Music and the Music Industry Week 1
Where was music most commonly performed in the 19th century
parlors and concert halls
The public (for broadcasters) in the songwriting stream
people listen and watch, usually with no charge other than serving as an audience, for the broadcaster's advertising messages
The public (for the other media) in the songwriting stream
people watch and buy these other uses of the songs
Public in the recording stream
people who buy downloads or physical copies
Recording artists in the recording stream
people who perform for recordings by playing instruments or singing a particular performance that is recorded
Musicians and singers in the live performance stream
perform live for appearances primarily in concerts, in nightclubs, on television, and on radio
Origins of the record industry
piano roll industry
Venues in the live performance stream
places for live appearances by artists including clubs, concert halls, arenas, and stadiums
Studios in the recording stream
provide equipment and places for the artists to make their recordings
How does each stream end
public consuming the output of the stream: the song, the liver appearance, or the recording the public pays for its participation in the stream and that revenue moves back through a host of players to those who initially create the song, performance or recording
Music publisher in the songwriting stream
publishers acquire rights to songs from songwriters and then license the uses of those songs
The public in the live performance stream
purchase tickets to or attend live artist perfromances
Promoters in the live performance stream
put on live appearances by performers by arranging for the performer, venue, the date, the production, and the marketing for the performance
How did the advent of the radio effect the record industry
put the industry in a recession in the late 1920's but it eventually recovered
Recording stream chain
recording artists, side musicians/vocalists, record labels(AR), record producers, recording engineers, studios, record manufacturers, distributors, merchandisers, recording performance rights organizations, the public
Merchandisers in the recording stream
retailers that sell copies of the recordings to the consuming public, includes brick and mortar stores as well as internet retailers
What was the start of the music publishing business in the US
sheet music for popular songs appeared in the US in the mid 1800's
How did World War II affect the music industry
the whole world seemed to discover the appeal of America's popular music due to the Armed Forces Radio Network, made America records heard around the world not just for the GI's like intended but everyone, American style had become a world style
How are musicians trying to adapt to the new music industry
there are more ways than ever to do it yourself and launch and control your own career ex) an artist increasingly may be his own label--and his own retailer with direct online sales to consumers
What do music merchants think music should do
want music to fit the mainstream sales taste of the moment and to make as much money as possible, good does no necessarily equal popular
What do musicians think music should do
want their music to break creative boundaries and to be heard and appreciated by as many people as possible, they want to connect to their audience
Harmonica Musices Odhecaton A
was printed in 1501 and contained 96 pieces of music
How has the music industry changed over time (basic)?
was radically reshaped by a still-evolving digital landscape, the industry has been rocked by waves of always new technologies for more than a century, and after rocky adjustments, the business has always emerged healthier and more prosperous
Where and when was the first public opera theater opened
Venice, 1637
Why is it important to understand the recording industry in terms of an economic model
ability attract revenues and profits enables different producers to continue to operate in media markets, aka making money is what allows artists to continue doing what they do, to be a professional artist
Talent agents in the live performance stream
agents book live appearances for performers
Internet impact
allied a direct, intimate, and interactive connection with fans in ways never before possible outside of a small concert
Who/what is considered the champion for elevating the states of the music profession
american federation of musicians (AFM), a labor union with members in the United States and Canada
Rise of publishing houses
around 1892, a number of large publishing houses had developed, took pride in being able to spot potential hits and who they couldn't find them they put composers on weekly salaries to work in-house
Personal managers in the live performance stream
assist artsits in the development and coordination of their careers as performing and recording artists, most of their day to day functions revolve around live appearances not recordings
Recording engineers in the recording stream
assists the producer and artists by running the equipment necessary first to capture the performance in a recording and to shape the final sound that the artist and producer ultimately want on the recording
Increasing availability of low cos tape recorders
consumers could hear recorded or broadcast music with a quality of sound that was better than that offered at their local concert halls
Effect of the compact disc
consumers replaced their record collections with the digital discs and then scooped up on new CD only releases
Other media in the songwriting stream
create movies, print sheet music and song books, make recordings, and utilize the songs in other ways that create royalties for the publisher and songwriter
How did musicians acquire recognition as professionals
development of the paying audience, audience members had to pay their way into a room to hear music
Jackrobber
discovered act people would buy records wherever they shopped, set up record racks in supermarkets, variety stores, department stores, etc.
What does the presence of cash flow in all three streams drive music industry participants to do
drives the major players in the industry to try and gain control over and participate in all three income streams with measures such as the 360 deal
How did minstrelsy affect the entertainment industry
enlarged public awareness and appreciation of popular music and the entertainment business
How are music merchants trying to adapt to the new music industry
exploring new business models and alliances, different types of artist contracts and previously untapped licensing opportunities for current this and their catalog of old titles
What is the state of the music industry currently
face a major crisis with the explosion of internet music
Why are musicians and merchants natural enemies
generally conflicting views on what music should be and do
How do recording artists make money in the recording stream
getting a royalty payment based on the sales of copies of the recordings that they make but many lesser known acts in all genres simply make and sell their own recordings at their performances or through the internet by various methods with physical copies, downloads, or streaming
Broadcasters in the songwriting stream
media perform songs by playing recordings or broadcasting live performances of the song through in person, television and radio, cable, satellite, and internet transmitters
AFM locals (membership in the labor union)
members of the labor union, receive requests from sponsors of civic events, political rallies, and community benefits
Affect of the great depression on the music industry
million-selling records disappeared, and sales of sheet music collapsed, attendance at theaters dropped (especially with the movie musical taking off) but radio broadcasting grew rapidly
First important professional musicians
mimes of the greek and roman theater, singing dancing actors
Recording performing rights organizations
monitor the performances of recordings and collect royalty payments for those performance for the artists and labels
Evolution of the song Turn Turn Turn
most famous version was by The Byrds, a rock band which was released by Columbia records and became a huge #1 hit covered numerous times from Nina Simone, Dolly Parton, Bruce Springsteen, etc. Featured in numerous films and TV shows
Common relationship between music publisher and songwriter
most music publishers sign songwriters to contracts agreeing to pay the writer a share of the royalties that the publisher makes from licensing the uses of the song
Until the 1920's, what was the music audeince
most professional music making was addressed to a small elite audience that was accustomed to buying tickets to attend opera, the symphony, or a musical
When and why did a music book publishing industry emerge
music education and criticism in the 20th century
What was music performance like before the notion of payed performers and musicians
music making was undertaken by individuals and group simply for their own pleasure, the performer was also the composer, if there was an audience, it was a social or religious gathering it did not occur to early musicians that they might develop an audience that would pay to hear them sing their songs
The first paying audiences
musical theater and opera in Italy and England, by the 1800's the public had accepted the idea that you had to buy a ticket to hear a professional
Song pluggers
musican merchandising method in the late 19th century, would attempt to persuade performers to use material coming off the presses, tried to contact headliners in vaudeville and burlesque shows to get them to use the songs were pushing at the time tin pan alley
Live performance stream chain
musicians and singers, personal managers, talent agents, promoters, venues, the public
MP3 impact
new form of mass media became controlled by the masses, ability of consumers to make duplicate recordings shattered the girl that labels held on music when play only media such as the LP were standard
Performing artists vs. Recording artists
not all live performers are recording artists, thought most aspire to be, and not all recording artists are live performers, though most need to be
Musicians for the nobility
number of artists were employed by the nobility as house musician, put on royal payroll to make music in salons, ballrooms, and chapels for their wealthy patrons
AFM's response to exploitation
offer to supply union musicians without fee, provided that the other trades and professions such as waiters and bartenders also work without pay
Record manufacturers in the recording stream
often the same as the label, these organizations make copies of the recordings (hard copies or electronic) suitable for sale in some manner to ultimate consumers
Three revenue streams (general)
1) Music publishing/songwriting stream generated through the utilization of a song creative act- song is written 2) live appearance stream (concerts) one generated from live performances of that song Creative act- live performance is given 3) recordings one from the utilization of a particular recorded performance of that song creative act- recording is produced
When did public performances of music begin
17th century
Bank involvement in the music industry and its effect
1970's, large corporations began to notice that people in the music publishing and record business were making lots of money and decided to buy in, music enterprise was no an acceptable risk, began making loans to music publishers, record producers, and artists' managers The buying and selling of music companies resulted in the majority of industry revenue becoming controlled by a handful of giant corporations
When did music publishers be able to garnish royalties
Law of 1903
Music professionals in the middle ages
Minstrels of Germany and the jongleurs of France, who were not just singers but also danced, juggled, did card tricks, threw knives and trained animals
Earliest notable artist's manager
Mozart's father, started presenting his son to all of europe
Where and when was the first public concert hall opened
Oxford England in 1725 vocal and band concerts were common in London and Paris at this time
Were music professionals in the middle ages paid
a handful of musicians involved in secular music managed to earn at least part of their livelihood during the middle ages and renaissance, but in the religious sector, almost no musicians enjoyed real professional status
Minstrel show
became very popular from 1850-1900, musicians from Africa were in Europe entertaining whites
Why did publishers fight radio
believing that giving music away through this medium would hurt sheet music sales, overexposing songs was killing songs in 6 weeks, potential customers could not get down to the store to make a purchase before the song's popularity had waned
What were the conditions like for the working musician in 15th and 16th centuries
better, guilds included the music trade, which influenced the working conditions but also the creation and artistic standards
How did the lives of musicians change with the popularity of radio
big bands became name bands because of network radio, name bands became record stars realized that the singers in the band were the most popular/attractive, started them working alone
Minstrel show's influence on blacks' involvement in professional music
blacks began to find a place in the white musical world as full professionals, increasing number of blacks began to take part
How has technology altered the music industry? (general)
growth of peer to peer file sharing in the 1990's, a shift toward nontraditional and nine retail, the introduction of single track downloads rather than full (more expensive) albums, and the acceleration of streaming have all altered the old equation forced new ways of thinking about who to connect making music and making money
Distributors in the recording stream
handle the copies of the recordings so that they can be conveyed to the ultimate consumer for purchase, wholesale the copies of the recordings made by the manufacturers to the retailers
How has the record industry faired since WWII
has grown steadily
What did the ancient greeks and romans think of professional musicians
held them to be disreputable types, calling them infami (outlaws)
Record labels in the recording stream
hire artists to make recordings that they plan on marketing in some way to the public, usually sign the artist to a recording contract promising to pay the artist a royalty for recordings sold in return for the artist's rome to record exclusively for that particular label
After the Ball
in 1892, the song was the first to sell more than a million copies in a 12 month period
Record producers in the recording stream
in charge of the process of creating the recording, select material, studios, and assistants, take care of the business aspects of the recording process and by delivering a marketable product
When did the piano grow in popularity
in the 1890's during the reconstruction era when the size and affluence of the middle class grew, the piano was a standard adornment in the parlors of upper middle class families
What started the age of recording
invention of the phonograph in 1877
Why were religious musicians not paid
it was considered just another part of their christian service
When was printed music first available
late 14th century
Music performing rights organizations (PRO's) in the songwriting stream
license broadcasters, clubs, and others to perform songs, either live or from recordings
PRO
license performance rights and pay performance royalties to songwriters, music publishers, and record labels ex) ASCAP, BMI, SESAC
How is the music side of the music business booming?
listening to music is still cited as the most popular activity among teens, our passion for music is not limited to any genre, recorded music is one of the primary forms of entertainment worldwide, and ever-cheaper digital production tools, among with the wide open world of the web have combined to spark an explosion of choices for every possible music taste, new types of electronic ways to make music are invented every day
What is the oldest part of the music industry
live music and concerts
How were musicians for the nobility treated
looked on these artists as servants, would frequently pay them later than promised or not at all
How did music publishers react to the popularity of the radio (how did they adapt)
shifted their attention from plugging vaudeville performers to the new stars of the radio, point their promotional efforts toward the big bands and their singers who had weekly, sometimes nightly radio broadcasts in the three major cities for broadcasting, had grown from a local to national enterprise with the development of network radio
How long has hand written music been around
since the middle ages
How do AFM locals get exploited
some people running benefits do not pay them and would have them share their art just for the inherent pleasure of it
Talkies
song fits, audience would buy a lot of theater tickets to hear songs sung on the silver screen
Music publishing/songwriting chain
songwriter music publishers music performing rights organization broadcasters the public (for broadcasters) other media the public (for the other media)
Affect of the invention of the long playing vinyl
songwriters and publishers could pace 12 songs on each release, increased sales in classical records and many others
360 deal
the artist signs and agreement for all or most music business function with the same entity, be it a table or other entertainment entity
performance of Western music existed in the Middle Ages in what two venues
the church and the aristocratic court
How did radio affect musical audiences
the elites audience not only continued but also grew, mass communication technology discovered so many new audiences, found new audiences for different types of music such as fold, country, blues, and jazz
How has the music industry stayed the same?
the fundamentals of the business, the creation, publishing, packaging, marketing, distribution and sale of music, have remained constant you still have the creators at one end and merchants continue to monetize a music product at the other with many others such as agents, managers, producers, label executives, promoters, lawyers, and accountants perform their vital roles throughout the process
Revenue stream
the path through which money flows, in the music business these paths are from consumers back to the creators of musical compositions, live performances, and recordings
End of World War II affect on the music industry
when the GI's returned home they bought large quantities of records, music instrument factors which had been shut down earlier to produce weapons, were now producing instruments again
How does each stream begin
with a creative input form an initial source: a songwriter, a performing artists, or a recording artist
Side musicians/vocalists in the recording stream
work on a per job basis for the artist or producer to help create the desired recording, do not receive royalties form the sale of the recordings
Songwriter's role in the songwriting stream
write songs, may be completely independent but may also be the recording artist or producer
Original song of Turn Turn Turn
written by folk musician Pete Seeger, lyrics are from the Book of Ecclesiastes in the Bible