nat dis ch3

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

Usually, the biggest concern in designing buildings to withstand large earthquakes is the ____________ components of movement.

. sideways push from the horizontal

The frequency of a wave is __________________.

. the number of waves passing a given point per unit time

Which of the following buildings would likely be the safest to be located in during an earthquake?

A two-story modern wood frame house

The _________ waves' motion is similar to S waves, except it is from side-to-side in a horizontal plane roughly parallel to Earth's surface.

Love

Seismic waves that travel only near Earth's surface are of two main types: _________ waves.

Love and Rayleigh

_________ waves are transverse waves that propagate by shearing or shaking particles in their path at right angles to the direction of advance.

Love and S

Which of the following is not a way to improve a building's resistance to earthquakes?

Match its period to seismic waves at that location.

The point on Earth's surface directly above the point where the fault first ruptures is called the ____________

epicenter

P waves can travel through ________________.

gases, liquids, and solids

Earthquake-induced ground motions cause buildings to sway at certain periods. In general, the taller the structure, the _______ the period.

longer

Flexible buildings (made of wood or steel) have a ________ resonant period than a stiffer building (one of brick or concrete).

longer

Despite the profound effects that earthquakes have had on civilizations for so many centuries, systematic scientific observations were not made until the early _________ century, when good descriptions were made of earthquake effects on the land.

nineteenth

Faults on which the dominant forces are extensional are recognized by the separation of the pulled-apart rock layers in a zone of omission; these are __________.

normal faults

Steno's law of __________ states that sediment layers are continuous, ending only by butting up against a topographic high, such as a hill or a cliff, by pinching out due to lack of sediment, or by gradational change from one sediment type to another.

original continuity

The law of __________ explains that sediments (such as sand, gravel, and mud) are originally deposited or settled out of water in horizontal layers.

original horizontality

The process of reinforcing existing buildings to increase their resistance to seismic shaking is known as __________.

retrofitting

. ________ faults are commonly found at areas of plate convergence where subduction or continental collision

reverse

With compressional forces, the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall; this type of fault is referred to as a __________ fault.

reverse

The strike-slip San Andreas Fault in California is a _______ fault more than 1,300 km long

right-lateral

When most of the movement along a fault is horizontal, the fault is referred to as a __________ fault.

strike-slip

. Earthquakes are most commonly caused by ______________.

sudden earth movements along faults

In the law of ____________, Steno stated that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rock layer, each sedimentary rock layer is younger than the bed beneath it, but older than the bed above it.

superposition

Shear walls are designed to

take horizontal forces from the floors and roofs and transmit them to the ground

The Richter scale is set up so that for every _______ increase in the amplitude of the recorded seismic wave, the Richter magnitude increases one number, e.g., from 4 to 5.

ten-fold

The farther away a seismic station is from an earthquake's hypocenter the __________.

the longer the delay is between the arrival of the P waves and S waves

The Lisbon earthquakes of 1755 are historically significant because ______________.

they changed the prevailing philosophies of the era, producing a more pessimistic view of the world

Human-caused and natural events can be distinguished using seismic waves because __________.

they produce different S and P wave patterns

Using the S-P timing method, epicenters can be located using seismograms from a minimum of ______ recording stations.

three

First-order analysis of a seismogram record allows seismologists to do all but which of the following?

to develop a Modified Mercalli Intensity map

Can the same fault be classified as both a strike-slip and a transform fault?

yes

The _____ wave travels fastest and moves in a push-pull fashion of alternating pulses of compression (push) and extension (pull).

P

Velocities for __________ waves in granite are about 5.5 to 6 km/sec, but in water they slow to 1.4 km/sec.

P

The ________ waves advance in a backward-rotating, elliptical motion.

Rayleigh

__________ occurs when a building's period matches period of passing seismic waves.

Resonance

The reduction of ______ waves at the core-mantle boundary indicates that the outer core is mostly liquid.

S

__________ waves travel only through solids; on reaching liquid or gas, the wave energy is reflected back into rock or is converted to another form.

S

A tall office building built on a foundation designed to slide or roll with an earthquake is an example of using __________ to reduce earthquake-induced damage

base isolation

Which of the following wave types travels slowest through rock?

Surface Waves

The seismic moment is calculated by multiplying all but which of the following quantities together?

The Modified Mercalli Intensity at the epicenter

The intensity of an earthquake is influenced by all but which of the following?

The current air pressure

The __________ is measured in cross-sectional view as the angle of inclination from horizontal of a tilted rock layer, and _______ is viewed in map view as the compass bearing of the rock layer where it intersects a horizontal plane.

dip; strike

A normal fault occurs when the hanging wall moves ________ relative to the footwall.

down

In general, during an earthquake you should __________.

drop, cover, and hold on where you currently are


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