Nutrition Final Exam

Even with an SPF 15 to 30 sunscreen, sufficient vitamin D synthesis can be obtained in as little as ________ of sun exposure.

10-20 minutes

If 3 oz. of liver provides 6,582 μg RAE, what percentage of the RDA for vitamin A does an adult female receive from 1 oz. of liver? RDA:

313%

A person whose RDA for protein is 45 grams consumes 75 grams of protein in a day. How many niacin equivalents does this represent? Niacin equivalents:

5

A 35-year-old man consumed the following folate-containing foods for lunch: a sandwich made with 2 slices of fortified bread (14 μg natural, 48 μg synthetic) and 4 tablespoons peanut butter (47 μg); 1/2 cup carrot sticks (12 μg); an orange (48 μg); and 2 graham crackers (5 μg natural, 8 μg synthetic). What percentage of his RDA for folate did his lunch provide? Niacin equivalents:

55%

Delirium, exhaustion, and collapse can result when ____ percent of body weight has been lost due to dehydration.

7-10

Vitamin A forms

Aldehyde form = Retinal Alcohol form = Retinol Acid form = Retinoic acid

Coenzyme carries activated carbon dioxide

Biotin

Found in the blood, made from calciol in the liver

Calcidiol

Made from calcidiol in the kidneys; also known as active vitamin D

Calcitriol

If a carrot has 7,930 IU of beta-carotene, approximately how many μg RAE does it provide? If a supplement contains 20,000 IU of beta-carotene, approximately how many μg RAE does it provide?

Carrot μg RAE: 396.5 Supplement μg RAE: 3,000

Derived from plants in the diet

D2

Derived from animals in the diet or made in the skin

D3

A slight manganese overload may aggravate a calcium deficiency.

False

Among the best sources of phosphorus are bananas.

False

An estimated 60 percent of US adults take multivitamin-mineral supplements regularly.

False

Beta-carotene serves as a vitamin D precursor.

False

Biotin toxicities are extremely common.

False

Cancers arise when cellular RNA is damaged—sometimes by free-radical attacks.

False

Fluoride acts as a cofactor for many enzymes that facilitate the metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, and amino acids.

False

Hard cooked eggs are the best natural source of folate.

False

Inositol is a nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the body from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane.

False

Niacin supplements taken 1 month before conception and continued throughout the first trimester of pregnancy can help prevent neural tube defects.

False

Only 10% of the body's calcium is in the body fluids.

False

Primary deficiency of vitamin E is quite common.

False

Serious infections and burns decrease the body's need for vitamin C.

False

Thirst and satiety influence water intake in response to changes sensed by the mouth, hippocampus, and nerves.

False

Vitamins C and E both decrease risk of lung cancer.

False

Vitamins yield energy when metabolized.

False

Water constitutes about 75 percent of an adult's body weight.

False

When iron concentrations become abnormally high, the spleen converts some ferritin into another storage protein called hemosiderin.

False

Worldwide, the prevalence of rickets, which is caused by vitamin K deficiency, is extremely high.

False

Coenzyme complex that transfers 1-carbon compounds from metabolic reactions

Folate

____ doses of Vitamin K can reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulant drugs.

High

The World Health Organization and UNICEF recommend two doses of vitamin A supplements, given 24 hours apart, for all children with ________

Measels

Coenzymes NAD and NADP that carry hydrogen ions in energy-transfer reactions

Niacin

What vitamin A compounds bind with opsin to form rhodopsin?

Retinal

Which vitamin A compounds act like hormones, regulating cell differentiation, growth, and embryonic development?

Retonic acid

Part of coenzymes FMN and FAD that carry hydrogen ions

Riboflavin

Deficiency of _____ predisposes people to Keshan disease, a heart disease probably caused by a virus or toxin.

Selenium

Which electrolyte is a cation?

Sodium

Part of coenzyme TPP that assists in energy metabolism

Thiamin

The Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) addresses the possibility of adverse effects from high doses of nutrients by establishing ________ .

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels

Above 40° north latitude (and below 40° south latitude in the southern hemisphere), vitamin D synthesis essentially ceases for the 4 months of winter.

True

An inadequate intake of either riboflavin or vitamin B6 can diminish the body's niacin supply.

True

An individual who has lost fluids equivalent to 3% to 4% of his or her body weight may experience impaired physical performance.

True

Antidiuretic hormone is produced by the pituitary in response to dehydration.

True

Artichokes contain more potassium per serving than do eggs.

True

Bioavailability refers to the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used.

True

Capsaicin, found in hot peppers, modulates blood clotting.

True

Chloride is the major anion of the extracellular fluids.

True

Chromium is an essential mineral that participates in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

True

Eat sweet potatoes, not corn, to meet your vitamin A needs.

True

Excess lead in the blood deranges the structure of red blood cell membranes, making them leaky and fragile.

True

Flaxseeds are a source of omega-3 fatty acids.

True

Heme iron is found only in foods derived from the flesh of animals, such as meats, poultry, and fish.

True

In the brain, vitamin D protects against cognitive decline and slows the progression of Parkinson disease.

True

Infants are born with a sterile intestinal tract and it takes weeks for vitamin K-producing bacteria to become established.

True

Liver is an excellent source of riboflavin.

True

Many older adults develop vitamin B12 deficiency as a result of atrophic gastritis.

True

More than half of the body's magnesium is in the bones.

True

Most of the trace minerals are toxic at intakes only two and a half to eleven times above the estimated requirements.

True

Night blindness is one of the first detectable signs of vitamin A deficiency and permits early diagnosis.

True

Osteoporosis affects an estimated 52 million people in the United States.

True

Pizza is 40% to 49% water.

True

Prolonged thiamin deficiency can result in the disease beriberi.

True

Red bell peppers provide more vitamin C per serving than do oranges.

True

Selenium deficiency is associated with Keshan disease, a disease of the heart.

True

Some minerals, such as calcium, must have carriers to be absorbed and transported.

True

The average sodium intake in the United States is 3400 milligrams, which exceeds the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults.

True

The chemical reactions of the body's buffer system are controlled primarily by the lungs and kidneys.

True

The iron content of eggs can triple in the time it takes to scramble them in an iron pan, although absorption can be poor.

True

The most common cause of goiter is iodine deficiency.

True

The niacin-deficiency disease, pellagra, produces the symptoms of diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and eventually death.

True

Though called a vitamin, the active form of vitamin D is actually a hormone.

True

Unlike vitamins, minerals are inorganic elements that always retain their chemical identity.

True

Vitamin A participates in the conversion of light energy into nerve impulses at the retina.

True

Vitamin E is widespread in foods.

True

Vitamin K plays a critical role in coagulation.

True

Without adequate vitamin B6, abnormal compounds produced during tryptophan metabolism accumulate in the brain.

True

Without vitamin E, the red blood cells break and spill their contents.

True

Worldwide, iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency.

True

Zinc participates in the synthesis, storage, and release of insulin.

True

Saturates tissues

Vitamin C Recommendation: 100

UL for adults

Vitamin C Recommendation: 2000

Supports metabolism

Vitamin C Recommendation: 30

deficiency disease: Degeneration of nerves progressing to paralysis

Vitamin: B12

deficiency disease: Scaly dermatitis

Vitamin: B6

deficiency disease: Body odor, liver damage

Vitamin: Choline

deficiency disease: Mental confusion, elevated homocysteine

Vitamin: Folate

The ____ are essential nutrients needed in tiny amounts in the diet both to prevent _____ diseases and to support health. The ____ -____ vitamins are the B vitamins and vitamin C; the ___-____ vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and ___ .

Vitamins Deficiency Optimal Water-Soluble Fat-Soluble K

________ deficiency is associated with severe growth retardation and immature sexual development.

Zinc

International units are ________ .

a measure of a vitamin's activity

Of all the members of the vitamin E family, only ________ is maintained in the body and can meet the body's needs for the vitamin.

alpha - tocopherol

A(n) ________ is the best source of B6 per kcalorie.

banana

One ounce of ________ provides more than three times the RDA for vitamin A.

beef liver

Prolonged thiamin deficiency can result in ________ .

beriberi

The rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used is referred to as its ________ .

bioavailability

A primary role of Vitamin K is

blood clotting

Adequate amounts of Vitamin K protect against

bone fractures

Which food will provide the most vitamin C per serving?

broccoli

he production of ________ , a protein that binds calcium in the intestinal cells, slows as a result of a vitamin D deficiency.

calbindin

Which form of vitamin D is derived from animals in the diet?

cholecalciferol

Research examining the effects of fruit and vegetable consumption on chronic disease risk has shown ________ .

decreased risk of lung cancer for fruits but not vegetables

The classic sign of vitamin E deficiency is ________ .

erythrocyte hemolysis

Foods rich in vitamin C seem to protect against certain types of cancers, especially ________ cancer.

esophageal

Dietary supplements are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration as ________ .

foods

The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of ________ ions.

hydrogen

With ________ deficiency, thyroid hormone production declines, and the body responds by secreting more TSH in a futile attempt to accelerate uptake by the thyroid gland.

iodine

With respect to acne, ________ .

isotretinoin, which is made from vitamin A, is effective against cystic acne

Deficiency of choline is associated with ________ .

liver damage

Vitamin B12 is easily inactivated by ________ .

microwaving

What foods provide the greatest contributions of riboflavin?

milk and milk products

Without vitamin K, ________ cannot bind to the minerals that normally form bones, resulting in low bone density.

osteocalcin

What niacin - deficiency disease produces the symptoms known as the "four Ds?"

pellagra

What disease is associated with a deficiency of B12?

pernicious anemia

A ____ deficiency in Vitamin K is rare.

primary

With a folate deficiency, the ________ .

production of red blood cells falters

Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of ________ and other clotting factors.

prothrombin

Cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure by releasing an enzyme called ______

renin

What disease results from a vitamin C deficiency?

scurvy

Vitamin C is involved in the ________ .

synthesis of collagen

The hydrophilic vitamins include ________ .

vitamin C