Muscles A&P

Origin

Attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.

Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate anatomical part: Effort

Biceps brachii

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Elbow flexion

Biceps brachii (PM), brachialis (PM), pronator teres (weak), brachioradialis

The following proteins action: Troponin

Binds Ca2+ and starts the contraction cycle.

In which the fascicles insert into the tendon from opposite sides so the muscle looks like a feather.

Bipennate

Pennate muscles come in what three forms?

Bipennate, Multipennate, Bipennate

What does acetylcholine do?

Breaks down acetylcholine

What is the cause of rigor mortis?

Calcium influx and lack of ATP

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Rotation of the trunk

External obliques, internal obliques, latissimus dorsi, contralateral psoas

Short term intense movements are best suited for ________ _________ fibers.

Fast glycolytic fibers

Type of muscle fibers that contract quickly and rely on aerobic respiration for ATP.

Fast- oxidative fibers

Type of fiber that has few mitochondria

Fast-glycolitic fibers

Fast glycolytic muscle fiber ______________

Fatigues quickly

Biceps Brachii: Action

Flexes and supinates forearm

Intercostals: Origin

Inferior border of rib above

Product of anaerobic glycolysis

Lactic acid

Match the event in the generation and propagation of action potential: Electrical conditions of a resting sarcolemma.

Negative inside relative to the outer membrane face

Each skeletal fiber is controlled by a single ____________?

Neuromuscular junction

Triceps Brachii: Insertion

Olecranon process, tuberosity of ulna

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Puckering the lips

Orbicularis oris

Straplike with an expanded belly; great ability to shorten but not usually very powerful

Parallel

The extensor digitorum muscle is an example of a _______________ muscle.

Pennate

The refactory period in which the muscle will not contract if stimulated occurs during ______ of the muscle cell?

Repolarization

Repolarization is the restoration of membrane potential to __________?

Resting potential

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip external rotation

Sartorius, gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, gemelli, quadratus femoris

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip abduction

Sartorius, tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius (PM), gluteus minimus, piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus

Intercostals: Insertion

Superior border of rib below

What color are Fast- Glyolitic fibers?

White

The most efficient means of producing ATP is _______________

aerobic respiration

Muscles that perform most of the action in producing the moment are _______________

agonists

What muscle flexes the forearm at the elbow joint and supinates the forearm

biceps brachii

What muscle flexes and laterally rotates the leg at knee

biceps femoris

Which type of muscle is involuntary and striated?

cardiac muscle

Function of Calmodulin

cytoplasmic, calcium-binding protein

What muscle action on the leg/knee joint adducts thigh, and flexes and medially rotates the leg

gracilis

Properly controlled skeletal muscle contractions produced by changing the frequency of stimulation or the strength of stimulation are produced by ________________

graded muscle response

The prime mover for flexion of the thigh is the _______________ muscle.

iliopsoas

Shin splints are caused by ____________

inflammation of the tibialis anterior

muscle chemical that stores oxygen molecules in skeletal muscle

myoglobin

The alternating contraction and relaxation of opposing layers of smooth muscle is referred to as ____________.

peristalsis

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Flexion of the trunk

rectus abdominus, external oblique abdominal, internal oblique abdominal

Type of muscle fibers that are most resistant to fatigue

slow oxidative fibers

is smooth muscle uninucleate of multinucleate?

uninucleate

is cardiac muscle uninucleate of multinucleate?

uninucleate or binucleate

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

voluntary

Area of the sarcomere with overlapping thick and thin filaments.

A band

What is meant by the ALL OR NONE law of muscle contraction?

A muscle fiber contracts entirely or not at all

Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: Lever

A rigid bar the moves on a fixed point

The neurotransmitter released into the neuromuscular junction is called ___________________

Acetylcholine

__________ defuses across the cleft and attaches to ___________ receptors on the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber.

Acetylcholine, Acetylcholine

__________ binding triggers ___________ events that ultimately generate an action potential

Acetylcholine, electrical

When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon terminal releases ____________ into the ___________ ________

Acetylcholine, synaptic cleft

The thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle are composed chiefly of _______________ .

Actin

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip adduction

Adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, gracilis

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip extension

Adductor magnus, gluteus maximus (PM), biceps femoris (PM), semitendinosus, semimembranosus

The muscles that perform most of the action in producing the movement.

Agonists

Muscles that relax when the prime mover and synergists are contracting

Antagonists

_______________ are muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement.

Antagonists

Quadriceps: Origin

Anterior inferior iliac spine and superior margin of acetabulum. Greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, linea aspera. Linea aspera, intertrochanteric and medial supracondylar lines. Anterior and lateral surfaces of proximal femur shaft.

Soles: Insertion

As for gastrocnemius

Quadriceps: Insertion

As for rectus femoris

Match the following area with the correct term: Contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine.

Axon terminal

Gastrocnemius: Origin

By two heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur

What is the ion released from the terminal cisterane that combines with tropomison and removes the blocking action of tropomyosin, resulting in the formation of cross bridges?

Ca2+

The major abductor muscle of the upper arm is the _______________

Deltoid

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder abduction

Deltoid (PM), supraspinatus

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder External Rotation

Deltoid (posterior fibers), infraspinatus (PM), teres minor (PM)

Match the following term with the correct description: End plate potential

Depolarization occurring only at neuromuscular junction

Match the fallowing term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Load

Distal end of forearm, hand

Match the following description of muscle contraction with the correct term: Contraction of muscle in which the muscle contracts as it lengthens.

Eccentric contraction

Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: Second- Class lever

Effort applied at one end of the lever, the fulcrum located at the other; load between them

Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: First-class lever

Effort is applied at one end of the lever, the load at the other, fulcrum somewhere in between

The ability of a muscle to resume its resting length after being stretched

Elasticity

The ability of a muscle to resumes its resting length after being stretched refers to _______?

Elasticity

Match the fallowing term relating to a lever system with its appropriate anatomical part: Fulcrum

Elbow joint

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Extension of the trunk

Erector spinae, splenius, quadratus lumborum

What characteristic does muscle tissue to perform its duties: the ability of a cell to receive and respond to a stimulus by changing its membrane potential.

Excitability

Triceps Brachii: Action

Extends and adducts arm, extends forearm

Quadriceps: Action

Extends leg and flexes thigh at hip, extends and stabilizes leg, extends leg

Hamstrings: Action

Extends thigh and flexes leg

Latissimus Dorsi: Action

Extends, adducts and medially raises arm; draws should inferiorly. Prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder.

__________ is the ability to extend or stretch. Muscle cells shorten when contracting, but they can stretch, even beyond their resting length, when relaxed.

Extensibility

Soles: Origin

Extensive origin from superior tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane

The muscular wall of the abdomen is composed of _______________

External oblique and rectus muscles

Pectoralis Major: Insertion

Fibers converge to insert by short tendon into intertubercular sulcus and greater tubercle of humerus

Gastrocnemius: Action

Flexes leg, plantar flexes foot

"Cross bridges" that link between the thick and thin filaments are formed by the _______________

Globular head of thick filaments

Area in the center of the A band containing only thick filaments.

H zone

An abnormal protrusion of abdominal contents (typically coils of the small intestine) through a weak point in the muscles of the abdominal wall.

Hernia

Match the action with its appropriate muscle name: Extends, adducts, and rotates arm medially.

Latissimus dorsi

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder extension

Latissimus dorsi (PM), teres major, deltoid (posterior fibers) (PM)

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): Origin

Manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): insertion

Mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone

Fast-Glycolitic fibers are a type of fiber that has few _______?

Mitochondria

Fast oxidative fibers are __________ _________ resistant.

Moderately fatigue

A neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a(n) _____________________

Motor unit

Insertion

Movable attachment of a muscle.

Which looks like many feathers side by side, with all their quills inserted into one large tendon.

Multipennate

Match the following cellular component of a skeletal muscle fiber with its description: Rodlike contractile element within a muscle fiber containing myofilaments.

Myofibril

Match the following muscle chemical with its correct name: Oxygen storage molecules in skeletal muscle.

Myoglobin

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder adduction

Pectoralis major (PM), latissimus dorsi (PM), teres major, teres minor (weak), coracobrachialis

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder flexion

Pectoralis major, Deltoid (anterior fibers) (PM), coracobrachialis, biceps brachii

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder Internal Rotation

Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, deltoid (anterior fibers), scapularis (PM)

The connective tissue that surrounds a muscle fascicle is called the _____________

Perimysium

Soles: Action

Plantar flexes foot, important locomotor and postural muscle during walking, running and dancing.

Trapezius: Origin

Posterior Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae

Gastrocnemius: Insertion

Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

What is action potential?

Propagation of an electrical current along the sarcolemma

Intercostals: Action

Pulls ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage. Depresses rib (decreases volume in thorax)

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Lateral flexion of the trunk

Quadratus lumborum, external obliques, internal obliques, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, rectus abdominus

Fast- Glyolitic fibers tire______________?

Quickly

Biceps Brachii: Insertion

Radial tuberosity

Fast- Glyolitic fibers contract _________

Rapidly

What muscle action on the leg/knee joint extends leg at knee and flexes thigh at hip?

Rectus femoris

What does this describe: The change in sarcolemma after the waiver of depolarization; Na+ channels close and K+ channels open, allowing K+ to create a positive charge outside the membrane.

Repolarization

What term or terms refer to the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus?

Responsiveness and excitability

The correct meaning of: Costal

Rib

Correct meaning of: Transverse

Right angles

Match the fallowing are of a muscle fiber with its description: Functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber

Sarcomere

The functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber is the _______________.

Sarcomere

What are elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum tubules that run longitudinally along the myofibrils and surround each myofibril?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Extension of the neck

Semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior major, rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, longissimus capitis, trapezius (upper fibers), sternocleidomastoid (posterior fibers)

Correct meaning of: Brevis

Short

Biceps Brachii: Origin

Short head; coracoid process, long head; supraglenoid tubercle and lip of glenoid cavity; tendon of long head runs within capsule and into intertubercular sulcus of humerus.

Math the fallowing description with the correct type of muscle: Nonstriated, involuntary, found on the wall of hallow organs and tracts

Smooth muscle

Latissimus Dorsi: Insertion

Spirals around teres major to insert in floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Trapezius: Action

Stabilizes, elevates, retracts and rotates the scapula.

Pectoralis Major: Origin

Sternal end of clavicle, cartilages of ribs 1-6 (or 7) and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle.

What muscle laterally rotates the head?

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Flexion of the neck

Sternomastoid (anterior fibers), longus capitis, rectus capitis anterior

A motor neuron _______________ muscle fiber.

Stimulates

Correct meaning of: Rectus

Straight

Is cardiac muscle striated or not striated?

Striated

The space between the neuron and the muscle is the_________?

Synaptic cleft

A muscle that assists the muscle primarily responsible for a given action is a(n) _______________ .

Synergist

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip internal rotation

Tensor facia lata, adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, gracilis

Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: Effort

The applied force

Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate description: Fulcrum

The fixed point upon which a lever moves

What would occur if a muscle became totally depleted of ATP?

The muscle would remain in a contracted state due to an inability to break actin-myosin cross bridges

Action

The particular movement of a muscle.

When an action potential arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the most immediate result is _______________.

The release of acetylcholine from the motor neuron

Match the fallowing term relating to a lever with its appropriate function: Load

The resistance

What is the refactory period?

The time when fiber can not be stimulated until repolarization is complete

Do Fast- Glyolitic fibers use a little or alot of oxygen?

They use little oxygen. Depends on plentiful glycogen reserves for fuel rather than blood-delivered nutrients.

Pectoralis Major: Action

adducts, and medially rotates arm

Where does 95% of the energy needed for contraction come from during moderate exercise?

aerobic respiration

The _______________ assists the triceps brachii in forearm extension

anconeus

what term refers to a muscle that performs a task opposite the task performed by another?

antagonist

muscles that oppose, or reverse, a particular movement are ________________

antagonists

Where is the nucleus located in smooth muscle?

centrally located

where is the nucleus located in cardiac muscle?

centrally located

Painful muscle spasm that results from muscle strain or contusion, i.e., tearing of muscle fallowed by bleeding into the tissues (hematoma) and severe, prolonged pain

charley horse

Name the movement which is really a combination of movements found in ball and socket joints like the shoulder or hip in which the arm or leg outlines a cone shape.

circumduction

What is a sustained spasm or tetanic contraction called?

cramp

Sliding filament theory

during contraction actin is pulled over myosin, causing the I band to shrink and the muscle to shorten

The muscle whose action on the ankle/foot that everts foot and plantar flexes foot

fibularis (peroneus) longus and brevis

What muscle adducts the wrist?

flexor carpi ulnaris

Match the event with the action of the muscle that it describes: Release if energy during metabolism

generation of heat

Each myosin molecule has a rodlike tail attached by a flexible hinge to two ___________ _______

gobular heads

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Hip flexion

iliopsoas (PM), sartorius, tensor fascia lata, rectus femoris, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus

The external intercostal muscles are used primarily in ______________

inhalation

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

Is smooth muscle voluntary of involuntary?

involuntary

what are the four functional characteristics of muscle tissue?

irritability (excitability), Contractibility, Extensibility, and Elasticity

Trapezius: Insertion

lateral third of clavicle, Acromion process and spine of scapula

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM): Action

laterally rotates head and flexes the head

Triceps Brachii: Origin

long head; infraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Lateral head; posterior shaft of humerus. Medial head; posterior humeral shaft distal to radial groove.

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Mastication

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

What are the four functions of muscles

movement, posture, protection, heat generation

Is skeletal muscle uninucleate of multinucleate?

multinucleate

thick filaments are composed primarily of the protein __________________

myosin

Is smooth muscle striated or not striated?

not striated

What muscle flexes and adducts the thigh

pectineus

where is the nucleus located in skeletal muscle?

peripherally located

What muscle action on the leg/knee joint rotates thigh laterally and stabilizes hip joint

quadratus

Happens mainly in athletes who do not warm up properly. Not painful at first, but pain intesifies within three to six hours

quadriceps and hamstring strains

Slow oxidative muscle fiber is fatigue ____________.

resistant

Is common, particularly in older people as a result of stumbling and in young sprinters when the tendon is traumatized during takeoff. The rupture is fallowed by abrupt pain; a gap is seem just above the heel, and the calf bulges at the triceps surae are released from their insertion

ruptured calcaneal tendon

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called the ______________

sarcolemma

What muscle action on the leg/knee joint flexes, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh

sartorius

match the fallowing description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: composite muscle located along the back from thoracic region to head

semispinalis wapitis, crevicis, and thoracis

because it is tightly wrapped by fascia, the inflamed tibialis anterior cuts off its own circulation as it swells and presses painfully on its own nerves

shin splints

What muscle plantar flexes the door and is important in posture?

soleus

match the fallowing description of muscles that move the head and trunk with its appropriate name: Broad two-part muscle that lies on the neck between the base of the skull and the upper thoracic vertebrae

splenius capitis and crevics

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Lateral flexion of the neck

sternocleidomastoid, obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior, rectus capitis lateralis, longissimus capitis, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, trapezius (upper fibers)

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Rotation of the neck

sternocleidomastoid, obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior, rectus capitis lateralis, longissimus capitis, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, trapezius (upper fibers)

the rectus femoris is a ___________ muscle of the thigh

straight

Rectus refers to muscles where the muscle fibers run _________ or _______ to the midline of the body

straight, parallel

Is skeletal muscle striated or not striated?

striated

______________ help prime movers by adding a little extra force to the same movement or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements

synergists

What muscle divides the neck into two triangles?

the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

What are the muscles of mastication?

the masseter, the temporals, the medial and lateral pteygoid, the buccinator

What muscle elevates the mandible and moves the mandible side to side

the medial pterygoid

Concentric contraction

the muscle shortens and does not work

If a muscle is applied to a load that exceeds the muscle's maximum tension, _____________

the muscles length will not change during contraction

Often several criteria are combined in a naming of a muscle. Which of the fallowing (origin, insertion, action) are NOT described in the name extensor carpi radials longus?

the origin of the muscle

Actin is a __________ myofilament and myosin is a __________ myofilament

thin, thick

A twisting of the neck also called wryneck. sometimes present at birth when the muscle fibers are torn during difficult delivery

torticollis

True or false: damage to the external intercostals would hinder inspiration

true

True or false: the radius a lever

true

The heart

Where might this muscle type shown in the picture be found?

The _______________ is the prime mover of dorsiflexion of the foot.

Tibialis anterior

What binds to calcium ions in a smooth muscle, causing contraction?

Calmodulin

Match the following description of the muscle type with the correct type of muscle unit: Branching chains of cells; uni- or binucleate; striations; intercalated discs.

Cardiac muscle cells

Sphincters have a _______________ arrangement of fascicles.

Circular

Hamstrings: Insertion

Common tendon passes down laterally (forming lateral border of popliteal fossa) to inset into head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia. Medial aspect of upper tibial shaft. Medial condyle of tibia; via oblique popliteal ligament to lateral condyle of femur.

What ability sets muscle apart from all other tissue types?

Contractibility

What characteristic does muscle tissue to perform its duties: The ability to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated.

Contractibility

Match the event in the generation and propagation of action potential: Propagation of the action potential

Increased positive charge inside sarcolemma changes permeability of adjacent areas, opening voltage-regulated Na+ channels.

Latissimus Dorsi: Origin

Indirect attachment via lumbodorsal fascia into spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae. Lower 3-4 ribs and iliac crest; also from scapular inferior angle. T7-12, L1-5, S1-5, Crest of ilium, ribs 10-12.

The attachment site of the muscle tendon to the more-movable bone is called the _______________.

Insertion

Hamstrings: Origin

Ischial tuberosity (long head); linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line and distal femur (short head)

Contraction of muscle during which the tension continues to increase but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens

Isometric contraction

Contraction of the muscle during which the muscle changes in length and the tension remains constant through most of the contractile period

Isotonic contraction

Match the following description of muscle contraction with the correct term: contraction of muscle during which the muscle changes in length and the tension remains the consistent through most of the contractile period.

Isotonic contraction

The deltoid is a muscle named according to _______________

It's shape

The term that means a continued mild or partial contraction of a muscle that keeps it healthy and ready to respond is muscle ________?

Tone

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Shoulder elevation

Trapezius(upper part), levator scapula(e)

Correct meaning of: Deltoid

Triangle

List the muscles involved in each of the following motions: Elbow extension

Triceps brachii (PM), anconeus

What protein binds Ca2+ and starts the contraction cycle?

Troponin

True or False: Smooth muscle fibers are small and spindle shaped.

True

True or false activities best suited for fast oxidative fibers include sprinting and walking

True

What type of contraction is represented by a single stimulus/contraction/relaxation sequence?

Twitch

How many origins are there for the biceps brachii muscle?

Two

In which the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, as in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the leg.

Unipennate