Multicultural Midterm Terms Chapter 6&7

Ebonics

"Black Language" involves a great deal of implicitness in communication, such as shorter sentences and less grammatical elaboration but a greater reliance of nonverbal cues.

Insight

Assumes that it is mentally beneficial for all individuals to gain understanding into their underlying dynamics and causes. o insight isn't highly valued by all culturally diverse clients. o People from low SEC (socioeconomic classes): Not appropriate to their life situations and circumstances. More concerned with "Where do I find a job? How do I feed my family? How can I afford to take my sick daughter to a doctor?"

Scientific empiricism

Emphasis on the scientific method, which involves objective, rational, linear thinking. Therapists rely heavily on the use of linear problem solving, as well as on quantitative evaluation that includes psychodiagnostic tests, intelligence tests, personality inventories, etc.

Collectivism

In many cultures and subgroups, the psychosocial unit of operation tend to be the family group, or collective society - not the individual like many Western cultures

Individualism

Individual is the psychosocial unit of operation

Nature of people dimension

Middle-class Euro-Americans generally perceive the nature of people as neutral. Environmental influences, such as conditioning, family upbringing, and socialization, are believed to be dominant forces in determining the nature of the person. People are neither good nor bad but are a product of their environment o Although several minority groups may share features of this belief with Whites, there is a qualitative and quantitative difference that may affect family structure and dynamics o Asians and Native Americans tend to emphasize the inherent goodness of people o Latinos hold the view that human nature is both good and bad- a child's badness may be accepted as destiny, so parent may be less inclined to seek help o African Americans have a mixed concept of people, but in general believe that people are basically neutral

Family Systems

Possesses several important characteristics: o Highlight the importance of the family vs. the individual as the unit of identity o Focus on resolving concrete issues o Be concerned with family structure and dynamics o Assume that these family structures and dynamics are historically passed on from one generation to another o Attempt to understand the communication and alliances via reframing o Place the therapist in an expert position

Minority standard time

The tendency of poor people to have a low regard for punctuality. Poor people have learned that endless waits are associated with medical clinics, police stations, and governmental agencies.

Biculturalism

Two originally distinct cultures in some form of co-existence

Time dimension

U.S. society may be characterized as preoccupation with the future- our society seems very compulsive about time. o - Native Americans and African Americans tend to value a present time orientation o - Asians and Hispanics have a combination past-present focus o - If time differences exist between the minority family and the White therapist, it will most likely be manifested in a difference in the pace of time o - Many Hispanics mark time by events rather than by the clock o - Many minorities who are present time-oriented overall would be more likely to seek immediate, concrete solutions than future oriented, abstract goals

Relational dimension

US is characterized as an achievement-oriented society- basic to the ethic is the concept of individualism: o The individual is the psychosocial unit of operation o The individual has primary responsibility for his or her own actions o Independence and autonomy are highly valued and rewarded o One should be internally directed and controlled o In an individualistic orientation, the definition of the family tends to be linked to a biological necessity, whereas a collateral or lineal view encompasses various concepts of the extended family

Linguistic barriers

Use of Standard English as the only language in health care may unfairly discriminate against those from a bilingual or lower SES background.

Activity dimension

White US culture values and believes in action (doing) orientation o - We must master and control nature o - We must always do things about a situation o - We should take a pragmatic and utilitarian view of life o - This is why we value inventors over poets and doctors of medicine over doctors of philosophy

Microassault

a blatant verbal, nonverbal, or environmental attack intended to convey discriminatory and biased sentiments. This notion is related to overt racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, and religious discrimination in which individuals deliberately convey derogatory messages to target groups. Example: using words like "fagg", displaying a swastika, requesting not to sit next to a Muslim on an airplane, only hiring men for managerial positions unless we are talking about white supremacists, most perpetrators with conscious biases will engage in overt discrimination under 3 conditions: a) when some degree of anonymity can be insured, b) when they are in the presence of others who share or tolerate their biased beliefs and actions, c) when they lose control of their feelings and actions

Aversive racism

a form of subtle and unintentional racism that is manifested in individuals who consciously assert egalitarian values but unconsciously hold anti-minority feelings; therefore, "aversive racists consciously sympathize with victims of past injustice, support the principles of racial equality, and regard themselves as nonprejudiced. At the same time, however, they possess negative feelings and beliefs about historically disadvantaged groups, which may be unconscious."

Transphobia

an emotional disgust toward individuals who do not conform to society's gender expectations prejudice against transgendered individuals

Microaggression

brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to a target group, such as people of color; religious minorities; women; people with disabilities; and gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals. (the term racial microaggressions was originally coined by Chester Pierce to describe the subtle and often automatic put-downs that African Americans face) Example: "You're strong for a girl", "You look so exotic. Where are you from?" a) tend to be subtle, unintentional, and indirect, b) often occur in situations where there are alternative explanations, c) represent unconscious and ingrained biased beliefs and attitudes, and d) are more likely to occur when people pretend not to notice differences, thereby denying that race, sex, sexual orientation, religion, or ability had anything to do with their actions three type of microaggressions have been identified: microassult, microinsult, and microinvalidation

Heterosexism

discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation. Authors identify heterosexism by the indirect nature of such remarks. -blatant heterosexism would be calling a lesbian a dyke -subtle heterosexism would be referring to something as gay to convey that it is stupid. (related to aversive racism and subtle sexism in that it may not intend to display prejudice toward LGB individuals, particularly in the case of making comments or jokes related to LGB persons. -may encourage individuals to remain closeted, as the environment can be perceived as hostile. -Evidence suggests that heterosexuals do not associate homophobic language with sexual orientation. Further, studies that have measured the use of heterosexist language and antigay and homophobic attitudes have found that participants who use this language were not strongly antigay or biased against LGB individuals.

Ableism

favors people without disabilities and maintains that disability in and of itself is a negative concept, state, and experience

Culture-bound values

individual-centered, verbal/emotional/behavioral expressiveness, communication patterns from client to counselor, openness and intimacy, analytic/linear/verbal (cause-effect) approach, & clear distinctions between mental and physical well-being -consists of all those things that people have learned to do, believe, value and enjoy. It is the totality of the ideals, beliefs, skills, tools, customs, and institutions into which each member of society is born.

Culture-bound syndromes

o Do their cultures view these symptoms acceptable? Ex. Hallucinations o Disorders that seem to appear only in specific cultures & societies.

Islamaphobia

prejudice experienced by Muslim individuals. It has been well documented in Western European countries both before and after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. -Media tends to depict Muslims as religious fanatics and terrorists, and one study reveals that Americans hold both implicit and explicit negative attitudes toward this group.

Sexism

prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex. 3 types: overt, covert, and subtle -overt sexism: blatant unequal and unfair treatment of women. -covert sexism: refers to unequal and harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner. (ex: a person may endorse a belief in gender equality but engage in hiring practices that are gender biased.)

Homonegativity

reflects the belief that prejudice against LGB persons no longer exists and that this group contributes to its own marginalization by overemphasizing sexual orientation. (modern homonegativity -When the situation is ambiguous and the individual is able to justify his or her actions based on some criteria other than the target's identity, he or she will act in a discriminatory and biased manner. Also similar to aversive racism. -Old-fashioned homonegativity: refers to an antigay sentiment that is based on religious or moral condemnation (ex: "male homosexuality is a sin"

Class-bound values

strict adherence to time schedules, ambiguous or unstructured approach to problems, & seeking long-range goals or solutions

Racism

the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. -prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.

Subtle Sexism

unequal and unfair treatment of women that is not recognized by many people because it is perceived to be normative, and therefore does not appear unusual. whereas overt and covert sexism is intentional, subtle sexism It is not deliberate or conscious. Example: Sexist language, such as the use of the pronoun he to convey universal human experience. -Similar to aversive racism in that individuals support and actively condone gender equality, yet unknowingly engage in behaviors that contribute to the unequal treatment of women. (ex: it has been found that people who endorsed egalitarian beliefs rated male and female leaders equally, but their nonverbal behaviors reflected greater negativity towards female leaders) -devalues women, dismissing their accomplishments, and limits their effectiveness in a variety of social and professional settings.

Microinsult

unintentional behaviors or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity or demean a person's racial heritage/identity, gender identity, religion, ability, or sexual orientation identity. Despite being outside the level of conscious awareness, these subtle snubs are characterized by an insulting hidden message. Example: a person who frantically rushes to help a person with a disability onto public transportation (underlying message that people with disabilities are in constant need of help and are dependent on others), teachers call on male students rather than females to answer questions (conveys message that men are smarter and more capable than women)

Religious discrimination

valuing or treating a person or group differently because of what they do or do not believe. Specifically, it is when adherents of different religions (or denominations) are treated unequally, either before the law or in institutional settings such as employment or housing. -High prevalence of religious-based hate crimes in the US. The largest percentage of religious harassment and civil rights violations in the US are committed against Jewish and Muslim individuals.

Microinvalidation

verbal comments or behaviors that exclude, negate, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target group. Unintentional and usually outside the perpetrator's awareness. Example: "All lives matter." -when a male interviewer informs a white applicant that he believes the most qualified person should get the job, he is potentially conveying a message that women are not qualified and his decision will have nothing to do with the applicants gender. - when gay students are always selected last by fellow classmates for sports teams and share their feelings of discrimination with gym teachers, they are likely to be told they are misreading the situation (thus invalidating their experiences of discrimination)