Music Appreciation: Test 2

A brilliant solo section in a concerto designed to display the performer's virtuosity is called?

A cadenza.

The middle baroque was characterized by?

A diffusion of the style into every corner of Europe.

The usual order of movements in a classical symphony is?

fast, slow, dance-related, fast.

A typical sequence of movements in a classical concerto is?

fast, slow, fast.

Recorders

whistle-type woodwind instruments.

Handel's Messiah is an example of?

An oratorio.

Most early baroque operas were based on Greek mythology and what?

Ancient history.

A sung piece, or choral work with or without vocal soloists, usually with orchestral accompaniment, is the?

Cantata

Composer, patron, and public in the Classical Period

Changing society affected musicians (Haydn: worked 30 years for aristocrat family. Mozart: began at court, left, died in debt. Beethoven: successful independent musician.) Prospering middle class sought aristocrat luxury (Theatre, literature, music. Public concerts. Printed music, instruments, music lesson. Composers for middle class tastes (pieces for amateur musicians. Comic operas ridicule aristocracy. Dance movements less elegant more rustic. Composition flavored with folk and popular music.)

Music in the Middle Ages (450-1450)

Church was the center of musical life (important musicians were priest. Only sacred music was notated.) Music primarily vocal and sacred (instruments generally not used in church. Surviving music manuscripts indicate pitch only.)

In the baroque period, the ordinary citizen's opportunities for hearing music usually came from the?

Church.

Which of the following characteristics is not typical of the music of the classical period?

Classical music is basically polyphonic.

The three main sections of a sonata-form movement are often followed by a concluding section known as the?

Coda.

Renaissance music sounds fuller than medieval music because why?

Composers considered the harmonic effect of chords rather than superimposing one melody above another, the bass register is used for the first time, and the typical choral piece has four, five, or six voice parts of nearly equal melodic interest.

Which of the following statements is not true?

Composers in the classical period continued to use terraced dynamics in their compositions.

In many fugues, the subject in one voice is constantly accompanied in another voice by a different melodic idea called a(n)?

Countersubject.

The Renaissance may be described as an age of?

Curiosity and individualism, exploration and adventure, and the "rebirth" of human creativity.

Presenting the subject of a fugue in shortened time values is called?

Diminution.

A polyphonic composition based on one main theme is the?

Fugue.

The main keyboard instruments of the baroque period were the organ and the?

Harpsichord

Gregorian chant is?

Monophonic in texture.

The two main forms of sacred Renaissance music are the mass and the what?

Motet.

Short musical ideas or fragments of themes that are developed within a composition are called?

Motives.

Baroque Forms

Movement: piece that sounds completely independent but is a part of a larger composition (unity of mood in each movement. Pause between movements. Movement contrast.) Ternary and binary forms common. Contrasts between bodies of sound.

The Middle Ages (class distinctions)

Nobility, peasants, clergy. (Roman Catholic church powerful; monks held a virtual monopoly on learning. )

Listening (Organ Fugue in G Minor)

Note individual voice entry on same melody (subject.)

A large-scale composition for chorus, vocal soloists, and orchestra, usually set to a narrative biblical text, is called?

Oratorio.

After another repeat of the ritornello comes a passage that depicts a thunderstorm. Is this musical depiction created primarily by the orchestra, or by the solo violin?

Orchestra

______________ is a term applied to medieval music that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines.

Organum

An ____________ is an orchestral composition performed before the curtain rises on a dramatic work.

Overture.

The center of polyphonic music in Europe after 1150 was?

Paris

Congregational singing of chorales was an important way for people to?

Participate directly in the service.

A ____________ is a single tone, usually in the bass, that is held while the other voices produce a series of changing harmonies against it.

Pedal point.

The wandering minstrels, or jongleurs, of the Middle Ages did what?

Performed music and acrobatics in castles, taverns, and town squares, lived on the lowest level of society, and played instrumental dances on harps, fiddles, and lutes.

The Middle Ages (Later)

Period of cultural growth; Crusades (1096-1291)

Which of the following statements is not true of the classical period?

Philosophers and writers in the classical period believed that custom and tradition, rather than reason, were the best guides to human conduct.

Beethoven's late works, composed after he was totally deaf, include what?

Piano sonatas, string quartets, and the Ninth Symphony.

The Renaissance madrigal is a?

Piece for several solo voices set to a short poem, usually about love.

Haydn's music

Pioneer in development f symphony/string quartet. Influenced style of both Mozart and Beethoven. 104 symphonies, 68 string quartets.

In medieval times, most polyphonic music was created by?

Placing new melodic lines against known chants.

The opening Ritornello section contains two phrases, each repeated. What do the performers do on the repeated phrases to create contrast?

Play softer.

The Renaissance motet is a what?

Polyphonic choral work set to a sacred Latin text other than the ordinary of the mass.

The texture of Renaissance music is chiefly?

Polyphonic.

In the Middle Ages, most important musicians were what?

Priests

Following a brief statement of the ritornello, this section is meant to evoke "murmuring streams." What technique does Vivaldi employ here to create this effect?

Rapid alternating pitches.

During the Renaissance every educated person was expected to?

Read musical notation, play a musical instrument, and be skilled in dance.

The Renaissance (1450-1600)

Rebirth of human creativity. Age of exploration and adventure; curiosity and individualism. Humanism: intellectual movement (focus on human life and accomplishments. Captivated by ancient Greece and Roman cultures. Visual artists depicted realism.) Catholic Church far less powerful- Protestant Reformation. Education status symbol for aristocracy/ upper middle class. C. 1450: Interventipn of printing with moveable type. Printing widened music circulation. Musical training expected for educated people. Musicians work in churches, courts, towns (musicians enjoyed higher status pay. Composers sought credit for their work. Leading composers cane from Flanders.

The first and last movements of the concerto grosso are often in ____________ form.

Ritornello.

Ritornello Form

Ritornello: repeated section of music. Frequently used in 1st and 3rd movements. Theme repeatedly presented in fragments. Contrasts between solo sections and tutti.

Palestrina's career centered in?

Rome.

Speechlike melody accompanied only by a basso continuo is called?

Secco recitative.

Listening (Symphony No. 94 in G Major)

Second movement. Note: theme and variations form. Countermelody: melodic idea that accompanies main theme.

The _________ movement of Haydn's Surprise Symphony is in theme-and-variations form.

Second.

The lyrical slow movement of a symphony is most often the?

Second.

Haydn was a prolific composer, as demonstrated in part by his 68 string quartets and 104?

Symphonies.

Minuet and Trio

Ternary form based on stately court dance of the Baroque; in triple meter (each ternary part itself ternary; minuet: A, Trio: B, minuet: A.) Related form is scherzo.

Which of the following statements is not true of the music of the classical period?

The basso continuo was the nucleus of the instrumental ensemble.

Don Giovanni, in Mozart's opera of that name, is?

The legendary Spanish lover.

The return of the four-note signals the start of recapitulation, but the momentum is stopped almost immediately by an instrumental solo that was not in the exposition. What instrument plays this unusual solo?

The oboe.

The prospering middle class in the classical period sought aristocratic luxuries such as?

Theater, literature, and music.

Listening (Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major (1796))

Third movement: allegro

The form known as minuet and trio is employed as the __________ movement of classical symphonies, string quartets, and other works.

Third.

The movement of a sonata-type composition that is often patterned after a dance is the?

Third.

A sackbut is an early version of which modern instrument?

Trombone

Rondo

Tuneful main theme returns over and over (lively, pleasing and simple to remember.) Alternates with other contrasting sections. Common rondo patterns are ABACA (small rondo) and ABACABA (large rondo.)

Which of the following statements is not true of the medieval estampie?

It was intended for religious service.

The French secular songs of the Middle Ages usually dealt with?

The Crusades, dancing, and love.

The Renaissance in music occurred between?

1450 to 1600

Listening (Plaudite (clap your hands))

16 voice part, divided into 3 choirs.

The baroque, as a stylistic period in western art music, encompassed the years?

1600 to 1750

Classicism, as a stylistic period in western art music, roughly encompassed the years?

1750 to 1820

The development of polyphony (between 700-900)

2nd melody line added to chant (initially improvised and paralleled chant at different pitch.)

Listening (Ave Maria...virgo serena (c. 1475))

4-voice motet.

Vivaldi wrote approximately ____________ concerti grossi and solo concertos.

450

The phrase Middle Ages refers to the period of European history spanning from?

450-1450

Listening (As Vesta was Descending (1601))

6 voices Madrigal. Note text painting. Pitches rise on "ascending." Pitches fall on "descending." "Running down." "Two by two", "three by three, "all alone."

The position of music director during the baroque period was that of?

A high-class servant with few personal rights.

Pieces of an oratorio are usually connected together by means of?

A narrator's recitatives.

The recapitulation continues. It is followed by a lengthy coda (you'll know are there when you hear a long string or repeated notes.) Listen carefully to the themes in the coda. Is it a new theme or a familiar theme?

A new theme.

The word movement in music normally refers to?

A piece that sounds fairly complete and independent but is part of a larger composition.

Haydn's contract of employment shows that he was considered?

A skilled servant.

Theme-and-variations form may be schematically outlined as?

AA'A''A'''A''''.

The form of the chant Alleluia: Vidimus stellam is?

ABA

The minuet and trio movement of a classical symphony, string quartet, or other work, is in ____________ form.

ABA

A common rondo pattern is?

ABACA.

Another common rondo pattern is?

ABACABA

Oratorio differs from opera in that it has no?

Acting, scenery, or costumes.

The development of polyphony (900-1200)

Added line more independent (no longer parallel, has own melodic curve.)

School of Notre Dame: Measured Rhythm

After 1150, Paris is center of polyphonic music. Leonin and Perotin- choirmasters at Notre Dame (among first notable composers known by name. Developed notation of precise rhythms.) Limited to certain rhymatic patterns. Beat subdivided in 3 (Trinity.) Medieval polyphony has hollow sound- few triads.

The Middle Ages (Early)

After Roman Empire falls, migration, wars.

When the subject of a fugue is presented in the dominant scale, it is called the?

Answer.

Leonin and Perotin are notable because they?

Are the first important composers known by name, indicated definite time values and a clearly defined meter in their music, and were the leaders of the school of Notre Dame.

A song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment is called a/an?

Aria.

Solo Song Types

Aria: song for voice with orchestral accompaniment (expresses emotion.) Recitative: vocal line that imitates speech (presents plot material.) Ensemble: piece performed by 3 or more singers. Chorus: generates atmosphere and comments on action. Opera Orchestra (orchestra pit: sunken area in front of the stage. Full of instrumentation; fewer strings. Supports singers, depicts mood and atmosphere. Conductor shapes entire work. Opera opens with an overture or prelude.)

Presenting the subject of a fugue in lengthened time values is called?

Augmentation.

Church modes

Basic scales of sacred/secular western music. During Middle Ages and Renaissance. Represent different feelings/emotions.

The most characteristic feature of baroque music is its use of?

Basso continuo

Vienna

Became the musical capitak of Europe (musicians came to study, be recognized. Aristocrats bring orchestras. Musicians play gigs in wealthy homes. Outdoor music-serenading street band.

Opera in the Baroque Era

Born in Italy; form musical discussions of the Camerata in Florence (create new vocal stage modeled on music of ancient Greek tragedy---recitative. Homophonic: soloists with chordal accompaniment. Euridice (1600) by Peri: earliest Opera. Opera composed for ceremonial occasions at court (display of magnificence and splendor. Subject matter for Greek mythology and ancient history.) First public opera house in 1637. Rise of virtuoso singers (castrato: male singer castrated before puberty, they received the highest fees.) Secco recitative: accompaniment by basso continuo. Accompaniment recitative: supported by orchestra. Da capo aria: aria in A B A form (melody embellished with ornaments on repeat.)

Sackbuts

Brass; family of early trombones (alto, tenor, bass.)

Cornetts

Brass; wooden instrument with cup-shaped mouthpiece.

A ____________ is a short instrumental composition based on a hymn tune that reminds the congregation of the hymn's melody.

Chorale prelude.

The ____________ is a Lutheran congregational hymn tune.

Chorale.

An element of the oratorio that is especially important and serves to comment on or participate in the drama is the?

Chorus.

Listening (La Primavera : Spring)

Concerto for violing and string orchestra. Note: Homophonic texture and ritornello form. Baroque program music: instrumental music associated with story, poem, idea, and scene. Descriptive effects (trills for bird songs, string tremolos for thunder.)

The ____________ is the person who beats time, indicates expression, cues in musicians, and controls the balance among instruments and voices.

Conductor

Between the ages of six and fifteen, Mozart was?

Continually on tour in England and Europe.

Characteristics of the Classical Style

Contrast of mood between and written within movements. Rhythm is flexible with multiple patterns for variety. Texture basically homophonic- frequent shifts. Melodies are tuneful, easy to remember, folk-like (balanced and symmetrical.)

The Fugue

Cornerstone of Baroque music. Polyphonic composition based on one main theme. Vocal or instrumental; texture usually 3, 4, 5 voices. Subject: main theme, presented initially in imitation (next voice enters after previous voice has fully presented the subject.) Form is flexible: constant feature is beginning. Answer: 2nd subject is presented in dominant scale. Countersubject: melodic idea that accompanies subject fairly consistently. Episodes: transitional section between subjects.

An estampie is a medieval?

Dance

Much of the instrumental music composed during the Renaissance was intended for?

Dancing

One function of secular music in the late Middle Ages was to provide accompaniment for?

Dancing

Classical Chamber Music

Designed for the intimate setting of a room, rather than a concert hall (lighter sound.) Small group of 2-9 instrumentalists, 1 per part (subtle and intimate, intended to please performer and listener, each player shares thematic material.) String Quartet; most important setting (2 violins, viola, cello. 4 movements: usually Fast-Slow-Dance-Fast. Other settings (sonata for violin and piano. Piano trio (violin, cello, piano.) String Quintet (2 violins, 2 violas, cello.)

Opera

Drama sung to orchestral accompaniment (Libretto: text of opera, written by librettist. Music written by composer.) Opera can be serious, comic or both.

The first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed of?

During the twelth and thirteenth centuries

Characteristics of the Classical Style

Dynamic shading expresses emotion (Crescendo and decrescendo. Piano replaces harpsichord.) End of basso continuo.

The church frowned on instruments because of their?

Earlier role in Pagan rites.

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)

Early/mid-classical period Austrian composer. Age 8; choir boy in Vienna until voice changed. Worked in Vienna until hired by Esterhazy family. 30 years as a skilled servant-became famous. Moved to Vienna rich and honored.

Affections in baroque usage refers to?

Emotional states or moods of music

Handel spent the major portion of his life in?

England.

A(n) ____________ is an operatic number involving three or more leading singers.

Ensemble

Transitional sections of a fugue that offer either new material or fragments of the subject or countersubject are called?

Episodes.

Haydn was fortunate in having a long and fruitful, as well as financially stable, relationship with the noble Hungarian family of?

Esterházy.

The earliest opera that has been preserved is Jacopo Peri's?

Euridice.

The Classical Symphony

Extended ambitious composition (20-45 minutes.) Sonata for orchestra. Exploits expanded range of timbre and dynamics of orchestra. Themes in one movement rarely appear in other movements. Unified partly by same key in 3 movements. Multi-movement instrumental work (1. Fast-frequently sonata form. 2.Slow- either Sonata form, ABA, or Theme. 3. Dance- usually Minuet and Trio or scherzo (fast dance-like) form. 4. Fast- frequently Sonata or Rondo form.

The Baroque Period (1600-1750)

Fills space with action and movement (visual art: implies motion; busy. Architecture: elaborate; example: Versailles.) Aristocracy very rich and powerful (need entertainment and "Age of absolutism"- power over subjects.

Mozart's Requiem was?

Finished by one of his pupils.

Listening (Symphony No. 40 in G Minor)

First Movement and sonato form.

Secular music in the Middle Ages

First large body of secular songs surviving in decipherable notation from 12th and 13th century (Troubadours and trouveres: French nobles; poet-musicians. Songs about love, crusades, dancing. 1650 melodies preserved-likely had regular meter.) Jongleurs (traveling minstrels): Lowest social level; no civil rights. Sang songs, played instrumental dances.

Many prominent Renaissance composers, who held important posts all over Europe, came from what was then?

Flanders.

Composers in the classical period took middle-class tastes into account by?

Flavoring their serious compositions with folk and popular music, writing comic operas that sometimes ridiculed the aristocracy, and writing dance music for public balls.

The solo instruments in Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 are the ____________, violin, and harpsichord.

Flute.

The Venetian School: Late Renaissance

Focal point for music in Venice; St. Mark's Cathedral (employed up to 20 instrumentalists and 30 singers. Music directors important Renaissance composers. 2 widely seperated choir lofts, each with organ.) Giovanni Gabrieli (c.1555-1612); Music director/organist at St. Marks (composed for space.) Polychoral motet: motet for 2 or more choirs. Sonata piane forte (1597; one of the earliest instrumental pieces to specify dynamics and instrumentation.)

The intellectual movement called humanism did what?

Focused on human life and its accomplishments.

In the classical period, serious composition was flavored by

Folk and popular music.

Sonata (sonata-allegro) form

For single movement; ternary (A B A.) Exposition (themes presented) and development (themes treated new ways.) Recapitulation (themes return) and often concludes with a coda (tail.)

Listening (Brandenburg Concert No. 5 in D major, first movement)

For string and group of soloists. For movement: ritornello form.

Classical chamber music is designed?

For the intimate setting of a small room.

The first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed by?

French nobles called troubadours and trouvères.

The music the Medieval monks sang was called?

Gregorian Chant

The development of polyphony (organum)

Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines.

Listening (Alleluia: Vidimus stellam)

Gregorian chant, monophonic texture, and ternary form: A B A

In this section both the ritornello and the solo passage differ in a significant way from what has come before. What difference do you hear?

Harmony has changed to minor.

Which of the following is not true about Giovanni Gabrieli?

He served as Organist and Music director at St. Mark's Cathedral in Venice, He was one of the first composers to specify dynamics, and He was one of the first composers to specify instrumentation.

Lute songs are mostly what in texture?

Homophonic

The early baroque was characterized by?

Homophonic texture.

The Middle Ages (14th Century)

Hundred Years' War and Bubonic Plague (feudal system and church authority weakened. Literature stressed graphic realism/earthly sensuality.)

The exposition opens immediately with four-note motive which is then elaborated by the strings. A new section begins with the motives stated by the horns. In the section that follows, where is the motive?

In the low strings.

Which of the following statements is not true of Renaissance music?

Instrumental music became more important than vocal music during the Renaissance.

A classical concerto is a three-movement work for?

Instrumental soloist and orchestra.

Classical Forms

Instrumental works in several contrasting movements. Classical symphonies and string quartets (4 movements (fast, slow, dance-related fast.) Movements use different forms. Movements often contrast themes vividly. Musical tensions resolved by end of movement.

Fugue Subject Variations

Inversion- turned upside down. Retrograde- backwards. Augmentation- time values lengthened. Diminution- time values shortened.

In most lute songs, the lute accompaniment?

Is subordinate to the voice.

Which of the following is not true of Gregorian chant?

It is usually polyphonic in texture.

The term ars nova refers to?

Italian and French music of the fourteenth century.

The Renaissance madrigal began around 1520 in?

Italy

The leading music center in sixteenth-century Europe was?

Italy.

Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and _____ were two of the more important preclassical composers.

Johann Christian Bach

Unity is achieved in the classical symphony partly by the use of the same?

Key in three of its four movements.

Harpischord

Keyboard; plectra plucks wire strings.

Regal

Keyboard; small portable organ with reed pipes.

Bach was recognized as the most eminent ____________ of his day.

Keyboardist.

Instrumental music became as important as vocal music for the first time in the ____________ period.

Late Baroque

Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)

Late Baroque Italian composer and violinist. Taught at Venetian orphange for girls. Died in poverty, forgotten until 1950s. Best known for 450 Concerti Grossi and Solo Concertos (soloists and orchestra.)

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)

Late Classical period German composer. Son of professional musician. Played piano for Mozart at 16, studied composition with Haydn at 21 in Vienna (was paid to say in Vienna, not a servant. Taught piano lessons, played concerts, sold music.) Started to go deaf at 29. Works have new power and heoism. Late works (9th symphony) written while completely deaf. Died in Vienna, 20,000 people lined the streets.

AA'A''A'''A''''.

Length.

The text, or book, of a musical dramatic work is called the?

Libretto.

Which of the following statements is not true?

Like Haydn and many other composers of the classical period, Beethoven was most successful financially when in the service of the aristocracy.

The first steps toward the development of polyphony were taken sometime between 700 and 900, when?

Monks in monastery choirs began to add a second melodic line to Gregorian chant.

A versatile plucked string instrument with a body shaped like half a pear, popular during the Renaissance, was the?

Lute

Besides the madrigal, this was another type of secular vocal music which enjoyed popularity during the Renaissance, which is?

Lute song.

As you listen to the remainder of the exposition focus on the harmony. Is it predominantly in minor or major?

Major.

Sacred music in the Renaissance

Mass (polyphonic choral composition of the Catholic Church. Palestrina (c. 1525-1594.) Career centered in Rome. Model for mass composers.) Counter-Reformation-----Council of Trent (1545-1563) ( Church music should inspire religious contemplation.)

Listening (Estampe)

Medieval dance music with strong beal. Single melodic line is notated. Improvised instrumental accompaniment.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

Mid-Classical period Austrian composer. Child prodigy, father was a musician. Toured from ages 6-15, back to Salzburg. Unhappy as a servant, to Vienna at 25. Died young at 35, last piece (Requiem.) Finished by his student.

A virtual monopoly on learning during the Middle Ages was held by?

Monks in monasteries

Members of the Camerata wanted to create a new vocal style based on the?

Music of the ancient Greek tragedies.

Beethoven's music

Music reflects personality-demanded perfection. Used classical forms and techniques with new power and intensity. Highly influencial Bridge to Romantic period. Greater use of syncopation and dissonance. Increased pitch and dynamic range. Nine symphonies: 9th has chorus and 4 soloists, increased instrumentation, Ode to Joy. 32 piano sonatas, 16 string quartets, 5 piano concerti, 1 opera.

Music in Baroque Society

Music written to order- new music desored. Courts- music indicated affluence. Court Music Director (prestige, good, pay but considered a skilled servant.) Some aristocrats were musicians. Church music is elaborate (where ordinary citizens heard music.) Some public opera houses. Music careers taught apprenticeship (orphanages taught music.)

Symphony may be defined as a(n)?

Musical composition for orchestra, usually in four movements, sonata for orchestra, and extended, ambitious composition exploiting the expanded range of tone color and dynamics of the classical orchestra.

The earliest surviving chant manuscripts date from about the _______ century.

Ninth

The development of polyphony (c. 1100)

Note-against-note style abandoned (2 lines can have different rhythm and melody. Chant on bottom in long notes; added line interesting. Most polyphonic music created by placing. New melodic lines against known chants.

Listening (Beethoven: symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op 67 (1808) First Movement

Note: Sonata form

Listening (Mozart: Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major (1786) First Movement

Note: Sonata form. Cadenza near end of movement (one of few notated by Mozart)

Gregorian Chant

Official music of the Roman Catholic Church. Monophonic melody set to sacred Latin text ((calm, otherwordly quality. Represents voice of church instead of individual. Flexible rhythm- improvisational character. Melodies tend to move by step in a narrow range.) Named for Pope Gregory I (r. 509-604) reorganized liturgy. Chant evolved from Jewish synagogues in 1st c. Most melodies created between AD 600 and 1300 (first passed by oral tradition, notated musical uniformity, and earliest manuscript from 9th century.)

A baroque musical composition usually expresses ____________within the same movement.

One basic mood.

An ____________ is a play, set to music, sung to orchestral accompaniment, with scenery, costumes, and action.

Opera.

Bach created masterpieces in every baroque form except the?

Opera.

In their use of aria, duet, and recitative, Bach's cantatas closely resembled the ____________ of the time.

Operas.

Sonata form consists of three main sections: exposition, development, and what?

Recapitulation.

Castrati

Received the highest fees of any musicians, combined the lung power of a man with the vocal range of a woman, and were male singers who had been castrated before puberty.

____________ refers to a vocal line that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech.

Recitative

Renaissance instruments

Recorders, shawms, cornetts, sackbutsm lutes, curtal, viols, regal, and harpsichord.

Baroque Music

Religious institutions (use emotional/theatrical qualities of art to make worship more attractive/appealing.) Middle class commissioned art. Experiment based scientist. Two major Baroque composers (Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and George Frideric Handel (1685-1759.)) Early Baroque: 1600-1640 (Italy: music for tests of extreme emotion---opera. Favored homophomic texture. Dissonances and contrasts of sound.) Middle Baroque: 1640-1690 (Italian style spreads across Europe. Major and minor scales. Instrumental music, especially violin. Late Baroque: 1690-1750 (harmony: dominated chord to the tonic. Instrumental and vocal music equally important. Polyphonic music returns to favor.)

Secular music in the Renaissance (instrument)

Renaissance Lute Song (song for solo voice and lute (plucked string instrument.)) Popular instrument in the Renaissance home. Homophonic texture. Lute accompanies the vocal melody.

The compelling drive and energy in baroque music are usually provided by?

Repeated rhythmic patterns.

Each successive variation in a theme with variations?

Retains some elements of the theme.

14th Century Music: "New Art" (ars nova)

Secular music more important than sacred music. New music notation system (Any rhythmic pattern can be specified. Beats can be subdivided in two or three years. Syncopation becomes important rhythmic practice.) 14th Century Italian and French music- ars nova (profound changes in musical style.)

A _____________ is a musical composition that is usually light in mood, and meant for evening entertainment.

Serenade.

Which of natural images from the sonnet do you think the sound of the solo violin is illustrasting in this section?

Singing birds.

Themes and Variations

Single part form- no large contrasting. "B" section: (A A' A'' A''..) Basic idea presented and repeated (each repeated altered (varies) the musical idea. Variations all about same length. Alter melody, harmony, rhythm, dynamics, timbre, accompaniment, key.)

The Classical Orchestra

Size increases, standard group of 4 sections (strings, woodwinds in pairs- clarinet is new. Brass: pairs of horns, trumpets. Percussion: 2 timpani.) Note: trombones used in opera/church music. Composers expploited individual tone colors. Role of each section (strings most important; 1st violins with melody. Woodwinds add contrasting timbre; melodic solos. Brass adds power. Timpani for rhythmic bite and emphasis.

The Baroque Orchestra

Small (10-40 players.) Based on violin family. Nucleus: bass continuo and upper strings. Use of WW, Brass, and Percussion. Variable composers specified instrumentation (beautiful effects from specific tone colors. Tone colors subordinate to other musical elements.)

Concerto Grosso

Small group of soloists and orchestra (tutti.) Multi-movement work (usually 3.) (fast, slow (quieter), and fast (dancelike.))

Renaissance Instrumental music

Still subordinate to vocal music. 15th century: Instrumentalists accompanied voices (harpsichord, organ, lute.) 16th century: music written for instruments. Instrumental music intended for dancing (performed in pairs (pavane and passamezzo (duple) with galliard which is a triple)) Loud (outdoor) and soft (indoor) instruments. Instruments come in consorts or families.

The first oratorios were based on?

Stories from the Bible.

____________ is a musical procedure in which a fugue subject is imitated before it is completed.

Stretto.

Musical Procedures

Stretto: subject imitated before its completed. Pedal point: single tone (usually bass) held while other voices change harmony.

The most important form of classical chamber music is the?

String quartet.

Along with his symphonies, Haydn's ___________ are considered his most important works.

String quartets.

Viols

String; family of bowed string instruments with 6 strings.

Lutes

String; plucked string instrumental with a half-pear shaped body.

In the development section the motive is varied and tossed around to different parts of the orchestra. Listen for a striking passage toward the end of the section where the music seems to slow down and fragments of the motive are echoed between two different groups of instruments. What are the two groups?

Strings and woodwinds.

The typical orchestra of the classical period consisted of?

Strings, pairs of woodwinds, horns, trumpets, and timpani.

The main theme of a fugue is called the?

Subject.

The movement in which the Catholic church sought to correct abuses and malpractices within its structure is known as?

The Counter-Reformation.

The church modes were?

The basic scales of western music during the Middle Ages.

The members of the Camerata wanted the vocal line of their music to follow what?

The rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech.

Now the exposition repeats. Is it an exact repetition or does it differ in some significant way?

The same.

Melodic sequence refers to?

The successive repetition of a musical idea at higher or lower pitches.

Terraced dynamics refers to?

The sudden alternation from one dynamic level to another.

The large group of players in a concerto grosso is known as the?

Tutti.

The classical string quartet is a musical composition for?

Two violins, viola, and cello.

A cappella refers to?

Unaccompanied choral music.

Characteristics of Baroque Music

Unity of mood (expresses one mood throughout piece. Affections: emotional states represented through specific musical languages. Exception: vocal music (text)) Rhythm (patterns repeated throughout- provides safety and energy. Beat more prominent.) Melody (feeling of continuity-opening melody heard again and again. Continuous expanding of melodic sequence.) Dynamics (constant volumes with abrupt shifts (Terraced dynamics: alternation between loud and soft. Organ and harpsichord well suited for constant dynamics.)) Texture (late Baroque-mostly polyphonic with extensive imitation. Texture can vary.) Chords mess with melodic line (bass is foundation.) Bass Continuo (most characteristic feature of Baroque music. Accompaniment made up of a bass part played by at least 2 instruments (keyboard and low melodic instrument.) Figured Bass- bass part with numbers. Words and music (word painting continues. Emphasize words by writing many rapid notes for single syllable of text.)

The Council of Trent attacked the church music of the Renaissance because it?

Used secular tunes, noisy instruments, and theatrical singing.

Vivaldi spent most of his life working at an institution for orphaned and illegitimate girls in?

Venice.

Mozart's music

Versatile and prolific-symphonies, string quartets, piano concertos, operas. Music conveys feeling of ease, grace, spontaneity, balance, restraint, perfect proportion.

Vivaldi was famous and influential as a virtuoso?

Violinist.

Most medieval music was?

Vocal

Secular music in the Renaissance (description)

Vocal music (music an important leisure activity. People expected to play instrument and read notation.) Madrigal (for several solo voices set to short poems, usually about love. Combined homophonic and polyphonic textures. Word painting and unusual harmonies. Origin in Italy c. 1520; to England in 1588.

Beethoven

Was a brilliant pianist, was self-educated and had read widely, but was weak in elementary arithmetic, and began to feel the first symptoms of deafness in his twenty-ninth year.

A typical baroque operatic form was the da capo aria in ABA form in which the singer?

Was expected to embellish the returning melody with ornamental tones.

Shawms

Woodwind, double-reed ancestor of the oboe.

Curtal

Woodwind, double-reed precursor of the bassoon.

Characteristics of Renaissance music

Words and music (vocal music more important than instrumental. Word painting-musical representation of specific poetic images. Texture (chiefly ponyphonic, which is 4, 5, 6 part; imitation between voices. Fuller sound; expanded pitch range (bass register; consonant chords favored with use of triads.) "Golden age" of a cappella music- choral music without instrumental accompaniment.) Rhythm and melody (rhythm has gentle flow rather than sharply defined beat. Each melodic line has great rhythmic independence. Melodies usually more along a scale with few large leaps.

The Classical Concerto

Work for instrumental soloist and orchestra. Combines soloist's virtuosity with power and timbre of orchestra. Usually three movements (Fast-Slow-Fast); lasts 20-45 minutes, Cadenza-unaccompanied showpiece for soloist (inserted near end of 1st (or 3rd) movement. Originally improvised, after 18th century written out.

Motet

short polyphonic choral work. Latin text other than ordinary of the mass.