Mr. Weiss - World History : Unit 1 Test

Mesopotamia

"land between the rivers" (Iraq today) where the first civilization develops

Old Stone Age

- Creation of stone, bone, and wood tools and weapons - Use of Fire - Spoken language - ability to travel across water in boats

New Stone Age

- Farming and domestication of plants and animals - Settling of permanent villages - Dominance of family, economic, and political life by men - creation of calendars - more elaborate tools and new technologies

Rise of Civilizations

- Production of surpluses of food - Expansion of populations - Development of cities, civilizations, and governments - job specification - development of social classes - development of architecture - invention of writing systems - expansion of some cities into empires

Improved technology in Egypt

365 day solar calendar, papyrus, geometry and engineering, medical tests, treatments and surgery and decimal system

Egypt's 4 geographical advantages

A surplus gave Egypt something to trade. The Nile made transportation easier and allowed them to become a more unified kingdom. The Nile also gave them easy access to other civilizations to trade.

Ramesses

Although primarily in love with himself, he was also devoted to Nefertari and wrote of his love and her beauty. He demonstrated this by building her a magnificent tomb.

Queen Tiy

Born a commoner, became the near equal of her husband, Pharaoh Amenhotep III and was even worshipped as a g-d. Tiy became central to her husband's reign and, effectively, became his second in command.

Book of the Dead

Collection of religious spells which were thought to be helpful to the deceased in the afterlife.

5 ways the Agricultural Revolution produced a reliable source of food

Domesticated plants and animals provided a reliable source of food. Domesticated animals performed farm work. Irrigation and tools made farming easier.

City-states in Egypt

Egypt had cities

Nile River

Egyptian civilization began along this river

Osiris

Egyptian god of the underworld and judge of the dead

River Valley Civilizations

Include Sumer, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East; Egypt, along the Nile RIver, the Indus civilization, along the Indus River in India, and the Shang civilization, along the Huang (hwahng) river, or Yellow River in China.

Sea Peoples

Invaders who destroyed the Egyptian empire in the late thirteenth century, they are unidentifiable because they went their own ways after their attacks on Egypt.

Hittites major technological contribution

Iron, introduced it to war and agriculture in the form of weapons and tools

3 reasons the Nile was important

It allowed for easy transportation, the river flows north the wind blows south. The surplus is grown along the Nile which gives Egypt something to trade. It gave the pharaoh and officials communication and control.

Phonecians

Known for being outstanding explorers and merchants, played a predominant role in international trade, exported their manufactured goods

Specialized workers in Egypt

Leaders, supervisors, priests, and artisans

Specialized workers in Mesopotamia

Leaders, supervisors, priests, and artisans

New Stone Age

Neolithic Age

Geography's Impact

Neolithic peoples learned to farm, domesticated plants and animals, made clay pottery, and weaved cloth

How did a market economy lead to the development of social classes?

People have different jobs, some in higher places of prestige, others in lower.

3 ways the development of writing contributes to society

People keep track of trade, write down new advances, and have a written code of law, like the Code of Hammurabi

scribes

People skilled in writing

surplus

Producing more food than needed that can be used to exchange

social classes

Ranking of people in society based on skills, wealth, status, power

Indo - European

Refers to a large family of languages that includes English, most of the languages of modern Europe, Greek, Latin, Persian, and Sanskrit, the sacred tongue of ancient India.

artisans

Skilled workers

What does the building of pyramids tell us?

The Egyptians had enough power, resources, organization and technology to build them. They were built as tombs for kings because they believed their kings were gods who lived on after death.

Paleolithic Period

The Old Stone Age

Bronze Age

The age when people learned to make tools and weapons out of a combination of copper and tin

specialization

The emergence of many skilled jobs beyond just farming

Nefertiti

The most powerful woman in Egypt. Nefertiti was seen as second only to the Pharaoh himself, Akenhaten, the reason for this may have been because they were genuinely in love, in an age when marriages were arranged for political reason.

How does a society change from a traditional to a market economy?

They begin to grow a surplus of food which allows other members of the society to do other jobs.

Complex institutions in Mesopotamia

They had a theocracy which combined government and religion. They had separate city-states.

Domesticate

To raise plants and animals in a controlled way that makes them best suited to human use.

Geography helps shape Egypt

Without the Nile, Egypt would be just the barren desert that surrounds the river.

Civilization

a complex, highly organized social order.

Determinative

a sign which helps to identify or classify the meaning of the word, but which is not intended to be read aloud.

Amon- Ra

an Egyptian god, consisting of Amon, a primeval sky-god, and Ra, the sun-god.

Fertile Cresent

arc of fertile land in southwest Asia where civilization began

Egyptian Pyramids

burial tombs for pharaohs and their bodies were mummified

Sumer

city-state in Mesopotamia where the first civilization began

City-States in Mesopotamia

crops are grown in the countryside of the city-state and brought to the central city for trade like Sumer

Written Language in Mesopotamia

cuneiform is a pictographic each stands for a word. It was used to record business and trade transactions

Hammurabi's Code

earliest surviving written code of law

Egyptian Queen

expected to support her husband. She had a variety of religious and political duties tht reinforced the position of the royal family.

silt

fertile soil deposited along the banks when the Nile flooded

cuneiform

first written language that developed in Mesopotamia

theocracy

government that does not separate religion and government

Written Language in Egypt

hieroglyphics (pictograph w/ some sound symbols), the Rosetta Stone

Improved technology in Mesopotamia

irrigation ditches, clay tablets, clay bricks, plow, wheel, and sail

pharaoh

king of Egypt

tomb

pyramid-like structures build in Mesopotamia that were both temples and government centers

Ziggurat

pyramid-temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of an Ancient Sumerian city-state

Complex institutions in Egypt

social classes, pharaoh (god), theocracy, vizer and government administrations, high priests, temples and rituals, specialization

hunter-gather society

society that feeds itself by hunting animals and picking wild plants and berries

market economy

system based on the trade of goods and services

economic system

system by which a society makes and distributes goods and services

traditional economy

system that produces just enough goods and services for a small community without enough left over for trade

domestication

taming wild animals and planting seeds for crops

Agricultural Revolution

the big change to farming

Neolithic Revolution

the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC

Mesopotamia

the world's first civilization

Tigris and Euphrates

two rivers where the earliest civilization began

Sargon

warrior who found the Akkadian Empire and so became the first ruler of an empire in the Fertile Crescent

Nefertari

wife of Ramsses II. Used cosmetics and cloths to make her attractive and stand out from the rest of the wives. wears a vulture crown and "double crown"

hieroglyphics

writing system developed in Egypt

5 Characteristics of Civilization

written language, advanced cities, improved technology, complex institutions, and speialized workers