music appreciation honors test 2: medieval and renaissance

plainchant

(chant, Gregorian chant) official monophonic music of the Roman Catholic Church

importance of josquin desprez

-brought sacred polyphony to new heights -perfected new style of polyphony -motives

what was secular music written for?

-court occasions -secular love songs -dances + entertainment -estampie (stamping medieval dance)

Ave Maria

-motet -Petrucci published it -drawn from new testament

elements of ave maria

-point of imitation -three types of texture: -imitative counterpoint -pairing of voice -block chords/homophony

what did hildegard of bingen do

-revival of her work in 20th century -created her own melodies and texts for Divine Office and Mass -O virdissima virga

three ideas medieval musicians borrowed from ancient greece

1) consonance vs dissonance 2) "music of the spheres" 3) plato's ideas of the emotional and moral power of music

why rise of polyphony?

1) counterpoint 2)increasing complexity 3) needed to regulate rhythm (using chords)

what are the similarities between medieval and ancient greek music

1) modes or church modes (major/minor scales) 2)no prescribed rhythms 3)monophonic

How do we know that the anonymous first composers of Western polyphony were educated church clerics?

Because the new music required notation (??)

Divine Office

Extended series of services beginning at about 4 a.m. and continuing at regular intervals throughout the day and evening. services of the Roman Catholic Church featuring readings and the singing of psalms

troubadors, trouveres

French poet-musician who composed epic poems and courtly love songs

minnesingers

German counterpart to trouvères and troubadours

In what way was Dufay a forward-looking composer?

He maintained uniformly dense textures in all of his compositions (??)

Sections of the Ordinary order

Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei)

Which of the following is the term for a musical instrument made from a tortoise shell with strings stretched across it?

Lyre

Which statement about troubadours is true?

Many troubadours wrote epic poems and composed songs about the Crusades

the ordinary

Parts of a larger worship service that remained constant regardless of time of year.

gradual

a Proper chant sung or recited between the Epistle and Gospel readings during the Mass

rondeau

a medieval poetic and musical form that features a recurring refrain

courtly love

a medieval tradition of love between a knight and a noblewoman

chant

a monophonic melody set to a text used in the Catholic liturgy

humanism

a movement during the Renaissance that celebrated the study of Greek and Roman antiquity, and focused on human qualities and needs

point of imitation

a musical texture in which one part is imitated in turn by other parts, typically one at a time

block chords

a passage featuring a series of vertically aligned chords

modes

a pattern of scale-like pitches on which medieval music was based

chanson

a secular love song of the late Middle Ages, one, two or three parts (??)

cadence

a series of notes or chords that denote a pause or full stop in music

motives

a short musical theme

ars nova

a term used in the fourteenth century to describe the increasingly secular polyphony of that era

polyphony

a type of music with two or more different melodic lines

homophony

a type of musical texture that emphasizes vertically aligned chords

motet

a type of polyphonic vocal composition, developed in the thirteenth century, became more sacred

the renaissance

age of revival in arts and letter (1450-1600) -means rebirth -music seen as art, people spend money on it

secular chanson

based on love poetry in medieval origins had graceful melodic lines

why are cathedrals important?

become centers of polyphony

which countries did the renaissance first arise through music?

belgium, holland, france

rebec

bowman

Which of the following is a probable reason for the loss of most medieval music?

burning of manuscripts

Viderunt omnes

by leonin cadence rhythmic notation

franco-flemish style

centered on the powerful duchy of burgandy

guillame de machaut

chansons renouned premier french poet

Early medieval church music, which was primarily passed down as part of an oral tradition, was known by many names—what are they?

chant, gregorian chant, plainsong

renaissance rediscovers what?

classical antiquity -renewed effort to celebrate Greek and Roman antiquity -architecture and sculpture

Josquin

compared to michelangelo fame as a composer

Se la face ay pale

composed around 1450 used firm voice form: ABA written for smaller choral ensemble (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) tenor sang cantus firmus

why listen to renaissance

composers used older church modes, as well as two new modes, later recognized as major and minor scales -developing major and minor keys/scales -harmonies- triads -musical notation- standard features adopted -3rds and 6ths considered to be consonant (standardization of music) -vocal music- tied to specific texts carrying specific meanings, meaning of words seen in the music -rise of music written for instruments alone -advent of printing -new modes (major/minor scales)

The Greek concept that some intervals are fundamentally pleasing while others are naturally harsh and unstable is known as what?

consonance and disonance

secular medieval songs were performed where?

courts

lithurgy

customary public worship performed by a religious group, according to its beliefs, customs and traditions.

vidurent onmes

dates back to 5th century 1) gradual 2) melismas

two rituals plainchant sang in

divine office and mass

shawm

double reed

organum

early kind of medieval polyphony

In all medieval chants, the musicians sing in unison—having a soloist perform alone was prohibited as a dangerous invitation to pride.

false

The kithara, a harp-like music, was scorned by Plato as he believed its sound to have a corrupting effect.

false

During the medieval era, most recorded music was created for use in the context of the "liturgy," or pattern of text and music used in the worship services of the Catholic Church.

false?

who is hildegard of bingen

founder of covenant in germany educated by benedictine nuns wrote about issues of social justice and duty to preserve natural world

Gregorian Chant

from Pope Gregory Church modes Unison Responsorial No recurring rhythmic patterns No notated instruments No harmony

Leonin

gathered compositions into Magnus liber (great book) polyphonic works

why we need to listen to viderunt omnes

harmony creative space paradoxical need to compose freely yet also to observe traditions and rules

why do we listen to ave maria?

homophony and counterpoint

linear perspective

in painting and drawing, a technique developed in the 1420s to simulate a view of a scene or object in depth, as it is actually perceived by the eye

Composers from which nation first experimented with triads?

italy???

Who commissioned Donato Bramante's Tempietto?

king ferdinand and isabella

palestrina

leading italian musician of second half of 16th century -refined franco-flemish style of imitative polyphony -notable works: 104 masses, 400 motets

cantus firmus

literally "fixed voice," to designate a pre-existing melody upon which a composition is based

how did renaissance composers compose differently

medieval composers started with one voice and added parts -renaissance composers began thinking of all parts simultaneously -unified musical web of sound -write things more whole and with harmony in mind

rise of secular polyphony

motet ars nova secular polyphony performed outside of church

sacred genres

motets and mass

What historical event in the early 1300s contributed to the waning influence of the Catholic Church on many facets of medieval life, including music?

moving of papacy from avignon to france

secular music

music outside of church, started to get more popular

printing press

music publishing took off after development of printing press ex- Petrucci- printer

classical connection to greek

no surviving examples -ancient texts studied -classical ideas of balance and order applied to musical composition -greek idea that music could shape and influence human behavior

why was secular music not preserved?

not "sacred" sacred was better preserved

authorship

not common during medieval ages, so we dont know many composers

florence cathedral dome

one of the greatest architectural icons of the renaissance -dufay motet was played there

location of polyphony

paris

what type of instruments did they use

plucked string instrument bowed string instrument wind instrument organ

notable gothic cathedral architecture

pointed arch, flying buttress, ribbed vault

what did plainchants consist of?

proper and ordinary, which were readings of scripture and prayer in two different types

Dufay's two types of works?

secular chanson and sacred genres

melisma

several notes sung to one syllable of text

monophony

simple texture; one musician performs a single line of music, or several musicians perform a single line of music in unision

responsorial

soloist may alternate with a choir in a chant

chivalry

strict social code of behavior in the Middle Ages

lute

string

neume

symbol used in early musical notation of the Middle Ages

Proper

the chants of the Mass whose texts change from day to day

The Mass

the principal service of the Roman Catholic Church; also the music written for a Mass

counterreformation

the sixteenth-century reaction of the Catholic Church against the Protestant reformation

counterpoint

the study of setting one or more lines of music against each other

how does renaissance approach harmony

triads

The Greek system of "modes," on which much medieval music is based, is similar to our modern scales in that both consist of a stepwise pattern of pitches that fill out an octave.

true

chord

two or more pitches sounding simultaneously

motets and mass

used medieval tech new techniques that were denser 4-5 part textures than varied textures in duets

harmony is...?

vertical music

example of medieval christmas music

vidurent onmes (use a call and response from chorus to soloist)

medici family of florence

wealth controlled the city dedicated humanists and patroned lots of art Lorenzo the magnificant

recorder

wind