NCIDQ Chapter 16

______ tile has a water absorption rate of more than 7%.

Nonvitreous

______ is an economical carpet material that is very strong and wear resistant. It has a high stain resistance and excellent crush resistance, it can be dyed with a wide variety of colors, and it cleans easily.

Nylon

______ (polypropylene) is used primarily for indoor-outdoor carpet and as an alternative to jute for carpet backing. It is very durable, is stain resistant, and cleans easily. However, it is the least attractive of the artificial fibers and has a low melting point.

Olefin

These are solid pieces of wood from 2 1/4" to 4" (57 mm to 102 mm) thick laid on end; very durable and resistant to oils, mild chemicals, and indentation.

Solid end-grain blocks

______ is a fine-grain metamorphic rock that is easily split into thin slabs, making it ideal for flooring as well as roofing.

Slate

______ is made from natural or synthetic rubber, along with other chemicals and fillers, and has a facing on the top side; available in flat sheets or a waffled configuration.

Sponge rubber

______ is noncombustible, fibrous glass mat bonded with a resinous binder and formed into a rigid board with a finish face of thin, rigid fiberglass mesh.

Tackable acoustic fiberglass

______ is a composite material poured in place or precast that is used for floors, walls, and stairs. It consists of marble, quartz, granite, or other suitable chips, in a matrix that is cementitious, chemical, or a combination of both.

Terrazzo

______ flooring is made from three to seven plies of cross-laminated wood veneer.

Laminated block

______ is a modified version of acrylic.

Modacrylic

A ______ is a soft floor covering laid on the floor but not fastened to it. It does not cover the entire floor.

Rug

When using ASTM 02047, the James Machine test, a COF of ______ has generally been considered the minimum required for a slip-resistant floor.

0.5

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requires that a floor surface be slip-resistant, but it does not give any specific test values. However, the ADA has recommended a static coefficient of friction of ______ for accessible routes and ______ for ramps.

0.6 \ 0.8

What two methods of seaming are used for installing wallcovering?

1) Doublecutting involves overlapping adjacent strips and then cutting through and removing both. This results in a very tight butt joint. 2) Butting must be used for patterned wallcovering where matching is critical, or with dark-colored or deeply embossed material where removal of adhesive is difficult.

Felt is available in what four forms?

1) Hair felt is composed of 100% animal hair, 2) Combination felt is a mixture of animal hair and other fibers, 3) Fiber felt is composed entirely of non-animal fibers, and 4) Rubberized felt is any of the other three types with a rubberized coating on one side.

Additives are various components added to the paint to impart certain attributes; some (four) examples include:

1) Mildewcides (added to inhibit mildew from growing on the paint), 2) Rheology modifiers (affect the thickness or viscosity of the paint to make it easier to apply and to resist spattering), 3) Surfactants (help wet the surface as the paint is applied and keep the paint from separating or becoming too thick to use), and 4) Defoamers (break bubbles that form when the paint is applied).

What are the four basic types of terrazzo?

1) Standard , 2) Venetian , 3) Palladian, and 4) Rustic terrazzo

Block flooring is made of preassembled wood flooring in what three basic configurations?

1) Unit block flooring, 2) Laminated block flooring, and 3) Parquet flooring

Window coverings can be broadly classified into four categories:

1) shades, 2) blinds, 3) soft coverings, and 4) fixed coverings.

Painting is a generic term for the application of thin coatings of various materials to protect and decorate the surfaces to which they are applied. Paints are composed of what four components?

1) the binder, 2) pigments, 3) liquid (or carrier), and 4) additives.

The flooring industry generally recommends that vinyl, rubber, linoleum, urethane, and wood flooring not be installed until the moisture emission from the concrete has reached a certain level. This maximum limit for moisture emission is 3.0 lbm/1000 ft2/24 hr (1.4 kg/42 m2/24 h) when exposed to a ______ temperature and ______ relative humidity.

73°F (23°C) \ 50%

Similar to the sheet test is the ______ test; a qualitative method that uses a 24" x 24" (600 mm x 600 mm) sample of vapor-retardant floor finish applied with adhesive, and the edges are sealed with tape. After 72 hours, a visual inspection is made.

Mat

pH level is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a material rated on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Materials with a pH less than 7 are considered ______, while those with a pH above 7 are considered ______.

Acidic \ Alkaline

When a high degree of sound absorption is required, ______ must be used; designed as individual panels and have at least 1" (25 mm) of sound-absorbing\permeable material, such as a loose-weave fabric so that the sound energy can pass through the fabric and be dissipated in the material underneath.

Acoustic panels

______ has moderate abrasion resistance, but it has a more wool-like appearance than nylon. Like nylon, it can be dyed with a variety of colors, has good crush resistance, and is easy to maintain.

Acrylic

Alkalinity is also responsible for the phenomenon known as ______. In this process, strongly alkaline cement begins to dissolve sand and rock within the concrete. The chemical reaction creates a gel-like material that causes tremendous pressure in the pores of the concrete surface.

Alkali-silica Reaction (ASR)

An ______ is a chemical compound made from vegetable oils and synthetic resins.

Alkyd

______ carpets are made on a modified Jacquard loom that delivers different colors of yarn at different times according to the pattern desired.

Axminster

______ flooring is an environmentally sensitive alternative to traditional hardwood flooring. This is because it is a fast-growing grass, not a tree, and can be obtained from managed forests where other agricultural crops are difficult to grow.

Bamboo

In addition to the commonly used maple, oak, birch, and beech, there are many wood species, both domestic and imported, that can be used for flooring. Which two qualify as sustainable products?

Bamboo & Palm wood

The ______ is the component that gives the paint film integrity and holds the particles of pigment together. It is the main component that determines the quality of the paint, which is a product of its durability, flexibility, color retention, gloss, and resistance to peeling, scrubbing, and staining.

Binder

The ______ test ("moisture dome test") is made by placing a standard mass of calcium chloride below a plastic cover and sealing it to the concrete floor. After 60-72 hr, the calcium chloride is weighed to compare it with its pre-test weight.

Calcium chloride

______ are individual pieces of carpet, typically 18" (450 mm) square, applied to the floor with pressure-sensitive adhesive. Because of their modular design, damaged or worn pieces can be replaced without removing the entire floor covering.

Carpet tiles

______ tile is formed by either the dust-pressed or extrusion method is 1/4 - 3/8" (6-10 mm) thick; dust pressing uses large presses to shape the tile out of relatively dry clay, while the extrusion process uses machines to cut tiles from a wetter and more malleable clay extruded through a die.

Ceramic mosaic

______ is a surfacing unit, usually relatively thin, made from clay or a mixture of clay and other ceramic materials, having either a glazed or unglazed face. It is fired above red heat during manufacture to a temperature high enough to produce specific physical properties and characteristics.

Ceramic tile

To evaluate and specify the slip resistance of floor surfaces, the ______ is used. This is a measurement of the degree of slip resistance of a floor surface and ranges from 0 to 1. The higher the COF, the less slippery the surface.

Coefficient of Friction (COF)

Carpet is installed in one of two ways:

Direct glue-down or Stretched-in installation

The ______ test uses proprietary meters to determine the moisture content of the concrete by measuring conductance and capacitance. Probes of the meter are placed on the concrete, and the % of moisture content in the slab is read out directly.

Electrical impedance

______ flooring consists of three, five, or seven layers of wood veneer, each oriented at 90° to the adjacent ones, like plywood. The top layer is the actual finished wood species.

Engineered wood

For more durable finishes, ______ is used as a binder for resistance to corrosion and chemicals; also resist abrasion and strongly adhere to concrete, metal, and wood.

Epoxy

Sandstone is a sedimentary rock made of sand and other substances. When cleaved from the original rock, it is called ______ and has a naturally rough surface. It can be used with irregular edges as it comes from the rock, or it can be saw-cut into rectangular or square shapes.

Flagstone

______ is commonly applied as an integral backing to some carpet. It is natural or synthetic latex rubber with additives, and it has a backing on one side.

Foam rubber

______ embeds the pile yarn in a backing of liquid vinyl. When the vinyl hardens, the tufts are permanently locked in the vinyl; it has no backing as other carpet types do and used primarily for carpet tiles.

Fusion bonding

The pitch of a woven carpet is the number of ends of surface yarn in a 27" (686 mm) width. For tufted carpet, this measurement is called the ______, which is the spacing in fractions of an inch between needles across the width of the carpet.

Gauge

______ is an igneous rock with visible grains.

Granite

What five types of stone are commonly used in interior construction for flooring, as well as for walls?

Granite, marble, limestone, slate, and sandstone

What are the classifications of abrasion resistance?

Group 1, light residential; Group II, moderate residential; Group III, maximum residential; and Group IV, commercial (having the highest abrasion resistance)

______ fabrics (those that absorb and retain moisture) should be avoided or be limited to 25% of the fabric's contents unless otherwise treated (i.e. cotton, linen, wool, silk, rayon, nylon, and acetate).

Hydrophilic

In regard to acoustic panels, fabrics should be ______; that is, they should not absorb and hold moisture that could cause sagging and distortion (i.e. modacrylics, polyesters, fiberglass, and olefin).

Hydrophobic

The ______test ("relative humidity test") determines the moisture emission by measuring relative humidity (RH) of the atmosphere confined adjacent to the concrete floor. In this test, a pocket of air is trapped below a vapor-impermeable box, and a probe in the device measures the RH.

Hygrometer

______ tile has a water absorption rate of 0.5% or less.

Impervious

______ flooring is composed of a clear wearing sheet over a melamine-impregnated decorative printed sheet with core layers of phenolic impregnated kraft paper. These sheets are laminated to a high-density fiberboard core under heat and pressure and covered with a water-resistant backing sheet.

Laminate

______ paint can be a problem in older homes (built before 1978) and child-occupied facilities. In many remodeling projects, existing paint must be removed. Such paint is dangerous if it flakes off, is chewed on, or is released as dust during construction activities and ingested by children or other occupants.

Lead-based paint

______ is composed of oxidized linseed oil, wood flour, pigments, and fillers applied over a backing of burlap or asphalt-saturated felt. It has very good abrasion and grease resistance but has limited resistance to alkalis.

Linoleum

The ______ is the part that keeps the paint fluid until it dries and makes it possible to apply the paint; evaporate after application, leaving a dry film of binder and pigments.

Liquid

______ is a metamorphic rock formed by layers of shells that, under heat and pressure, form into a composition of crystalline grains of calcite and/or dolomite.

Marble

All carpet sold in the United States must meet the requirements of ASTM D2859, more commonly known as the ______, or simply the pill test. This test measures the response of a carpet sample to a burning methenamine tablet.

Methenamine pill test

______ is a dimensionally stable composite of inorganic mineral fibers with a microperforated surface.

Mineral fiberboard

Whatever type of resilient flooring is selected, it is critical that the substrate be free of excess ______ and ______. This is usually problematic when tile or other flooring materials are being placed on concrete floors.

Moisture and Alkalinity

______ is similar to tufting except the fiber is pulled through a backing with barbed needles. It produces a carpet of limited variation in texture and accounts for a very small % of the total carpet market.

Needle punching

An environmentally friendly, alternative wood flooring material is ______, which is harvested as a by-product of plantation-grown coconut palms.

Palm wood

______ flooring is made of preassembled units of several small, thin slats of wood in a variety of patterns. This flooring is easier and less expensive to install than other types of flooring and can be installed in a wide range of designs.

Parquet

Glazed and unglazed tile over 6 in2 (3870 mm2) made by the dust-pressed method is called ______ tile.

Paver tile

The ______ is the height of the fibers from the surface of the backing to the top of the pile. Generally, shorter and more tightly packed fibers result in a more durable but more expensive carpet.

Pile height

______ comes in the same thicknesses as strip but is from 3 1/4" to 8" (83 mm to 203 mm) wide. It is used where a larger scale is desired or to emulate wider, historic planking.

Plank flooring

______ carpet fiber is made from' synthetic polymers, is highly abrasion resistant, has good crush resistance, cleans well, is mildew resistant, and is low in cost. It is sometimes blended with nylon.

Polyester

The ______ test is a qualitative test conducted by sealing an 18" x 18" (460 mm X 460 mm) sheet of plastic to the floor to trap excessive moisture. After a minimum of 16 hours a visual inspection is made of the floor and the sheet.

Polyethylene sheet

______ backing yarn is the most common for woven carpet, but others include jute, cotton, and polyester.

Polypropylene

______ tile is made from clay, sand, and water, but the clay used is lighter in color and generally denser than that used for ceramic tile; fired at a temperature higher than ceramic tile and for longer periods of time. It is also less susceptible to freezing and thawing, so it can be used for exterior applications.

Porcelain

______ tile is glazed or unglazed tile, usually with 6 in2 (3870 mml) or more of facial area, and is made by the extrusion process from natural clay or shale.

Quarry

______ flooring is a generic term describing several types of composition materials made from various resins, fibers, plasticizers, and fillers. It is formed under heat and pressure to produce a thin material, either sheets or tiles.

Resilient

What are the three basic forms of carpet?

Rugs, Sheet carpet, and Carpet tiles

______ is high-performance flooring that is used where special characteristics are required, such as extreme hardness, severe stain, and chemical resistance, or excellent water resistance, or where cleanliness and ease of cleaning are required.

Seamless flooring

______ carpet comes in long rolls, commonly 12 ft (3.66 m) wide, and is installed so no seams are visible.

Sheet carpet

The ______ is the number of lengthwise tufts in 1" (26 mm). The higher the pitch or gauge number and stitch numbers are, the denser the carpet is.

Stitch (or stitch rate)

______ is one of the most common flooring types and consists of thin strips from 3/8" to 25/32" (10 mm to 20 mm) thick of varying lengths with tongue-and-groove edges.

Strip flooring

What are the four basic types of wood flooring?

Strip, Plank, Block and Solid End-grain block

What are the two basic measures of friction?

The static coefficient of friction is measured from a resting position, while the dynamic coefficient is measured when the two surfaces are in relative motion.

A ______ installation requires that a layer of mortar from 3/4" to 1 1/4" (19 mm to 32 mm) thick be applied to a suitably prepared, structurally sound subfloor. Either the stone is then set in the semi-wet mortar or the mortar is allowed to cure and the stone is set with another thin layer of dry-set mortar on top of the first.

Thick-set

With this method of stone installation, a uniform thickness of the stone is set on the subfloor with a special ______ mortar (about 1/8" (3 mm) or less in thickness) or with adhesive.

Thin-set

______ are small, flat finishing units made of clay or clay mixtures. The two primary types are ceramic and quarry.

Tiles

In addition to the pH test, a ______ can be used to determine the level of alkalinity in concrete. This involves grinding portions of the concrete, mixing those portions with demineralized water, and performing laboratory chemical analysis.

Titration test

Limestone is most commonly used for exterior surfaces, but a type of limestone called ______ is frequently used for interior flooring.

Travertine

______ is a process in which the pile yarn is punched through the backing with rows of needles, much like the method employed by a sewing machine. As the needle goes through the backing, the yarn is caught and held while the needle makes the next pass. The loop of yarn can be left as is for loop carpet or cut for cut-pile carpet.

Tufting

______ carpet is the simplest form of weaving and places all the pile yarn on the face of the carpet.

Velvet

What are the three grades of vinyl wallcovering?

Type I (light duty) has a total weight of 7-13 oz/yd2 (237-440 g/m2) , Type II (medium duty) has a total weight of between 13 oz/yd2 and 22 oz/yd2 (440 g/m2 and 745 g/m2), and Type III (heavy duty) has a weight of over 22 oz/yd (745 g/m2).

______ flooring is standard strip flooring assembled into a unit held together with steel or wood splines.

Unit block

______ is manufactured in three different ways to produce prime, densified, or bonded sheets, each of which has a different range of densities. Thickness ranges from 1/4 in to 3/4" (6 mm to 19 mm).

Urethane

______ are used for superior resistance to abrasion, grease, alcohol, water, and fuels; often used for wood floors and for antigraffiti coatings.

Urethanes

______ provides a durable, abrasion-resistant finish that is easy to clean and can satisfY most code requirements for flammability. It is available in a wide range of colors and patterns; typically comes in rolls 52" or 54" (1320 mm or 1372 mm) wide and 30 yd (27.4 m) long.

Vinyl wallcovering

What three common types of resilient flooring are used today?

Vinyl, Rubber, and Cork

______ are hydrocarbon solvents used in paints, stains, and other products. They are released into the air during the application of coatings and react with nitrous oxides and sunlight to form ozone, the same product caused by automotive exhaust and other pollutants.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

______ is available in a range of colors, patterns, textures, and materials for direct application to plaster or gypsum wallboard partitions; is generally packaged in rolls 20 1/2" (520 mm) wide X 21 ft (6.4 m) long (about 36 ft2 (3.3 m2)) and may be all paper or paper backed with cotton fabric or some other material.

Wallpaper

______ is the traditional method of making carpet by interlacing warp and weft yarns. It is a method that produces a very attractive, durable carpet, but it is the most expensive method of manufacturing carpet by machine.

Weaving

The pigments are the finely ground natural or synthetic insoluble materials that give paint its color and concealing abilities. The primary pigment of all paint is titanium dioxide, which is ______.

White

______ carpet is produced on a Jacquard loom that allows complex patterns to be woven into the carpet and can create several types of surface textures, including level cut-pile, level loop, cut/uncut, and multilevel loop.

Wilton

______ are used to enhance the appearance of windows, control light, provide privacy, reduce heat gain and heat loss, block undesirable views, and reduce sound reflections within a space.

Window treatments

______ is a natural material and overall one of the best for carpet. It is very durable and resilient, wears well, has a superior appearance, is flame resistant, and is relatively easy to clean and maintain.

Wool

Paint with a low ratio of pigment to binder yields a ______ finish, while a high ratio of pigment to binder gives a ______ finish.

gloss \ flat

Stone flooring can be installed in a number of ways; the two primary methods are a ______ or a ______ installation.

thin-set \ thick-set