NCE Study Set Group Counseling and Group Work CH 6

Groups can be open or closed. The 2 differ in that A. open groups are limited to hospital settings B. in an open group, members can socialize between group meetings C. closed groups always employ coleaders D. closed groups allow no new members after the group begins

d. closed groups allow no new members after the group begins -closed groups = closed doors

A screening for group members can be done in a group or privately. Although private screening interviews are not as cost effective or as time efficient as group screening, many group leaders feel that private screening sessions are superior a. because they intensify transference b. because they encourage eatharsis c. because they intensify aberaction d. in terms of counselor-client interaction

d. in terms of counselor-client interaction

Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is _____ a. setting too many goals b. using a male and female coleader c. that the leader uses a democratic style d. a lack of goal setting.

d. lack of goal setting

The follower goes along with whatever the rest of the group thinks. From a personality standpoint the follower is a. aggressive b. assertive c. practicing excitation d. nonassertive

d. nonassertive

Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the following is not a group role? a. energizer b. scapegoat c. gatekeeper d. reactive schizophrenia

d. reactive schizophrenia

The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of a. group tasks b. transition c. power and control d. separation and termination

d. separation and termination

Group content refers to material discussed in a group setting. Group process refers to a. analysis of the unconscious b. analysis of the ego c. the T-group paradigm d. the manner in which discussions and transaction occur.

d. the manner in which discussions and transaction occur.

When comparing a tertiary group with a primary or secondary group a. the tertiary group focuses less on individual members b. the tertiary group focuses more on the here and now c. the tertiary group is less likely to deal with severe pathology d. the tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology

d. the tertiary group is more likely to deal with severe pathology

Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that a. we are unique and so are our problems b. there is a unversal way to solve nearly any difficulty c. a and b d. we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem.

d. we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem. -Everyone has issues -mutality = universality

The __________may secretly wish that he or she was running the group

gatekeeper

A female group member is obviously not participating. A group member playing the _______ is most likely to mention this and urge her to participate.

gatekeeper -tattle tale

**Exam hint** In the last several years the term "psychoeducational group" has replaced the term _________ _________ since the term has become associated with negative practices such as excessive advice giving.

guidance group

**Exam Hint** Effective leaders have discovered that modeling appropriate behaviors ___________ group participation even when members are resistant

improves

**Exam Hint** Although group work is very beneficial, preliminary meta-analysis research indicates that ________ ________ still generally produces better results for depressed clients

individual counseling

Most experts would agree that an effective counseling group for children has

less members than an adult group -3-4 members

heterogeneity

members who are dissimilar

Joseph H. Pratt's contribution to group therapy:

physician, formed what may be the first counseling/therapy groups from approximately 1905-1923.

George Gazda

proposes a typology of 3 distinctive types of groups: guidance, counseling, and psychotherapy. * A guidance group is a primary group in the sense that it is mainly preventative.

Everybody picks on a) the gatekeeper b) the harmonizer, also known as the conciliator c) the scapegoat d) the storyteller, the intellectualizer, the attacker, and the joker

scapegoat

Weight Watchers is a

self-help or support group as is AA. -Self-help group = Mutual aid group

The difference beween a self-help group and a support group is

that support groups are conducted by an organization (think WW or AA) and may charge fees, while a self-help group (say a group of neighbors getting together to brainstorm ways to clean up after a flood) would not have either or both of these features.

A criticism of the famous Lewin, Lipptt and White Leadership study was

that the study was not a counseling roup, but rather an after school activity group, and all the leaders were male.

Group norms refer to

the range of acceptable behavior within the group.

**Exam Hint** Although group confidentiality is desirable, leaders should inform participants

they CANNOT guarantee confidentiality.

T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for

training

T-group

training groups usually found in the workplace

Gatekeeper role

tries to make certain everyone is doing his or her task and is participating. This person may "secretly or Unconsciously" want to lead the group and could even attempt to establish norms.

thirteenth stepping

-- established members exploit new members for sexual purposes. -When a more experienced member of a 12-Step group - man or woman - pursues a romantic relationship with a new group member who have under 1 year of clean time.

Key hint: The first mutual aid, self-help support group ____________ was founded in __________ by a stock broker, Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith in Akron Oh.

AA; 1935

homogeneity

In a group where the members are very similar or alike. EX Weight Watchers WW **Homogenous

Isolate role

The person in a group who receives little or no attention -- he or she may be afraid to participate or other in the group may actually ignore him or her.

Most experts would agree that overall

b. structured exercises are less effective than unstructured techniques. structured exercises < unstructured - a structured group exercise is like an assigment for group members.

Noted psychotherapy author and scholar Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the "modern era" of group work. In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate specialty. The groups are a. NASW and NBCC b. ASGW and AAS c. The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spaned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942, and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richardson Slavson in 1943. d. AACD and APA

c. The American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spaned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942, and the American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richardson Slavson in 1943 -(ASGW) Association for Specialists in Group Work -(NASW)- National Association of Social Workers -(AAS) Association of suicidology -(AACD) American Association for Counseling and Development

In a healthy group, members a assume a role and never change it b. have no roles c. are flexible and can change roles d. spend a great deal of time practicing role reversal

c. are flexible and can change roles

A self-help group is

composed of a group of people who are all attempting to cope with a given issue (eg: alcohlism, gambling addiction or weight control) - group is not led by a professional -estimated 500,000 SH groups in the US

Group norms a. exist only in encounter groups. b. exist only in career counseling groups. c. are not related to group cohesiveness. d. govern acceptable behavior and group rules.

d. govern acceptable behavior and group rules. -norms are explicit and implicit rules which tell group members how to behave and how not to behave in a given situation. -norms actually refer to "expected behaviors"

the speculative leadership style

focuses on the here and now and zeroes in on the meaning of the leader's own behavior and that of the group members

When a group member is speaking, it is best for the counselor to

try and face the group member

In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles:

1) autocratic 2) democratic 3) laissez faire --Study by Lewin, Lippitt, and White in 1939

Stages of Group development

1) initial stage (orientation & exploration; forming) 2) transition stage (power & control; storming) 3) working stage (cohesion; norming) 4) Separation stage (termination; adjourning)

*** Two important points here****

1) when you see the words "task" and "maintenance" on your exam, the concepts, could refer to either a group member's role or the leader's behavior. 2) Conflict between group members can often be abated by having the leader prescribe a "task" on which all members must work together in order to accomplish it.

3 classifications for groups (counseling)

1. Primary group- attempts to stop a problem before it occurs EX: a group which teaches birth control to PREVENT teen pregnancy. 2. Secondary group- a problem or disturbance is present, but not usually severe EX: A group that deals with grief or shyness 3. tertiary groups- deals more with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding. EX: Cancer diagnosis; bipolar disorder;

In children groups, children should not have more than ____ years between them

2 (example 10-12 year olds)

Exam hint

Answers sporting "always" or "never" are almost always incorrect!

Some research demonstrates that A. structured exercises early in the group impaired later communication between group members B. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members C. autocratic or authoritarian leadership styles promote communication best D. structured exercises are never appropriate

B. structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members

The term cohesiveness is associated with

Kurt Lewin's field theory. -Lewin called the binding force between group members "positive valence". -Lewin was a key player in the T-group movement in the US. ** when a group displays little or no cohesiveness it will be viewed as "fragmented"

Some therapists use the term _________ _________ when discussing a group which focuses on a specific topic or theme for example, assertiveness training, stress management, or coping witih anxiety

Structured group

marathon group

Uninterrupted meetings of twenty four hours or more with a goal of breaking down defenses and facades -created by Fredrick Stoller and George Bach.

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that

a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together. --Some evidence points to the fact that social class means more than race in terms of group seating

Which statemnt made by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process? a. "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens b. "Karen looks down when Bill discusses relationships" c. "It sounds like there is a deep sense of hurt..." d. "Oh, so you fold your arms and sort of close up when Carey mentions the angry side of your personality"

a. "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens

A counselor is screening clients for a new group at the college counseling center. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? a. a first year student who is suicidal and socipathic b. a second year student who stutters. c. a graduate student with a facial tic d. a fourth year student with obessive compulsive tendences (OCD)

a. a first year student who is suicidal and socipathic

Some theorists object to the word unstructured in group work because a. a group cannot have structure b. only strucured groups are effective c. unstructured goups are hardly therapeutic d. unstructured refers only to counseling and not to therapy goups

a. a group cannot have structure

In terms of group risks a) an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client b) an ethical leader should never discuss the risks with a client c) research has demonstrated that the less said about them the better the group will interact d) an ethical leader allows the group to discover the risks and work through them at their own pace

a. an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client.

According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will a. be less conservative than the average group members decision, prior to the group discussion b. be more conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion. c. will often be aggressive or illegal d. violate the group's confidentiality norms.

a. be less conservative than the average group members decision, prior to the group discussion

The ACA and the ASGW division recommend screening for potential group members a. for all groups b. only when the group is in a hospital inpatient setting c. only when the group is composed of minors d. only if the group deals with chmical dependency.

a. for all groups.

Group cohesiveness refers to a. forces which tend to bind group members together b. an analysis of group content c. a common coleadership style d. a style of leadership

a. forces which tend to bind group members together

Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohesion, and termination. In 1977 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of research and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage? a. Forming b. Storming c. Norming d. Performing

a. forming

In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness," is known as a. group unity b. a sociogram c. Karpman's triangle d. The transition stage

a. group unity

Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles: a. help to maintain the group b. are self-serving c. help promote autocratic leadership d. always stress the importance of the here and now.

a. help to maintain the group

One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and a. individual issues are not properly examined b. the group becomes too behavioristic c. a and b. d. the group focuses too much on content

a. individual issues are not properly exaimined.

Coleadership a. is helpful when one leader is experiencing countertransference. b. exacerbates the harm of countertransference. c. has no impact on the issue of countertransference. d. eliminates all difficulties associated with countertransference.

a. is helpful when one leader is experiencing countertransference

Primary groups are a. preventative and attempt to ward off problems b. always follow a person-center paradigm c. generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy d. always focused on the client's childhood

a. preventative and attempt to ward off problems -will often classify groups using a model popularized by community mental health experts such as Gerald Caplan, a pioneer in the crisis intervention movements.

Coleadership a. reduces burnout and helps ensure safety. b. increases burnout. c. has no impact on burnout. d. should not be used for open groups.

a. reduces burnout and helps ensure safety.

During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and cursing will be permitted. This is known as: a. setting ground rules b. ambivalent transference c. blocking d. scapegoating

a. setting the ground rules

Coleaders are apt to work at cross-purposes when a. they do not meet between group sessions b. they do meet between group sessions c. they are master's level practitioners d. they are doctoral level practitioners

a. they do not meet between group sessions

A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that

an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together ** Generally persons who are similar will sit next to each other.

Group specialists define role conflict as a) tension between two group members who have assumed different roles b) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves c) tension between the group leader and a group member d) members criticizing other members between group sessions

b) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves

The term group therapy was coined in 1931 by a) Frank Parsons, the Father of guidance b) Jacob Moreno, the Father of psychodrama c) E. G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint d) Fritz Perls, the Father of gestalt therapy

b. Jacob Moreno Father of psychodrama -Moreno's theatre of spontaneity (improv)

A group is classified as secondary. This implies that a. it is preventative and attempts to ward off problems b. a difficulty or disturbance is present c. two therapists are utilized d. all of the above

b. a difficulty or disturbance is present Primary = Preventative Secondary= similar issue; grief/shyness tertiary = troubled

The word dynamic means the group is a) normal b) always changing c) static d) defined in an operational manner

b. always changing

Some theorists feel that group therapy differs from group counseling (which is also called an interpersonal problem-solving group) in that a. group counseling would be of longer duration b. group therapy, also dubbed as personality reconstruction group would be of longer duration c. group counseling requires far more training d. group therapy addresses a less-distrubed population of clients

b. group therapy, also dubbed as personality reconstruction group would be of longer duration

The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader a. assigns a group member as the authoritarian b. has a hands-off policy and participates very little with the group basically taking responsibility for itself c. has the most desirable style of leadership d. nearly always run open-ended groups

b. has a hands-off policy and participates very little with the group basically taking responsibility for itself

One major advantage of a closed group versus an open group is a. cost effectiveness b. it promotes cohesiveness c. it lessens counselor burnout d. it allows the members to meet less frequently.

b. it promotes cohesiveness.

A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is "closed" most experts would agree that a. the leader must insist that the client stay b. the client is allowed to withdraw c. the leader should allowed other members to put pressure on the participant to stay. d. a and c.

b. the client is allowed to withdraw

A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of a. the number of hours of group conflict b. theories of group stages c. the Rosenthal effect d. the Hawthorne effect

b. theories of group stages

Which theorists's (or theorists') work has been classified as a preface to the group movement? a. sigmund Freud b. C G Jung c. Alfred Adler and Jesse B Davis d. Marsha Linehan who created dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) , origionally used to deal with suicidal behaviors.

c. Alfred Adler and Jesse B Davis -Jesse B Davis - 1st school counselor- School guidance (NCDA)

An adept group leader will a) attempt to safeguard clients against risks b) work to reduce risks and dangers c) a and b d) let the group handle the dangers on their own

c. a and b.

Cohesiveness, or group unity, is desirable. It promotes bonding and a sense of "we-ness" between group members. When cohesiveness is strong, nevertheless, it also can be negative as a. it can stunt creativity b. it can boost conformity c. a and b. d. it can cause the group to split into factions.

c. a and b.

One major disadvantage of an open group is that: a. new members are not accepted after the first meeting b. the leader does not control the screening process c. a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences d. the group is generally too behavioristic for depth therapy to occur.

c. a member who begins after the first meeting has missed information or experiences

Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to a. Freud's lectures in this country b. a shortage of competent career counselors c. a shortage of invidual therapists during WWII d. presure from non directive therapists pushing encounter groups.

c. a shortage of invidual therapists during WWII

A counselor is conducting a screening for clients who wish to participate in a counseling group which will meet Tuesday nights at his private practice office. Which client would most likely be the poorest choice for a group member? a. a shy librarian b. an anxious salesman with no group experience c. an extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker d. a student with 16 hours toward her M.Ed in counseling

c. an extremely hostile and belligerent construction worker -clients who are very verbal, open to feedback and believe in group therapy often make excellent group members.

A group member who insists on asking other members inappropriate questions is known as a Peeping Tom or a. an energizer b. a scapegoat c. an interrogator d. a follower

c. an interrogator

Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place a. in a group setting. b. with the entire family present. c. in a dyadic relationship. d. in Behavior Therapy clinics.

c. dyadic relationship -dyad is pair (2)

The study of group operations is often called a) group desensitization b) the hot seat technique c) group dynamics d) structuring the group

c. group dynamics

A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is a. probably not running an assertiveness training group b. is running an unstructed group c. is running a structured group d. is invariably running a self-help group

c. is running a structured group

Gerald Corey, who has written extensively on group therapy, believes _______ is necessary for an effective group leader. a. a master's degree in guidance and counseling b. a doctorate in counselor education c. participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified) d. three credit hours in a graduate course in group theory.

c. participation in a therapeutic group and participation in a leader's group (even if the individual is well-educated and is licensed and certified)

When comparing the autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire styles: a. the autocratic is the most desirable b. the laissez faire is the most desirable c. the democratic, or what Same Gladding called a failitator is the most desirable d. there is no discernible difference in effectiveness.

c. the democratic, or what Same Gladding called a failitatior is the most desirable

Most experts in the field of group counseling would agree that the most important trait for group members is the ability a. to open up b. to listen c. to trust d. to convey empathy

c. to trust ** Irvin Yalom thinks the main factor in selecting participants for a goup is that members can feel cohesive (a sense of we-ness )

Psychotherapy Groups

comonly used in inpatient psychiatric hospitals and residdential facilities for patients with in-depth psychological problems. - Psychotherapy group is tertiary and may emphasize the role of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences more than a counseling group. - A counseling group generally has less structure than a guidance group

An "Ideal" group

consists of 8 adults. An adolescent group might be smaller with 5-6 members.

A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are a. unstructured b. psychodynamic or person-centered c. focused heavily on existential concerns d. behavioristic and highly structured

d behavioristic and highly structured

Which statement made by a doctoral -level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product a. "Jim seems more relaxed today" b. "Sally seems a bit self-critical this evening c. " I hear a lot of sadness in Betty's voice" d. " you wince whenever Jane raises her voice"

d. " you wince whenever Jane raises her voice"

Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that _______ is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined. a. 3 hrs per session b. 1 hr per session c. 6 hrs per session d. 2 hours per session

d. 2 hours per session - 1.5-2 hours

Most experts would agree that an effective adult counseling group has __________ members. a. 9-12 b. 3-5 c. 11-16 d. 5 or 6 to 8.

d. 5 or 6 to 8

A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleadership is desirable because a. the group can go on even if 1 leader is absent b. 2 leaders can focus on group dynamics better than 1 leader since 2 individuals will have better opbservational skills c. leaders can process their feelings between sessions. d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Coleadership, also referred to as cofacilitation, can be a disadvantage when a. leaders are working against each other; this can fragment the group b. leaders are intimate with each other c. leaders question each other competence d. all of the above.

d. all of the above

A group has a) a membership which can be defined b) some degree of unity and interaction c) a shared purpose d) all of the above

d. all of the above - a group is really a cluster of people in a recognizable unit. 3 or more people who meet with a conscious cause or purpose.

In a group, task roles a. help solve problems b. aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused c. are seen as positive d. all of the above

d. all of the above -the self-serving role is seen as negative. ** An entire group could be classified as a task group or a task/work group. A group of this nature focuses on accomplishing work goals. An athletic team would fall into this category. -if you have a group of very immature participants, then the so called "situational leadership style" is recommended. This tells members what to do and does not emphasize relationships among members.

Self-serving or individual roles are negative in as much as a. they promote democratic leadership b. they work against the group c. they serve the individual and not the group d. b and c.

d. b and c

Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other too long since a. an effective group needs some self-serving roles. b. if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers c. if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work (or tasks) will be accomplished d. b and c.

d. b and c.