Muscles A&P
Origin
Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.
Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate anatomical part: Effort
Biceps brachii
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Elbow flexion
Biceps brachii (PM), brachialis (PM), pronator teres (weak), brachioradialis
The following proteins action: Troponin
Binds Ca2+ and starts the contraction cycle.
In which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides so the muscle looks like a feather.
Bipennate
Pennate muscles come in what three forms?
Bipennate, Multipennate, Bipennate
What does acetylcholine do?
Breaks down acetylcholine
What is the cause of rigor mortis?
Calcium influx and lack of ATP
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Rotation of the trunk
External obliques, internal obliques, latissimus dorsi, contralateral psoas
Short term intense movements are best suited for ________ _________ fibers.
Fast glycolytic fibers
Type of muscle fibers that contract quickly and rely on aerobic respiration for ATP.
Fast- oxidative fibers
Type of fiber that has few mitochondria
Fast-glycolitic fibers
Fast glycolytic muscle fiber ______________
Fatigues quickly
Biceps Brachii: Action
Flexes and supinates forearm
Intercostals: Origin
Inferior border of rib above
Product of anaerobic glycolysis
Lactic acid
Match the event in the generation and propagation of action potential: Electrical conditions of a resting sarcolemma.
Negative inside relative to the outer membrane face
Each skeletal fiber is controlled by a single ____________?
Neuromuscular junction
Triceps Brachii: Insertion
Olecranon process, tuberosity of ulna
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Puckering the lips
Orbicularis oris
Straplike with an expanded belly; great ability to shorten but not usually very powerful
Parallel
The extensor digitorum muscle is an example of a _______________ muscle.
Pennate
The refactory period in which the muscle will not contract if stimulated occurs during ______ of the muscle cell?
Repolarization
Repolarization is the restoration of membrane potential to __________?
Resting potential
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip external rotation
Sartorius, gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemelli, quadratus femoris
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip abduction
Sartorius, tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius (PM), gluteus minimus, piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus
Intercostals: Insertion
Superior border of rib below
What color are Fast- Glyolitic fibers?
White
The most efficient means of producing ATP is _______________
aerobic respiration
Muscles that perform most of the action in producing the moment are _______________
agonists
What muscle flexes the forearm at the elbow joint and supinates the forearm
biceps brachii
What muscle flexes and laterally rotates the leg at knee
biceps femoris
Which type of muscle is involuntary and striated?
cardiac muscle
Function of Calmodulin
cytoplasmic, calcium-binding protein
What muscle action on the leg/knee joint adducts thigh, and flexes and medially rotates the leg
gracilis
Properly controlled skeletal muscle contractions produced by changing the frequency of stimulation or the strength of stimulation are produced by ________________
graded muscle response
The prime mover for flexion of the thigh is the _______________ muscle.
iliopsoas
Shin splints are caused by ____________
inflammation of the tibialis anterior
muscle chemical that stores oxygen molecules in skeletal muscle
myoglobin
The alternating contraction and relaxation of opposing layers of smooth muscle is referred to as ____________.
peristalsis
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Flexion of the trunk
rectus abdominus, external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal
Type of muscle fibers that are most resistant to fatigue
slow oxidative fibers
is smooth muscle uninucleate of multinucleate?
uninucleate
is cardiac muscle uninucleate of multinucleate?
uninucleate or binucleate
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
voluntary
Area of the sarcomere with overlapping thick and thin filaments.
A band
What is meant by the ALL OR NONE law of muscle contraction?
A muscle fiber contracts entirely or not at all
Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: Lever
A rigid bar the moves on a fixed point
The neurotransmitter released into the neuromuscular junction is called ___________________
Acetylcholine
__________ defuses across the cleft and attaches to ___________ receptors on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber.
Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine
__________ binding triggers ___________ events that ultimately generate an action potential
Acetylcholine, electrical
When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon terminal releases ____________ into the ___________ ________
Acetylcholine, synaptic cleft
The thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle are composed chiefly of _______________ .
Actin
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip adduction
Adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, gracilis
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip extension
Adductor magnus, gluteus maximus (PM), biceps femoris (PM), semitendinosus, semimembranosus
The muscles that perform most of the action in producing the movement.
Agonists
Muscles that relax when the prime mover and synergists are contracting
Antagonists
_______________ are muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement.
Antagonists
Quadriceps: Origin
Anterior inferior iliac spine and superior margin of acetabulum. Greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, linea aspera. Linea aspera, intertrochanteric and medial supracondylar lines. Anterior and lateral surfaces of proximal femur shaft.
Soles: Insertion
As for gastrocnemius
Quadriceps: Insertion
As for rectus femoris
Match the following area with the correct term: Contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine.
Axon terminal
Gastrocnemius: Origin
By two heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur
What is the ion released from the terminal cisterane that combines with tropomison and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in the formation of cross bridges?
Ca2+
The major abductor muscle of the upper arm is the _______________
Deltoid
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder abduction
Deltoid (PM), supraspinatus
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder External Rotation
Deltoid (posterior fibers), infraspinatus (PM), teres minor (PM)
Match the following term with the correct description: End plate potential
Depolarization occurring only at neuromuscular junction
Match the fallowing term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Load
Distal end of forearm, hand
Match the following description of muscle contraction with the correct term: Contraction of muscle in which the muscle contracts as it lengthens.
Eccentric contraction
Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: Second- Class lever
Effort applied at one end of the lever, the fulcrum located at the other; load between them
Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: First-class lever
Effort is applied at one end of the lever, the load at the other, fulcrum somewhere in between
The ability of a muscle to resume its resting length after being stretched
Elasticity
The ability of a muscle to resumes its resting length after being stretched refers to _______?
Elasticity
Match the fallowing term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Fulcrum
Elbow joint
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Extension of the trunk
Erector spinae, splenius, quadratus lumborum
What characteristic does muscle tissue to perform its duties: the ability of a cell to receive and respond to a stimulus by changing its membrane potential.
Excitability
Triceps Brachii: Action
Extends and adducts arm, extends forearm
Quadriceps: Action
Extends leg and flexes thigh at hip, extends and stabilizes leg, extends leg
Hamstrings: Action
Extends thigh and flexes leg
Latissimus Dorsi: Action
Extends, adducts and medially raises arm; draws should inferiorly. Prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder.
__________ is the ability to extend or stretch. Muscle cells shorten when contracting, but they can stretch, even beyond their resting length, when relaxed.
Extensibility
Soles: Origin
Extensive origin from superior tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane
The muscular wall of the abdomen is composed of _______________
External oblique and rectus muscles
Pectoralis Major: Insertion
Fibers converge to insert by short tendon into intertubercular sulcus and greater tubercle of humerus
Gastrocnemius: Action
Flexes leg, plantar flexes foot
"Cross bridges" that link between the thick and thin filaments are formed by the _______________
Globular head of thick filaments
Area in the center of the A band containing only thick filaments.
H zone
An abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents (typically coils of the small intestine) through a weak point in the muscles of the abdominal wall.
Hernia
Match the action with its appropriate muscle name: Extends, adducts, and rotates arm medially.
Latissimus dorsi
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder extension
Latissimus dorsi (PM), teres major, deltoid (posterior fibers) (PM)
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): Origin
Manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): insertion
Mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
Fast-Glycolitic fibers are a type of fiber that has few _______?
Mitochondria
Fast oxidative fibers are __________ _________ resistant.
Moderately fatigue
A neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a(n) _____________________
Motor unit
Insertion
Movable attachment of a muscle.
Which looks like many feathers side by side, with all their quills inserted into one large tendon.
Multipennate
Match the following cellular component of a skeletal muscle fiber with its description: Rodlike contractile element within a muscle fiber containing myofilaments.
Myofibril
Match the following muscle chemical with its correct name: Oxygen storage molecules in skeletal muscle.
Myoglobin
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder adduction
Pectoralis major (PM), latissimus dorsi (PM), teres major, teres minor (weak), coracobrachialis
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder flexion
Pectoralis major, Deltoid (anterior fibers) (PM), coracobrachialis, biceps brachii
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder Internal Rotation
Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, deltoid (anterior fibers), scapularis (PM)
The connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle is called the _____________
Perimysium
Soles: Action
Plantar flexes foot, important locomotor and postural muscle during walking, running and dancing.
Trapezius: Origin
Posterior Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae
Gastrocnemius: Insertion
Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
What is action potential?
Propagation of an electrical current along the sarcolemma
Intercostals: Action
Pulls ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage. Depresses rib (decreases volume in thorax)
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Lateral flexion of the trunk
Quadratus lumborum, external obliques, internal obliques, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, rectus abdominus
Fast- Glyolitic fibers tire______________?
Quickly
Biceps Brachii: Insertion
Radial tuberosity
Fast- Glyolitic fibers contract _________
Rapidly
What muscle action on the leg/knee joint extends leg at knee and flexes thigh at hip?
Rectus femoris
What does this describe: The change in sarcolemma after the waiver of depolarization; Na+ channels close and K+ channels open, allowing K+ to create a positive charge outside the membrane.
Repolarization
What term or terms refer to the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus?
Responsiveness and excitability
The correct meaning of: Costal
Rib
Correct meaning of: Transverse
Right angles
Match the fallowing are of a muscle fiber with its description: Functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber
Sarcomere
The functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber is the _______________.
Sarcomere
What are elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules that run longitudinally along the myofibrils and surround each myofibril?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Extension of the neck
Semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, longissimus capitis, trapezius (upper fibers), sternocleidomastoid (posterior fibers)
Correct meaning of: Brevis
Short
Biceps Brachii: Origin
Short head; coracoid process, long head; supraglenoid tubercle and lip of glenoid cavity; tendon of long head runs within capsule and into intertubercular sulcus of humerus.
Math the fallowing description with the correct type of muscle: Nonstriated, involuntary, found on the wall of hallow organs and tracts
Smooth muscle
Latissimus Dorsi: Insertion
Spirals around teres major to insert in floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Trapezius: Action
Stabilizes, elevates, retracts and rotates the scapula.
Pectoralis Major: Origin
Sternal end of clavicle, cartilages of ribs 1-6 (or 7) and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle.
What muscle laterally rotates the head?
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Flexion of the neck
Sternomastoid (anterior fibers), longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior
A motor neuron _______________ muscle fiber.
Stimulates
Correct meaning of: Rectus
Straight
Is cardiac muscle striated or not striated?
Striated
The space between the neuron and the muscle is the_________?
Synaptic cleft
A muscle that assists the muscle primarily responsible for a given action is a(n) _______________ .
Synergist
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip internal rotation
Tensor facia lata, adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, gracilis
Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: Effort
The applied force
Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: Fulcrum
The fixed point upon which a lever moves
What would occur if a muscle became totally depleted of ATP?
The muscle would remain in a contracted state due to an inability to break actin-myosin cross bridges
Action
The particular movement of a muscle.
When an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is _______________.
The release of acetylcholine from the motor neuron
Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate function: Load
The resistance
What is the refactory period?
The time when fiber can not be stimulated until repolarization is complete
Do Fast- Glyolitic fibers use a little or alot of oxygen?
They use little oxygen. Depends on plentiful glycogen reserves for fuel rather than blood-delivered nutrients.
Pectoralis Major: Action
adducts, and medially rotates arm
Where does 95% of the energy needed for contraction come from during moderate exercise?
aerobic respiration
The _______________ assists the triceps brachii in forearm extension
anconeus
what term refers to a muscle that performs a task opposite the task performed by another?
antagonist
muscles that oppose, or reverse, a particular movement are ________________
antagonists
Where is the nucleus located in smooth muscle?
centrally located
where is the nucleus located in cardiac muscle?
centrally located
Painful muscle spasm that results from muscle strain or contusion, i.e., tearing of muscle fallowed by bleeding into the tissues (hematoma) and severe, prolonged pain
charley horse
Name the movement which is really a combination of movements found in ball and socket joints like the shoulder or hip in which the arm or leg outlines a cone shape.
circumduction
What is a sustained spasm or tetanic contraction called?
cramp
Sliding filament theory
during contraction actin is pulled over myosin, causing the I band to shrink and the muscle to shorten
The muscle whose action on the ankle/foot that everts foot and plantar flexes foot
fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis
What muscle adducts the wrist?
flexor carpi ulnaris
Match the event with the action of the muscle that it describes: Release if energy during metabolism
generation of heat
Each myosin molecule has a rodlike tail attached by a flexible hinge to two ___________ _______
gobular heads
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip flexion
iliopsoas (PM), sartorius, tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus
The external intercostal muscles are used primarily in ______________
inhalation
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
Is smooth muscle voluntary of involuntary?
involuntary
what are the four functional characteristics of muscle tissue?
irritability (excitability), Contractibility, Extensibility, and Elasticity
Trapezius: Insertion
lateral third of clavicle, Acromion process and spine of scapula
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): Action
laterally rotates head and flexes the head
Triceps Brachii: Origin
long head; infraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Lateral head; posterior shaft of humerus. Medial head; posterior humeral shaft distal to radial groove.
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Mastication
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid
What are the four functions of muscles
movement, posture, protection, heat generation
Is skeletal muscle uninucleate of multinucleate?
multinucleate
thick filaments are composed primarily of the protein __________________
myosin
Is smooth muscle striated or not striated?
not striated
What muscle flexes and adducts the thigh
pectineus
where is the nucleus located in skeletal muscle?
peripherally located
What muscle action on the leg/knee joint rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes hip joint
quadratus
Happens mainly in athletes who do not warm up properly. Not painful at first, but pain intesifies within three to six hours
quadriceps and hamstring strains
Slow oxidative muscle fiber is fatigue ____________.
resistant
Is common, particularly in older people as a result of stumbling and in young sprinters when the tendon is traumatized during takeoff. The rupture is fallowed by abrupt pain; a gap is seem just above the heel, and the calf bulges at the triceps surae are released from their insertion
ruptured calcaneal tendon
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the ______________
sarcolemma
What muscle action on the leg/knee joint flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh
sartorius
match the fallowing description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: composite muscle located along the back from thoracic region to head
semispinalis wapitis, crevicis, and thoracis
because it is tightly wrapped by fascia, the inflamed tibialis anterior cuts off its own circulation as it swells and presses painfully on its own nerves
shin splints
What muscle plantar flexes the door and is important in posture?
soleus
match the fallowing description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: Broad two-part muscle that lies on the neck between the base of the skull and the upper thoracic vertebrae
splenius capitis and crevics
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Lateral flexion of the neck
sternocleidomastoid, obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior, rectus capitis lateralis, longissimus capitis, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, trapezius (upper fibers)
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Rotation of the neck
sternocleidomastoid, obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior, rectus capitis lateralis, longissimus capitis, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, trapezius (upper fibers)
the rectus femoris is a ___________ muscle of the thigh
straight
Rectus refers to muscles where the muscle fibers run _________ or _______ to the midline of the body
straight, parallel
Is skeletal muscle striated or not striated?
striated
______________ help prime movers by adding a little extra force to the same movement or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements
synergists
What muscle divides the neck into two triangles?
the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
What are the muscles of mastication?
the masseter, the temporals, the medial and lateral pteygoid, the buccinator
What muscle elevates the mandible and moves the mandible side to side
the medial pterygoid
Concentric contraction
the muscle shortens and does not work
If a muscle is applied to a load that exceeds the muscle's maximum tension, _____________
the muscles length will not change during contraction
Often several criteria are combined in a naming of a muscle. Which of the fallowing (origin, insertion, action) are NOT described in the name extensor carpi radials longus?
the origin of the muscle
Actin is a __________ myofilament and myosin is a __________ myofilament
thin, thick
A twisting of the neck also called wryneck. sometimes present at birth when the muscle fibers are torn during difficult delivery
torticollis
True or false: damage to the external intercostals would hinder inspiration
true
True or false: the radius a lever
true
The heart
Where might this muscle type shown in the picture be found?
The _______________ is the prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot.
Tibialis anterior
What binds to calcium ions in a smooth muscle, causing contraction?
Calmodulin
Match the following description of the muscle type with the correct type of muscle unit: Branching chains of cells; uni- or binucleate; striations; intercalated discs.
Cardiac muscle cells
Sphincters have a _______________ arrangement of fascicles.
Circular
Hamstrings: Insertion
Common tendon passes down laterally (forming lateral border of popliteal fossa) to inset into head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia. Medial aspect of upper tibial shaft. Medial condyle of tibia; via oblique popliteal ligament to lateral condyle of femur.
What ability sets muscle apart from all other tissue types?
Contractibility
What characteristic does muscle tissue to perform its duties: The ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated.
Contractibility
Match the event in the generation and propagation of action potential: Propagation of the action potential
Increased positive charge inside sarcolemma changes permeability of adjacent areas, opening voltage-regulated Na+ channels.
Latissimus Dorsi: Origin
Indirect attachment via lumbodorsal fascia into spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae. Lower 3-4 ribs and iliac crest; also from scapular inferior angle. T7-12, L1-5, S1-5, Crest of ilium, ribs 10-12.
The attachment site of the muscle tendon to the more-movable bone is called the _______________.
Insertion
Hamstrings: Origin
Ischial tuberosity (long head); linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line and distal femur (short head)
Contraction of muscle during which the tension continues to increase but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens
Isometric contraction
Contraction of the muscle during which the muscle changes in length and the tension remains constant through most of the contractile period
Isotonic contraction
Match the following description of muscle contraction with the correct term: contraction of muscle during which the muscle changes in length and the tension remains the consistent through most of the contractile period.
Isotonic contraction
The deltoid is a muscle named according to _______________
It's shape
The term that means a continued mild or partial contraction of a muscle that keeps it healthy and ready to respond is muscle ________?
Tone
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder elevation
Trapezius(upper part), levator scapula(e)
Correct meaning of: Deltoid
Triangle
List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Elbow extension
Triceps brachii (PM), anconeus
What protein binds Ca2+ and starts the contraction cycle?
Troponin
True or False: Smooth muscle fibers are small and spindle shaped.
True
True or false activities best suited for fast oxidative fibers include sprinting and walking
True
What type of contraction is represented by a single stimulus/contraction/relaxation sequence?
Twitch
How many origins are there for the biceps brachii muscle?
Two
In which the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, as in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the leg.
Unipennate