Muscular System

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external/internal oblique,transversus abdominis

1.compresses abdomen

motor unit

A single motor neuron with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a?

abduction

A term describing movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

extension

A term used to describe the movement that is the opposite of flexion.

isometric

A type of muscle contraction that does not produce movement and does not allow the muscle to shorten but does increase muscle tension.

isotonic

A type of muscle contraction that produces movement in a joint and allows the muscles to shorten.

endurance training

Also known as aerobic training, doesn't usually result in hypertrophy

Muscle fiber

Another name for muscle cell.

antagonist

As prime movers and synergist muscles at a joint contract, other muscles relax called....

insertion

The muscle attachment to the more movable bone is called the?

origin

The muscle attachment to to the more stationary bone is called the?

prime mover

The muscle that is mainly responsible for producing a particular movement

neuromuscular junction

The point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber

myosin

The protein that makes up the thick myofilaments.

actin

The protein that makes up the thin myofilaments.

iliopsas, sartorius

When the thigh is flexed what muscle is a flexor?

pectoralis major

When the upper arm is moved what muscle is a flexor?

hypothermia

a decrease, below normal body temperature drastically affects cellular activity and normal body function

rotation

a movement around a longitudinal axis

flexion

a movement that makes the angle between two bones at their joint smaller than it was at the beginning of the movement.

deltoid

abducts upper arm

tendons

anchor muscles firmly to bones and are made of dense, fibrous connective tissue

thin myofilaments

are composed mainly of a protein called actin

the muscle lengthens but still provides work

eccentric contraction

zygomaticus

elevates corners of mouth and lips

tendon sheaths

enclose some tendons; tube-shaped structures lined with synovial membrane and moistened with synovial fld

hypertrophy

exercise may cause an increase in muscle size

endurance training

exercise program increases a muscle's ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period

sliding filament model

explanation of how a skeletal muscle contracts

latissimus dorsi

extends and helps adduct upper arm

triceps brachii

extends elbow

trapezius

extends head and neck

white fibers

fast fibers are also called ____________ because they have a low red myoglobin content

smooth muscle

fibers are tapered at each end and have a single nucleus, nonstriated muscle fibers,

pectoralis major

flexes and helps adduct upper arm

biceps brachii

flexes elbow

ilipsoas

flexes thigh or trunk

thick myofilaments

formed from a protein called myosin

movement, posture, heat production

functions of skeletal muscle

supination

hand position with the palm turned to anterior position

pronation

hand position with the palm turned to posterior position

synergist

help in producing the movement

threshold stimulus

minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called?

tetanic contraction

more sustained and stead response than a twitch, produced by a series of stimuli bombarding the muscle in rapid successesion.

fatigue

muscles without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction decreases resulting in...

paralysis

nervous system disorder that shuts off impulses to certain skeletal muscles

disuse atrophy

prolonged inactivity, muscles usually shrink in mass

twitch

quick, jerky response to a stimulus, can be seen in isolated muscles during research, and play a minimal role in normal muscle activity

Frontal

raises the eyebrow

carpal tunnel syndrome

weakness, pain and tingling in the hand

isometric contraction

when the muscle contracts and no movement results

intercalated disks

where the plasma membranes of adjacent cardiac fibers come in contact with each other

heart

Cardiac muscle makes up the bulk of the tissue of the?

tetanus

Contractions "melt" together to produce a sustained contraction

supination

Describes the hand position when the body is in anatomical position.

Sacromere

The basic functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle.

threshold stimulus

The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract.

movement, posture, heat production

The three functions of the skeletal system.

lactic acid

The waste product produced when the muscle must switch to an energy supplying process that does not require oxygen.

Multiple sclerosis

This disorder shuts off impulses to certain skeletal muscles.

skeletal, striated, voluntary

Three names of muscle tissue...

concentric, eccentric

What are the two types of isotonic contraction?

Gastrocnemius soleus

What is the extensor when the foot is extended?

Triceps brachii

What is the extensor when the lower arm is extended?

Quadriceps group

What is the extensor when the lower leg is extended?

Gluteus maximus

What is the extensor when the thigh is extended?

Latissimus dorsi

What is the extensor when the upper arm is extended?

Tibialis major

When the foot is flexed what is the flexor?

biceps brachii

When the lower arm is moved what muscle is a flexor?

Hamstrings

When the lower leg is flexed what is the flexor?

tenosynovitis

caused by repetitive motion (inflammation of the tendon sheath)

orbicularis oculi

closes eye

masseter

closes jaw

temporal

closes jaw

cardiac muscle

composes bulk of heart; characterized by unique dark bands called INTERCALATED DISKS

the muscle shortens

concentric contraction

tonic contraction

continuous, low-strength muscle contraction aka muscle tone

strength training

contracting muscles against heavy resistance

oxygen debt

describes the continued increased metabolism that must occur in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that accumulates during prolonged exercise

orbicularis oris

draws lips together

muscle fiber

each fine thread is a muscle cell aka...

extension

movements that make the angle between two bones at their joint larger than it was at the beginning of the movement

circumduction

moves a part so that its distal end moves in a "circle"

abduction

moving a part away from the midline of the body

adduction

moving a part towards the midline of the body

thick and thin myofilaments

muscle fiber is made up of two kinds of threadlike microfilaments called:

motor neuron

muscle fibers are stimulated by a nerve fiber called?

isotonic contraction

muscle produces movement at a joint, the muscle changes length, and the insertion end moves relative to the point of origin

posture

muscle tone maintains

insertion

muscle's attachment to the more movable bone

origin

muscle's attachment to this more stationary bone

sternocleidomastoid

rotates and flexes head and neck

synovial membrane

secretes a slippery lubricating fluid that fills the bursa

red fibers

slow fibers are also called __________ because they have a high content of oxygen storing myoglobin

bursae

small, fluid-filled sacs

sacromere

the basic functional or contractile unit of skeletal muscle

plantar flexion

the bottom of the foot is directed downward so that you are in effect standing on your toes

fascia

the loose connective tissue outside the muscle organs that forms a flexible, sticky "packing material" between muscles, bones, and the skin.

ATP

the molecule that supplies energy for muscle contraction.

dorsiflexion

the top of the foot is elevated with the toes pointing upward


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