Muscular System
external/internal oblique,transversus abdominis
1.compresses abdomen
motor unit
A single motor neuron with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a?
abduction
A term describing movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.
extension
A term used to describe the movement that is the opposite of flexion.
isometric
A type of muscle contraction that does not produce movement and does not allow the muscle to shorten but does increase muscle tension.
isotonic
A type of muscle contraction that produces movement in a joint and allows the muscles to shorten.
endurance training
Also known as aerobic training, doesn't usually result in hypertrophy
Muscle fiber
Another name for muscle cell.
antagonist
As prime movers and synergist muscles at a joint contract, other muscles relax called....
insertion
The muscle attachment to the more movable bone is called the?
origin
The muscle attachment to to the more stationary bone is called the?
prime mover
The muscle that is mainly responsible for producing a particular movement
neuromuscular junction
The point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber
myosin
The protein that makes up the thick myofilaments.
actin
The protein that makes up the thin myofilaments.
iliopsas, sartorius
When the thigh is flexed what muscle is a flexor?
pectoralis major
When the upper arm is moved what muscle is a flexor?
hypothermia
a decrease, below normal body temperature drastically affects cellular activity and normal body function
rotation
a movement around a longitudinal axis
flexion
a movement that makes the angle between two bones at their joint smaller than it was at the beginning of the movement.
deltoid
abducts upper arm
tendons
anchor muscles firmly to bones and are made of dense, fibrous connective tissue
thin myofilaments
are composed mainly of a protein called actin
the muscle lengthens but still provides work
eccentric contraction
zygomaticus
elevates corners of mouth and lips
tendon sheaths
enclose some tendons; tube-shaped structures lined with synovial membrane and moistened with synovial fld
hypertrophy
exercise may cause an increase in muscle size
endurance training
exercise program increases a muscle's ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period
sliding filament model
explanation of how a skeletal muscle contracts
latissimus dorsi
extends and helps adduct upper arm
triceps brachii
extends elbow
trapezius
extends head and neck
white fibers
fast fibers are also called ____________ because they have a low red myoglobin content
smooth muscle
fibers are tapered at each end and have a single nucleus, nonstriated muscle fibers,
pectoralis major
flexes and helps adduct upper arm
biceps brachii
flexes elbow
ilipsoas
flexes thigh or trunk
thick myofilaments
formed from a protein called myosin
movement, posture, heat production
functions of skeletal muscle
supination
hand position with the palm turned to anterior position
pronation
hand position with the palm turned to posterior position
synergist
help in producing the movement
threshold stimulus
minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called?
tetanic contraction
more sustained and stead response than a twitch, produced by a series of stimuli bombarding the muscle in rapid successesion.
fatigue
muscles without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction decreases resulting in...
paralysis
nervous system disorder that shuts off impulses to certain skeletal muscles
disuse atrophy
prolonged inactivity, muscles usually shrink in mass
twitch
quick, jerky response to a stimulus, can be seen in isolated muscles during research, and play a minimal role in normal muscle activity
Frontal
raises the eyebrow
carpal tunnel syndrome
weakness, pain and tingling in the hand
isometric contraction
when the muscle contracts and no movement results
intercalated disks
where the plasma membranes of adjacent cardiac fibers come in contact with each other
heart
Cardiac muscle makes up the bulk of the tissue of the?
tetanus
Contractions "melt" together to produce a sustained contraction
supination
Describes the hand position when the body is in anatomical position.
Sacromere
The basic functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle.
threshold stimulus
The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract.
movement, posture, heat production
The three functions of the skeletal system.
lactic acid
The waste product produced when the muscle must switch to an energy supplying process that does not require oxygen.
Multiple sclerosis
This disorder shuts off impulses to certain skeletal muscles.
skeletal, striated, voluntary
Three names of muscle tissue...
concentric, eccentric
What are the two types of isotonic contraction?
Gastrocnemius soleus
What is the extensor when the foot is extended?
Triceps brachii
What is the extensor when the lower arm is extended?
Quadriceps group
What is the extensor when the lower leg is extended?
Gluteus maximus
What is the extensor when the thigh is extended?
Latissimus dorsi
What is the extensor when the upper arm is extended?
Tibialis major
When the foot is flexed what is the flexor?
biceps brachii
When the lower arm is moved what muscle is a flexor?
Hamstrings
When the lower leg is flexed what is the flexor?
tenosynovitis
caused by repetitive motion (inflammation of the tendon sheath)
orbicularis oculi
closes eye
masseter
closes jaw
temporal
closes jaw
cardiac muscle
composes bulk of heart; characterized by unique dark bands called INTERCALATED DISKS
the muscle shortens
concentric contraction
tonic contraction
continuous, low-strength muscle contraction aka muscle tone
strength training
contracting muscles against heavy resistance
oxygen debt
describes the continued increased metabolism that must occur in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that accumulates during prolonged exercise
orbicularis oris
draws lips together
muscle fiber
each fine thread is a muscle cell aka...
extension
movements that make the angle between two bones at their joint larger than it was at the beginning of the movement
circumduction
moves a part so that its distal end moves in a "circle"
abduction
moving a part away from the midline of the body
adduction
moving a part towards the midline of the body
thick and thin myofilaments
muscle fiber is made up of two kinds of threadlike microfilaments called:
motor neuron
muscle fibers are stimulated by a nerve fiber called?
isotonic contraction
muscle produces movement at a joint, the muscle changes length, and the insertion end moves relative to the point of origin
posture
muscle tone maintains
insertion
muscle's attachment to the more movable bone
origin
muscle's attachment to this more stationary bone
sternocleidomastoid
rotates and flexes head and neck
synovial membrane
secretes a slippery lubricating fluid that fills the bursa
red fibers
slow fibers are also called __________ because they have a high content of oxygen storing myoglobin
bursae
small, fluid-filled sacs
sacromere
the basic functional or contractile unit of skeletal muscle
plantar flexion
the bottom of the foot is directed downward so that you are in effect standing on your toes
fascia
the loose connective tissue outside the muscle organs that forms a flexible, sticky "packing material" between muscles, bones, and the skin.
ATP
the molecule that supplies energy for muscle contraction.
dorsiflexion
the top of the foot is elevated with the toes pointing upward
