Muslim Empire Review Sheet

Islam

the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah. Broken into dynasties like han china Conquest of persian empire by egypt 4 Kalife's.

Al-Zahwari

was an Arab Muslim physician, surgeon and chemist. He is considered the greatest medieval surgeon of the Islamic World and the Middle ages,[1][2] and has been described as the father of surgery.

Baghdad

was founded in the mid 8th century as the Abbasid capital, following the Abbasid victory over the Umayyad Caliphate. Center of islamic thought and contained the house of wisdom. As empire gets smaller it gets more religious Koran becomes law.

Hijra

Muhammad's departure from Mecca to Medina in AD 622, prompted by the opposition of the merchants of Mecca and marking the consolidation of the first Muslim community.

Dhimmis

A dhimmī is a historical term referring to non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection. had their rights fully protected in their communities, but as citizens in the Islamic state, had certain restrictions,[4] and it was obligatory for them to pay the jizya tax.[5] Dhimmis were exempt from certain duties assigned specifically to Muslims, and did not enjoy certain political rights reserved for Muslims, but were otherwise equal.

Seige of Baghdad 1258

Al-Musta'sim Billah refused to submit to mongols. The Siege of Baghdad, which lasted from January 29 until February 10, 1258, entailed the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops.

"closing of the gates"

As empire gets smaller it gets more religious. Koran becomes law. Closing of gates no new ideas. This lack of development lead to the downfall of bagdad and the abbasid.

Kharijites

Believed that only a muslim free of sin could rule. Didn't like secularization of empire. Traces its beginning to a religio-political controversy over the Caliphate.

Geography of Arabia

Extremely dry and arid with little water. This leads to a lot of fighting over resources.

Muhammad

Founder of islam a prophet and God's messenger. born into lesser known people Was born in mecca. A city with many cultures passing thru with Many tribes existing in area Most important was the quraysh tribe that muhammad lived in. Married a rich widow. Began to experience mystical visits. Gabriel began telling him of the true god allah. Began to preach in the streets. Widow dies and he flees mecca. Went to rival city medina . Got in trade war with mecca most of arabia under islamic control by death

Ka'bah

Is the holiest site in Islam. it states that the Kaaba was the first House of Worship, and that it was built on God's instructions. Direction faced during prayer

Sharia

Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet, prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking.

Mu'awiya

Islamic leader and founder of the great Umayyad dynasty of caliphs. He fought against the fourth caliph, ʿAlī seized Egypt, and assumed the caliphate after ʿAlī's assassination in 661. He restored unity to the Muslim empire and made Damascus its capita. Suporter of muawiya called sunn.i Majority of people Accepted the dynasties reluctantly. Wanted to stabilize the empire.

Mawali

Non-Arab Muslims. Initially referred to those captured during the expansion of Islam who ultimately converted to Islam. Under the Umayyad dynasty mawali were not entitled to equal treatment with Arab Muslims, particularly with respect to taxes. Preferential treatment of Arab Muslims came to be a source of contention since it violated the Quranic declaration of equality of all believers. Under the subsequent Abbasid dynasty distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims were not stressed.

Five Pillars of Islam

Shahada: Faith Salah: Prayer Zakāt: Charity Sawm: Fasting Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca

Women in Islam

States that men are superior than women and men have the right to rule over them Status of women declined as conquering Veil introduced by india Slave women had more freedom than free Men were allowed to marry up to 4 women if he could Could have as many combines as he wanted Children of combine if acknowledged would be same a legitimate children The higher class the woman the less freedom Kept in harems away from public

sunni

Suporter of muawiya called sunni. Majority of peopole. Accepted the dynasties reluctantly Wanted to stabilize the empire. Differing from Shia in its understanding of the Sunna and in its acceptance of the first three caliphs.

Split in Islam

The majority believed that his rightful successor was his father-in-law, Abu Bakr, but a small group believed the Prophet Muhammad's successor should be Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law. The Sunni majority got their way, as Abu Bakr became a Muslim caliph. as the minority group was a faction supporting the power of Ali, over time, the divide evolved into a religious movement.One of the most crucial differences between Shia and Sunni Muslims is the importance that the Shiites give to Ali, whom the Sunni do not recognize as being the prophet's rightful successor

Ummah

The ummah emerged according to the idea that a messenger or prophet has been sent to a community. Meccan immigrants and the Medinan residents into a single community, the ummah. Rather than limiting members of the ummah to a single tribe or religious affiliation as had been the case when the ummah first developed in Mecca, the Constitution of Medina ensured that the ummah was composed of a variety of people and beliefs essentially making it to be supra-tribal.

Uthman

Uthman became caliph after the assassination of Umar. Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad whom Shi'a believe was from the start the rightful leader of the community. Some accounts say that Uthman was chosen because he promised to continue the policies of Abu Bakr and Umar, whereas Ali would make no such promise. Some surmise that Uthman had been selected because the other five thought he would be easy to manipulate. all of Iran, most of North Africa, the Caucasus and Cyprus were added to the Islamic empire. Wrote the official koran. Is killed by other arabs.

Mecca

Where muhammad was born and A city with many cultures passing through and a trading center of middle east. Went to rival city medina Got in trade war with mecca.

Ulama

a body of Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology. ulama are regarded as "the guardians, transmitters and interpreters of religious knowledge, of Islamic doctrine and law

Vizier

a high official in certain Muslim countries and caliphates, especially a minister of state.

Umayyad

a member of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Islamic world and Moorish Spain from. The dynasty claimed descent from Umayya, a distant relative of Muhammad. created a stable administration for the empire, following the practices and administrative institutions of the Byzantine Empire which had ruled the same region previously.

Jihad

a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam. Opponent have have started the fighting. Can't conquer territory. Opponent has to be still fighting Has to have be called a religious leader.

Battle of Tours

a victory won by Charles Martel, the de facto ruler of the Frankish kingdoms, over Muslim invaders from Spain. The battlefield cannot be exactly located, but it was fought somewhere between Tours and Poitiers, in what is now west-central France. The battle has been described as one of the most consequential military encounters in history, for Martel's victory over the emir of Córdoba preserved western Europe from Muslim conquest and Islāmization.

Shi'ite

an adherent of the Shia branch of Islam. Member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, distinguished from the majority Sunnis.Supporter of ali and abbasid's.

Decline of Abbasids

as the dynasty increased in wealth, it became too large for the caliphate to control. As its power grip began to fail and as its citizens began to see it weaken, many began to hate the dynasty's secular ways. Shi' revolts and assassination attempts plagued the dynasty. Eventually baghdad conquered by mongols

Harun al-Rashid

fifth caliph of the ʿAbbāsid dynasty who ruled Islam at the zenith of its empire was neither a great ruler nor a man of prepossessing character, though he was a lavish patron of the arts.

Abu Bakr

he father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632 to 634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death.[6] As caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad.

Ali

he was the first imam (leader) of Shīʿism in all its forms. The question of his right to the caliphate (the political-religious structure comprising the community of Muslims and its territories that emerged after the death of Muhammad) resulted in the only major split in Islam, into the Sunni and Shīʿite branches.

Karbala

is a city in central Iraq, located about 100 km southwest of Baghdadh. considered as a holy city for Shi'ite Muslims as Mecca

Sufis

is a mystical trend in Islam "characterized ... by particular values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions which began very early in Islamic history[5] and represented made islam more personal and was a response to the closing of the gates.

Jizya

is a per capita yearly tax historically levied by Islamic states on certain non-Muslim subjects permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law.

Tariqas

is a school or order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim "ultimate truth".

Calligraphy

is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy, based upon the alphabet in the lands sharing a common Islamic cultural heritage.

Al-Ghazzali

muslim theologian and mystic whose great work,, made Ṣūfism an acceptable part of orthodox Islām.

Omar/Umar

one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history. He was a senior companion of the Prophet Muhammad. He succeeded Abu Bakr. The Real founder of the early muslim empire. Arab Islamic theocracy. More territory Takes armies into northern africa and Western india. Non muslim or arabs were taxed and not allowed to hold government position Jizza. Stabbed by persian slave

Abbasid

second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphateand reigned as the ʿAbbāsid caliphate until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion. Continued the reorganization of the administration of the empire along the lines that had been laid down by his Umayyad predecessor

Gabriel/Jibreel

sent to numerous pre-Islamic prophets with revelation and divine injunctions. God revealed the Quran to the Islamic prophetMuhammad through the angel Gabriel.

Bedouin Culture

territory stretches from the vast deserts of North Africa to the rocky sands of the Middle East. They are traditionally divided into tribes, or clans. Multiple wives without a limit. Less women rights. Constantly fought

Qur'an

the Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic.

Khalifta ar Rasul/ Caliph

the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258. abu bakr was the first caliph

Ibn Sina

was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age. He has been described as the father of early modern medicine.

House of Wisdom

was a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age in bahgdad. Al-Ma'mun is credited with bringing many well-known scholars to share information, ideas, and culture in the House of Wisdom.

Caliphate of Cordoba

was a state with a part of North Africa and spain ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.: Cordoba was a center of learning, many scholars came from Cordoba and there was a giant library. Non-Muslims would convert in order to avoid the Jizya tax. Mozarabs accepted muslim culture but stayed christian.

Yazid

was the second caliph of the Umayyad caliphate (and the first one through inheritance). Yazid was the caliph as appointed by his father Muawiyah I and ruled for three years from