NASM-Ch. 7: Human Movement Science

What is Biomechanical Terminology?

Used to describe movement used universally

What is altered length-tension relationship?

When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

What is Reciprocal Inhibition?

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen.

What is a muscle imbalance?

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships.

What are Muscle Synergies?

groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement

What are Synergist Muscles?

helps the prime mover by adding extra force and by reducing undesirable movements ex: hamstring complex and erector spinae with glutes for hip ext. (squats) brachioradialis and brachialis(forearm) w/ bicep brachii during bicep curl tricep brachii w/ pecs during chest press bicep brachii w/ lats during pull up

What is motor control?

how the CNS integrates external and internal sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

What are the Anatomic Locations?

Anterior : toward or on the front side of the body ▼ In an anterior pelvic tilt, the top of the hips tilts toward the front of the body. Posterior: toward or on the back side of the body ▼ The gluteus maximus is located posteriorly on the body. Superior: above a landmark or closer to the head Inferior: toward the bottom part of the body or closer to the feet Proximal: closer to the center of the body Distal: farther from the center of the body or a landmark Medial: toward the midline of the body Lateral: farther from the midline of the body Contralateral: opposite side of the body Ipsilateral: same side of body

What three dimensional planes does movement occur in?

Sagittal Frontal Transverse

What are the characteristics of the 3 Planes of Motion?

Sagittal Plane: imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides ex: flexion and extension Plantar flexion and Dorsiflexion of foot & ankle Frontal Plane: bisects the body into front and back halves ex: abduction and adduction of limbs lateral flexion of spine Eversion and inversion at foot and ankle Transverse Plane: bisects the body to create upper and lower halves ex: internal rotation and external rotation of limbs right and left rotation of trunk and head horizontal abduction and adduction of limbs radioulnar pronation and supination

Depending on the movement, muscles can be:

Agonists Synergists Stabilizers Antagonists

What is the Global Muscle System?

Broken down into subsystems; deep longitudinal posterior oblique anterior oblique lateral subdivision

What are the phases of the Stretch-Shortening Cycle?

Eccentric Amortization Concentric

What are the characteristics of each of the 3 different levers?

First Class: They have a fulcrum in the middle, Like a seesaw ex: nodding head- top of spinal column is fulcrum Second Class: They have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side, similar to a load in a wheelbarrow where the axle and wheel are the fulcrum points. ex; the body when one engages in a full body push up or calf raise. Third Class: They have effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum. The effort always travels a shorter distance and must be greater than the resistance Most limbs operate as 3rd class ex; standing hamstring curl, the knee joint is the fulcrum, hamstring muscle is effort and resistance is at the ankle.

Lever System Classifications:

First, Second, & Third Third class are the most predominate lever in the human body

What is External Feedback?

Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment.

What are the muscle actions?

Isotonic- Force is produced, muscle tension is developed and movement occurs through a given range of motion(can be broken into Concentric and Eccentric phases) Isometric- muscle tension is created without a change in a muscle length and no visible movement of the joint Isokinetic- speed of movement is fixed and resistance varies with the force exerted (requires sophisticated training equipment often seen in rehab or exercise physiology labs)

What is Feedback?

It can come internally or externally and it aids in the process of motor learning

What is a Force-Couple?

It describes muscles that work in a Synergistic function around a joint

What are muscles that generally attach on or near the spine?

Local Muscular System Also helps provide support for the LPHC

What does the amount of force produced by the Human Movement System rely on?

Muscle recruitment and the lever type of the moving joint

What are stabilizer muscles?

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves ex: transverse abs(deepabs), internal obliques, & multifidus (deepspine) stabilize the LPHC during hip ext(squats) The rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis) stabilize the shoulder during upper extremity movements

What is altered reciprocal inhibition?

Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

What is the awareness of movement and bodily position in space?

Proprioception

What is motor development?

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

What are Agonist muscles?

The primary muscles providing force for a movement ex: gluteus maximus for hip ext. (squats) anterior delts for shoulder flexion(shoulderpress) bicep brachii for elbow flexion(bicepcurl) tricep brachii for elbow ext. (triceppushdown)

What is Motor Learning?

The process that brings about a permanent change in motor performance as a result of practice or experience

What is Internal Feedback?

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment

What is the length-tension relationship?

The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length.

What is Integrated Performance Paradigm?

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically).

Optimal Length is

a position with maximal overlap of actin and myosin filaments *Placing a muscle in a shortened position or lengthening a muscle beyond it's optimal length may reduce force output

What is Plantar Flexion?

bending the foot and toes downward

What is Dorsiflexion?

flexing the foot and toes upward

What is motor behavior?

motor response to internal and external stimuli

What is a Closed-Chain Movement?

movement concurring when the distal segment of the joint is fixed in space Anchoring the body to the ground or immovable object ex: knee joint during barbell squat. squats, lunges, pushups, pullups.

What is an Open-Chain Movement?

movement occurring when the distal segment of a joint moves in space Distal limb moving freely in space ex. Knee joint movement in leg extension on a machine. bicep curl, latpulldowss, bench press, leg curl, leg ext.

What are the motions of the Scapulae?

scapular retraction, scapular protraction, scapular depression, and scapular elevation.

What do the subsystems describe?

the integrated function of muscles groups to transfer force for complex multijoint movements and stabilization for the HMS