, the river flows north the wind blows south. The surplus is grown along the Nile which gives Egypt something to trade. It gave the pharaoh and officials communication and control.
Phonecians
Known for being outstanding explorers and merchants, played a predominant role in international trade, exported their manufactured goods
Specialized workers in Egypt
Leaders, supervisors, priests, and artisans
Specialized workers in Mesopotamia
Leaders, supervisors, priests, and artisans
New Stone Age
Neolithic Age
Geography's Impact
Neolithic peoples learned to farm, domesticated plants and animals, made clay pottery, and weaved cloth
How did a market economy lead to the development of social classes?
People have different jobs, some in higher places of prestige, others in lower.
3 ways the development of writing contributes to society
People keep track of trade, write down new advances, and have a written code of law, like the Code of Hammurabi
scribes
People skilled in writing
surplus
Producing more food than needed that can be used to exchange
social classes
Ranking of people in society based on skills, wealth, status, power
Indo - European
Refers to a large family of languages that includes English, most of the languages of modern Europe, Greek, Latin, Persian, and Sanskrit, the sacred tongue of ancient India.
artisans
Skilled workers
What does the building of pyramids tell us?
The Egyptians had enough power, resources, organization and technology to build them. They were built as tombs for kings because they believed their kings were gods who lived on after death.
Paleolithic Period
The Old Stone Age
Bronze Age
The age when people learned to make tools and weapons out of a combination of copper and tin
specialization
The emergence of many skilled jobs beyond just farming
Nefertiti
The most powerful woman in Egypt. Nefertiti was seen as second only to the Pharaoh himself, Akenhaten, the reason for this may have been because they were genuinely in love, in an age when marriages were arranged for political reason.
How does a society change from a traditional to a market economy?
They begin to grow a surplus of food which allows other members of the society to do other jobs.
Complex institutions in Mesopotamia
They had a theocracy which combined government and religion. They had separate city-states.
Domesticate
To raise plants and animals in a controlled way that makes them best suited to human use.
Geography helps shape Egypt
Without the Nile, Egypt would be just the barren desert that surrounds the river.
Civilization
a complex, highly organized social order.
Determinative
a sign which helps to identify or classify the meaning of the word, but which is not intended to be read aloud.
Amon- Ra
an Egyptian god, consisting of Amon, a primeval sky-god, and Ra, the sun-god.
Fertile Cresent
arc of fertile land in southwest Asia where civilization began
Egyptian Pyramids
burial tombs for pharaohs and their bodies were mummified
Sumer
city-state in Mesopotamia where the first civilization began
City-States in Mesopotamia
crops are grown in the countryside of the city-state and brought to the central city for trade like Sumer
Written Language in Mesopotamia
cuneiform is a pictographic each stands for a word. It was used to record business and trade transactions
Hammurabi's Code
earliest surviving written code of law
Egyptian Queen
expected to support her husband. She had a variety of religious and political duties tht reinforced the position of the royal family.
silt
fertile soil deposited along the banks when the Nile flooded
cuneiform
first written language that developed in Mesopotamia
theocracy
government that does not separate religion and government
Written Language in Egypt
hieroglyphics (pictograph w/ some sound symbols), the Rosetta Stone
Improved technology in Mesopotamia
irrigation ditches, clay tablets, clay bricks, plow, wheel, and sail
pharaoh
king of Egypt
tomb
pyramid-like structures build in Mesopotamia that were both temples and government centers
Ziggurat
pyramid-temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of an Ancient Sumerian city-state
Complex institutions in Egypt
social classes, pharaoh (god), theocracy, vizer and government administrations, high priests, temples and rituals, specialization
hunter-gather society
society that feeds itself by hunting animals and picking wild plants and berries
market economy
system based on the trade of goods and services
economic system
system by which a society makes and distributes goods and services
traditional economy
system that produces just enough goods and services for a small community without enough left over for trade
domestication
taming wild animals and planting seeds for crops
Agricultural Revolution
the big change to farming
Neolithic Revolution
the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC
Mesopotamia
the world's first civilization
Tigris and Euphrates
two rivers where the earliest civilization began
Sargon
warrior who found the Akkadian Empire and so became the first ruler of an empire in the Fertile Crescent
Nefertari
wife of Ramsses II. Used cosmetics and cloths to make her attractive and stand out from the rest of the wives. wears a vulture crown and "double crown"
hieroglyphics
writing system developed in Egypt
5 Characteristics of Civilization
written language, advanced cities, improved technology, complex institutions, and speialized workers
